Topography

List of peaks in Guadalcanal by elevation

• Mount Popomanaseu – 7,661 ft (2,335 m)
• Mount Makarakomburu – 7,580 ft (2,310 m)
• Mount Tanareirei – 6,736 ft (2,053 m)
• Mount Namolava – 6,427 ft (1,959 m)
• Makaratanggoe – 6,339 ft (1,932 m)
• Mount Latinarau – 6,296 ft (1,919 m)
• Mount Kaichui – 6,273 ft (1,912 m)
• Mount Vatuchichi – 6,217 ft (1,895 m)
• Mount Tambunanguu – 6,188 ft (1,886 m)
• Mount Tohasa – 5,719 ft (1,743 m)
• Mount Pinau – 5,669 ft (1,728 m)
• Mount Nasuha – 5,348 ft (1,630 m)
• Mount Tatuve – 5,056 ft (1,541 m)
• Mount Ngalighombe – 4,987 ft (1,520 m)
• Mount Vatupochau – 4,613 ft (1,406 m)
• Mount Kemau – 4,596 ft (1,401 m)
• Mount Vatunjae – 4,491 ft (1,369 m)
• Mount Chaunapaho – 4,449 ft (1,356 m)
• Mount Tingge Tingge – 4,432 ft (1,351 m)
• Chupu Tambu – 4,406 ft (1,343 m)
• Mount Hanihanikaro – 4,262 ft (1,299 m)
• Mount Vatu Horoi – 4,170 ft (1,270 m)
• Lumulumuchichi – 4,150 ft (1,260 m)
• Mount Lambuhila – 4,055 ft (1,236 m)
• Mount Manuchuma – 4,055 ft (1,236 m)
• Mount Vatutora – 4,052 ft (1,235 m)
• Mount Rauramba – 3,930 ft (1,200 m)
• Mount Vausu – 3,783 ft (1,153 m)
• Mount Vuro – 3,681 ft (1,122 m)
• Mount Taluva – 3,451 ft (1,052 m)
• Mount Gallego – 3,415 ft (1,041 m)
• Mount Popori – 3,153 ft (961 m)
• Mount Valivalisi – 3,100 ft (940 m)
• Mount Na Vatu – 2,953 ft (900 m)
• Mount Tughuruloki – 2,621 ft (799 m)
• Mount Mbelapoke – 2,421 ft (738 m)
• Mount Vungana – 2,349 ft (716 m)
• Mount Esperance – 2,008 ft (612 m)

River system

List of longest rivers by length

• Mbokokimbo River – 98.7 km (61.3 mi)
• Lungga River – 80.4 km (50.0 mi)
• Mbalisuna River – 76.6 km (47.6 mi)
• Mberande River – 75.5 km (46.9 mi)
• Mongga River – 59.8 km (37.2 mi)
• Itina River – 48.6 km (30.2 mi)
• Aola River – 47.6 km (29.6 mi)
• Simiu River – 46 km (29 mi)
• Rere River – 43.2 km (26.8 mi)
• Kombito River – 33.1 km (20.6 mi)
• Matanikau River – 20.5 km (12.7 mi)
• Koloula River – 17.2 km (10.7 mi)

Early history

The island has been settled since at least 4500–2500 BC based on archaeological finds at Poha Cave and Vatuluma Posovi.^[1][2] During the period 1200-800 BC, Austronesian Lapita peoples settled the islands.^[1]

A Spanish expedition from Peru in 1568 under the command of Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira were the first Europeans to see the island. Mendaña's subordinate, Pedro de Ortega Valencia, named the island after his home town Guadalcanal in Andalusia, Spain.^[3] In the years that followed the discovery, the island was variously referred to as Guadarcana, Guarcana, Guadalcana, and Guadalcanar, which reflected different pronunciations of its name in Andalusian Spanish.

European settlers, whalers, and missionaries began to arrive in the 18th and 19th centuries. With these outsiders also arrived foreign institutions such as forced labour. Beginning during the 1860s, about 60,000 natives from many parts of the Solomon Islands were indentured and sent to Australia or Fiji by British authorities to work on plantations. This system continued into the 1890s.^[4] In the 1880s, the Germans and the British vied for control of the Solomons. Germany established a protectorate over the northern Solomons in 1884, while in 1893, the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was proclaimed, which included the island of Guadalcanal.^[3][4] Germany eventually handed over most of their protectorate to Britain, though, in 1899. By the early 20th century, large agricultural plantations (specialising in copra), run mainly by Australians, were established in the region. Guadalcanal was not seriously affected by World War I.^[4] In 1932, the British confirmed the name Guadalcanal in line with the town in Andalusia, Spain.

