Örüg Temür Khan
月魯帖木兒汗
ᠶᠣᠯᠣ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
Khagan of the Mongols
Khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty
Reign1402–1408
Coronation1402
PredecessorGün Temür Khan
SuccessorÖljei Temür Khan
Died1408
HouseBorjigin
DynastyNorthern Yuan

Örüg Temür Khan (Mongolian: Ёлтөмөр хаан ᠶᠣᠯᠣ ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ; Chinese: 月魯帖木兒汗[1]), possibly Gulichi[2] (Chinese: 鬼力赤; Mongolian: ᠭᠤᠢᠷᠠᠨᠴᠢ γuyilinči,[3] Gulichi only called by the Ming Dynasty in this period), (?–1408) was a khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1408. Örüg Temür (Persian: اورک تیمور) in historical materials compiled by the Timurid dynasty have been a descendant of Ögedei.[4] Örüg Temür might also have been descended from either Ariq Böke or Genghis Khan's younger brothers, either Hasar or Temüge.[5]

Elbeg Khan appointed Bahamu (Batula, Mahamu, Muhamud) ruler of the Four Oirats after he had mistakenly executed his father Khuuhai. The Khagan's decision disappointed the Oirat Torguud clan leader Ugetchi Khashikha (Mongolian: Үхэрчин хашха; Chinese: 烏格齊哈什哈, "Khashikha" means prince or duke in the Tungusic languages). Ugetchi Khashikha and Bahamu organized the plot to kill Elbeg and succeeded; the former seized the family and property of the late Khagan. There's a dispute over whether Örüg Temür was the same person as Ugechi Khashikha himself, because the Ming Dynasty recorded fierce battles between Gulichi of Eastern Mongols and Oirat's leaders.[6] Thus, it is still unclear whether he was an Oirat or a Genghisid. The History of Ming recorded that Gulichi became the new khagan in 1402 and abolished the dynastic title of "Great Yuan" (大元) promulgated in 1271 by Kublai; however, the Han-style title had already been abolished in 1388.[7]

Reign

Gulichi appointed Arughtai of the Asud chingsang of the Eastern Mongols. According to Ming annals, he might have nominated a “Tatar” (East Mongols) khan. The Yongle Emperor made overtures to Gulichi and his principal retainer Arughtai to establish a relationship within Ming China's tributary system, but Gulichi and Arughtai rejected it.[8] They also poisoned Engke Temur, Prince of Hami, who had allied with the Ming.[8] However, Gulichi was defeated by Öljei Temür Khan, the Kublaid descent Borjigin monarch, in 1403. In 1408, his former chingsang and noyan Arughtai killed him after a conflict erupted between them.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 宝音德力根, Buyandelger (2000). "15世紀中葉前的北元可汗世系及政局 (Genealogy and political situation of the Northern Yuan Khans of the mid-15th century)". 蒙古史研究 (Mongolian History Research). 6: 132–136.
  2. ↑ 東京外国語大学. アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究所-アジア・アフリカ言語文化研究, Issues 27–30, p. 152.
  3. ↑ 薄音湖 (1987年). "关于北元汗系". 内蒙古大学学报 (第三期): 47. Explain that Guilichi should be nickname rather than his real name, meaning "beggar" in Mongolian
  4. ↑ C. P. Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, list of heads of Mongolia
  5. ↑ List of Mongolian rulers
  6. ↑ 岡田英弘『モンゴル帝国から大清帝国へ』(藤原書店 p.368)
  7. ↑ 井上治 (2002). ホトクタイ＝セチェン＝ホンタイジの研究 (in Japanese). 風間書房.
  8. 1 2 Ed. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank-The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8, p. 227.
  • René Grousset - Empire of Steppes
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