History
or Massachusetts
Name	Britannia
Builder	Philadelphia
Launched	1776
Renamed	American Tartar
Captured	August 1777
Great Britain
Name	HMS Hinchinbrook
Acquired	9 October 1777 by purchase of a prize
Fate	Sold 1783
Great Britain
Name	Blenheim
Acquired	1783 by purchase
Fate	Captured and burnt 1806
General characteristics
Tons burthen	300,[1] or 318,[2] or 321,[3] or 331[4] (bm)
Complement	Privateer:150–200 Royal Navy:125[2]
Armament	Privateer July 1777:20 × 9-pounder + 12 × 4-pounder guns August 1777:10 × 9-pounder + 8 × 6-pounder guns + 2 × 4-pounder + 4 × 3-poundeer guns Royal Navy:16 × 6-pounder guns[2] Whaler:6 × 4-pounder guns[4]
Notes	Built of live oak and cedar[5]

Blenheim may have been launched in 1776 in Philadelphia as Britannia. By 1777 she was the Massachusetts-based privateer American Tartar and had taken several prizes. She had also participated in an inconclusive single-ship action with a British merchantman. The British Royal Navy captured American Tartar late in 1777 and she became HMS Hinchinbrook. The Royal Navy sold her in 1783 and she became the West Indiaman Blenheim. In 1785-86 she became a Greenland whaler and she continued in that trade until two French frigates captured and burnt her in 1806.

American privateer

The vessel's exact origins are obscure. Lloyd's Register (LR) described her as originating in Philadelphia in 1776.^[5] The Register of Shipping gave her origins simply as "BrPlant", i.e., British Plantations (British colonies), in 1777.^[3]

Granville Hough stated that the vessel American Tartar had been Britannia, out of New York, but then had become a privateer with a letter of marque from Massachusetts.^[6]

Commander John Grimes commissioned American Tartar on 29 November 1776. Her owners were Dean and Joseph Barrell, and other investors.^[6]

On 21 May 1777, American Tartar sailed in company with two American frigates, USS Boston and Hancock for a cruise in the North Atlantic. American Tartar parted from the two frigates shortly thereafter and sailed for northern European waters.^[6]

On her way, American Tartar captured the 150-ton (bm) brigantine Sally and sent her into Boston where she was libeled on 17 July.^[6]

American Tartar encountered the British merchantman Pole, Maddock, master, on 12 July at 50°N 20°W / 50°N 20°W / 50; -20 (or 56°N 26°W / 56°N 26°W / 56; -26).^{[lower-alpha 1]} Pole was sailing from New York to Liverpool with 40 crew and passengers. American Tartar approached and opened fire. Maddock so maneuvered Pole as to be able three times to clear American Tartar's forecastle. After almost three and a half hours, American Tartar withdrew. Pole, of sixteen 6-pounder guns, had sustained a passenger and two mates wounded.^[8]

The next day American Tartar captured two brigs off the Shetland Islands. The first was carrying lumber and hides. The Americans took out her hides and tackle and furnishings, and then burnt her. The second brig was carrying tar. The Americans kept her with them.^[6]

On the 15th, American Tartar captured Royal Bounty, of 300 tons (bm), William Kerr, master. She had been sailing from Greenland to Leith. Grimes put a prize crew aboard her, as well as the hides taken from the first brig captured the previous day, and 30 barrels of tar from the second brig. Grimes then released the second brig to her master and crew.

That same day American Tartar captured the ship Janet off the Shetland Islands. Five days later, she captured the ship Nautilus, George Corney, master, off Isle of Lewis. On 28 July American Tartar was off Norway where she captured the ships Peggy and Thomas and Elizabeth, and the brig Fanny.^[6]

On about 4 August Grimes sent Royal Bounty to Boston. However, HMS Diamond's tender recaptured Royal Bounty on 22 September off Cape Ann and sent her into Halifax.^[9][10] The tender was the American privateer schooner Buckram, John Cross, master, that Diamond had captured on 17 September in Boston Bay.^[9]

Capture: HMS Bienfaisant captured American Tartar on 28 August and sent her into St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.^[2] Lloyd's List (LL) reported that American Tartar had been armed with 28 guns and had had a crew of 200 men.^[11]

Royal Navy

Admiral John Montague purchased American Tartar at Newfoundland on 9 October 1777 and renamed her HMS Hinchinbrook (or Hinchinbroke).^[2]

At some point between 1777-1788 Hinchinbrook briefly came under the command of Lieutenant Isaac Schomberg.^[12]

