Grammage and basis weight, in the pulp and paper industry, are the area density of a paper product, that is, its mass per unit of area. Two ways of expressing grammage are commonly used:

  • Expressed in grams (g) per square metre (g/m2), regardless of its thickness (caliper).[1] This is the measure used in most parts of the world. It is often notated as gsm on paper product labels and spec sheets.
  • Expressed in terms of the mass per number of sheets of a specific paper size, known as basis weight. The convention used in the United States and a few other countries using US-standard paper sizes is pounds (lb) per a ream of 500 (or in some cases 1000) sheets of a given (raw, still uncut) basis size. Japanese paper is expressed as the weight in kilograms (kg) per 1,000 sheets.

Grammage

In the metric system, the mass per unit area of all types of paper and paperboard is expressed in terms of grams per square metre (g/m2 or gsm or g/sm). This quantity is commonly called grammage in both English and French,[2] though printers in most English-speaking countries still refer to the "weight" of paper.

Typical office paper has 80 g/m2 (0.26 oz/sq ft), therefore a typical A4 sheet (1⁄16 of a square metre) weighs 5 g (0.18 oz). The abbreviation "gsm" instead of the standard "g/m2" symbol is also widely encountered in English-speaking countries.

Typically grammage is measured in paper mill on-line by a quality control system and verified by laboratory measurement.

Basis weight

In countries that use American paper sizes, a less verifiable measure known as basis weight is used in addition to or instead of grammage. The basis weight of paper is the density of paper expressed in terms of the mass of a ream of given dimensions and a sheet count. In the US system, the weight is specified in avoirdupois pounds and the sheet count of a paper ream is usually 500 sheets. However, the mass specified is not the mass of the ream that is sold to the customer. Instead, it is the mass of the uncut "basis ream" in which the sheets have some larger size (parent size). Often, that is a size used during the manufacturing process before the paper is cut to the dimensions in which it is sold. So, to compute the mass per area, one must know

  • the mass of the basis ream,
  • the number of sheets in that ream, and
  • the dimensions of an "uncut" sheet in that ream.

The standard dimensions and sheet count of a ream vary according to the type of paper. These "uncut" basis sizes are not normally labelled on the product, are not formally standardized, and therefore have to be guessed or inferred somehow from trading practice. Historically, this convention is the product of pragmatic considerations such as the size of a sheet mold.

By using the same basis sheet size for the same type of paper, consumers can easily compare papers of differing brands. Twenty-pound bond paper is always lighter and thinner than 32-pound bond, no matter what its cut size, and 20-pound bond letter size and 20-pound bond legal size papers are the same weight paper with a different cut size.

However, a sheet of common copy paper that has a basis weight of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) does not have the same mass as the same size sheet of coarse paper (newsprint). In the former case, the standard ream is 500 sheets of 17-by-22-inch (432 by 559 mm) paper, and in the latter, 500 sheets of 24-by-36-inch (610 by 914 mm) paper. Here are some basic ream sizes for various types of paper. Units are inches except where noted.

Paper type Paper size
(inches)		 Sheets per ream
Bond, writing, ledger17× 22500
Manuscript cover18× 31500
Blotting19× 24500
Box cover20× 24500
Cover20× 26500 or 1000
Watercolor22× 30500
Bristol and tag22+1⁄2× 28+1⁄2500
Tissue24× 36480
Newsprint24× 36500
Hanging, waxing, bag, etc.24× 36500
Book, text, offset25× 38500
Index bristol25+1⁄2× 30+1⁄2500
Paperboard (all types)12× 121000 (1000 sq ft per ream)

Sheets 17 by 22 inches (432 by 559 mm) can be cut into four 8+1⁄2-by-11-inch (216 by 279 mm) sheets, a standard for business stationery known conventionally as letter sized paper. So, the 17-by-22-inch (432 by 559 mm) ream became commonly used. The 25-by-38-inch (635 by 965 mm) book-paper ream developed because such a size can easily be cut into sixteen 6-by-9-inch (152 by 229 mm) book sized sheets without significant waste (nominally 6+1⁄4-by-9+1⁄2-inch (159 by 241 mm) before trimming and binding).

Early newsprint presses printed sheets 2 by 3 feet (610 by 914 mm) in size, and so the ream dimensions for newsprint became 24 by 36 inches (610 by 914 mm), with 500 sheets to a ream. Newsprint was made from ground wood pulp, and ground wood hanging paper (wallpaper) was made on newsprint machines. Newsprint was used as wrapping paper, and the first paper bags were made from newsprint. The newsprint ream standard also became the standard for packaging papers, even though in packaging papers kraft pulp, rather than ground wood, was used for greater strength.

Paper weight is sometimes stated using the "#" symbol. For example, "20#" means "20 pounds per basis ream of 500 sheets". When the density of a ream of paper is given in pounds, it is often accompanied by its "M weight" (M is 1000 in Roman numerals). The M weight is the weight (in pounds) of 1000 cut sheets. Paper suppliers will often charge by M weight, since it is always consistent within a specific paper size, and because it allows a simple weight calculation for shipping charges.

For example, a 500-sheet ream of 20# 8+1⁄2-by-11-inch (216 by 279 mm) copy paper may be specified "10 M". 1000 cut sheets (or two reams) will weigh 10 lb (4.5 kg), half of the four reams of cut paper resulting from the 20# basis ream of 17-by-22-inch (432 by 559 mm) paper.

Caliper

Paper thickness, or caliper, is a common measurement specified and required for certain printing applications. Since a paper's density is typically not directly known or specified, the thickness of any sheet of paper cannot be calculated by any method. Instead, it is measured and specified separately as its caliper. However, paper thickness for most typical business papers might be similar across comparable brands. If thickness is not specified for a paper in question, it must be either measured or guessed based on a comparable paper's specification.

Caliper is usually measured in micrometres (μm), or in the United States also in mils (1 mil = 1⁄1000 in = 25.4 μm). Commonly, 20-pound bond paper ranges between roughly 97 to 114 μm (0.0038 to 0.0045 in) in thickness.[3]

The paper density is calculated by dividing the grammage over the caliper, and is usually expressed in grams per cubic centimetre (g/cm3)[4] to cancel out the mathematical need for unit conversions between metres and micrometres (a conversion factor of 1,000,000).

See also

References

  1. ↑ International Standard ISO 536: Paper and board – Determination of grammage. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva.
  2. ↑ "ISO 536:2019". ISO. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  3. ↑ "Paper Comparisons". 22 October 2012. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012.
  4. ↑ "ISO 534:2011(en) Paper and board — Determination of thickness, density and specific volume".

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