Second World War

Japanese soldiers, killed while assaulting US Marine positions at the mouth of Alligator Creek

In the months following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, the Japanese drove the Americans out of the Philippines, the British out of British Malaya, and the Dutch out of the East Indies. The Japanese then began to expand into the western Pacific, occupying many islands in an attempt to build a defensive ring around their conquests and threaten the lines of communication from the United States to Australia and New Zealand. The Japanese reached Guadalcanal in May 1942.

When an American reconnaissance mission spotted construction of a Japanese airfield at Lunga Point on the north coast of Guadalcanal, the situation became critical.^[5] This new Japanese airfield represented a threat to Australia, so the United States as a matter of urgency, despite not being adequately prepared, conducted its first amphibious landing of the war. The initial landings of the 1st Marine Division on 7 August 1942 secured the airfield without too much difficulty, but holding the airfield for the next six months was one of the most hotly contested campaigns in the entire war for the control of ground, sea, and skies.

Immediately after landing on the island, the U.S. Navy Seabees began finishing the airfield begun by the Japanese. It was then named Henderson Field after a Marine aviator killed in combat during the Battle of Midway. Aircraft operating from Henderson Field during the campaign were a hodgepodge of Marine, Army, Navy, and Allied aircraft that became known as the Cactus Air Force. They defended the airfield and threatened any Japanese ships that ventured into the vicinity during daylight hours. At night, though, Japanese naval forces were able to shell the airfield and deliver troops with supplies, retiring before daylight. The Japanese used fast ships to make these runs, and this became known as the Tokyo Express. So many ships from both sides were sunk in the many engagements in and around the Solomon Island chain that the nearby waters were referred to as Ironbottom Sound.

Guadalcanal American Memorial

The Battle of Cape Esperance was fought on 11 October 1942 off the northwest coast of Guadalcanal. In the battle, United States Navy ships intercepted and defeated a Japanese formation of ships on their way down "the Slot" to reinforce and resupply troops on the island, but suffered losses, as well. The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal in November marked the turning point in which Allied naval forces took on the extremely experienced Japanese surface forces at night and forced them to withdraw after sharp action. Some Japanese viewpoints consider these engagements, and the improving Allied surface capability to challenge their surface ships at night, to be just as significant as the Battle of Midway in turning the tide against them.

After six months of hard combat in and around Guadalcanal and dealing with jungle diseases that took a heavy toll of troops on both sides, Allied forces had brought the Japanese advance to a halt. Guadalcanal was a major turning point in the war, as it stopped further Japanese expansion. Remaining Japanese forces evacuated the island at Cape Esperance on the northwest coast in February 1943.^[6] American authorities declared Guadalcanal secure on 9 February 1943.

Two U.S. Navy ships have been named for the campaign:

• USS Guadalcanal (CVE-60) was a World War II escort carrier.
• USS Guadalcanal (LPH-7) was an amphibious assault ship.

To date, the only U.S. Coast Guardsman recipient of the Medal of Honor is Signalman 1st Class Douglas Albert Munro, awarded posthumously for his extraordinary heroism on 27 September 1942 at Point Cruz. Munro provided a shield and covering fire and helped evacuate 500 besieged Marines from a beach at Point Cruz; he was killed during the evacuation. During the Battle for Henderson Field, the Medal of Honor was also awarded to John Basilone, who later died on Iwo Jima.

After the war, American and Japanese groups have repeatedly visited Guadalcanal to search for remains of missing soldiers. Some 7,000 Japanese remain missing on the island, and islanders still bring the Japanese groups bones that the islanders say are those of unearthed Japanese soldiers.^[7]

Postwar years

Immediately after the Second World War, the capital of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate was moved to Honiara on Guadalcanal from its previous location at Tulagi in the Florida Islands. In 1952, the high commissioner for the Western Pacific moved from Fiji to Honiara, and the post was combined with that of the governor of the Solomon Islands. The airfield which was the cause of the fighting in 1942, and which became well known as Henderson Field, is now the international airport for the Solomon Islands. It sits about five miles to the east of Honiara. The secondary airfield, known as "Fighter Two", is now the local golf course.^[8]

Civil war

In early 1999, long-simmering tensions between the local Guale people on Guadalcanal and more recent migrants from the neighbouring island of Malaita erupted into violence. The Guadalcanal Revolutionary Army, later called Isatabu Freedom Movement, began terrorising Malaitans in the rural areas of the island in an effort to force them out of their homes. About 20,000 Malaitans fled to the capital, and others returned to their home island; Guale residents of Honiara fled. The city became a Malaitan enclave and the Malaita Eagle Force took over government. The Royal Australian Navy and Royal New Zealand Navy deployed vessels to the area to protect the expatriate community resident mostly in Honiara. In 2003, the Pacific Forum negotiated the intervention of RAMSI or Operation Helpem Fren involving Australia, New Zealand, and other Pacific island nations.