Commander John Brudenel (or Bradenel) had commissioned Hinchinbrook in September, but she was not formally registered and renamed until 25 February 1778. In October she was still on the Newfoundland Station. Her captain was Commander John Wainwright.^[2]

Hinchinbrook arrived at Woolwich on 18 January 1780. She was then moved to Sheerness on 5 March to undergo fitting. However, her refitting was cut short and she became a "slop ship",^[2] that is, a ship serving to store clothes (slops) for seamen, circa July 1781, when Lieutenant James Screech recommissioned her.^[2]

Disposal: The Navy sold Hinchinbrook at Sheerness on 21 March 1783 for £960.^[2]

Mercantile career

Blenheim entered Lloyd's Register (LR) in 1783 with G.Kitson, master, E.Snerdon, owner, and trade London–Jamaica. She had undergone a thorough repair in 1783.^[1] The entry in the 1784 volume of LR reproduced the same information. However, the entry also carried the annotation that Blenheim was the former man-of-war Hinchinbrook.^[5]

Blenheim became a Greenland (Northern Whale) Fisheries whaler. In 1786 she appeared in LR with J. Metcalf, master, W. Walker, owner, and trade London–Greenland. She had undergone a good repair and a damage repair in 1786.^[13]

In 1788–89 she fished in Davis Strait. On 20 July 1787 Lloyd's List reported that she was at Davis strait and had taken two "fish".^[14] She underwent a repair in 1788 also. LR for 1797 showed Blenheim's master changing from J. Metcalf to R. Maxwell. LR for 1798 showed Blenheim with Maxwell, master, Blaydes, owner, and trade Hull–Davis Strait. She had undergone a good repair in 1796. A handwritten annotation gave the name of a replacement master. "Mitchenson".^[4]

The data below are from a database of whaling voyages by Hull-based whalers.^[15]

Another source gives Blenheim's catch for 1798 as 18 whales, that yielded 310 butts of oil and nine tons 13CWT of whalebone.^[16]

The Blenheim affray: As Blenheim was passing through Whitebooth Roads On 30 July 1797, on her way into Hull, the guardships HMS Nonsuch and Redoubt fired several shots as a signal for Blenheim to stop. She did not. Her crew, fearing the press gang, had locked her master, William Mitchenson, and the pilot in the cabin. The guardships then sent three boats to board Blenheim, but her crew resisted with their long lances and harpoons, preventing the navy men from boarding. Next Nautilus fired some 30 shots, to no avail, and sent a boat. Blenheim ran aground and the boats from the navy vessels surrounded her. As a boat from Nonsuch again tried to come alongside, the crew of Blenheim fired a swivel gun loaded with grapeshot, and again wielded their lances. Another account reports that Blenheim's crew pelted the navy men with spears, capstan bars, handspikes, other offensive weapons, and also several large iron shot. They succeeded in wounding the lieutenant commanding the boat, who survived, and two seamen, who died of their wounds. When the boats from the naval vessels withdrew, the crew aboard Blenheim slipped ashore and disappeared. The Admiralty offered a reward of £100 for the apprehension of the men who had killed the two seamen, but no one came forward.^[17] The government also promised to pardon all of the members of the crew other than those that had actually murdered the two men from Nonsuch.^[18] The reason the whalers resisted is that they wished to avoid impressment by the Royal Navy. The crew of out-bound merchantmen and whalers were generally exempt from the Press; the crew of returning vessels, however, were subject to impressment.

On 13 March 1800, the government charged Captain Mitchinson with murder for the deaths in 1798 of the two seamen. The government argued that the restraint the crew had put on Mitchinson were a sham. Witnesses testified that the restraints were real, and that there had been no collusion. Mitchinson was acquitted.^[19]

Another source shows that rather than being captured and burnt in 1801, Blenheim, Webster, master, had killed two whales that yielded 90 butts or 36 tons of whale oil, and one ton of whale bone.^[20]

Fate

On 2 August 1806 Sirène, capitaine de frégate Le Duc, and Revanche, capitaine de frégate Lambert, captured the Greenland whalers Holderness, Swan, master, and Blenheim, Welburn, master, both of and for Hull. The French burnt their captures.^[22][23]

Notes

Citations

References

• Coltish, William (c. 1842). An account of the success of the ships at the Greenland and Davis Straits fisheries 1772-1842 inclusive.
• Lubbock, Basil (1937). Arctic Whalers. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson. Re Brunswick (1814S)
• Williams, Gomer (1897). History of the Liverpool Privateers and Letters of Marque: With an Account of the Liverpool Slave Trade. W. Heinemann.
• Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1844157006.
• Vice-Admiralty Court, Halifax (1911). American vessels captured by the British during the revolution and war of 1812. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute.