Habr Je'lo
Habar Jeclo
هبر جعلو
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali, Arabic
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups
Arap, Ayub, Habr Awal, Garhajis and Other Isaaq groups, Harari People

The Habr Je'lo (Somali: Habar Jeclo), Arabic: هبر جعلو, Full Name: Mūsa ibn ash-Shaykh Isḥāq ibn Aḥmad, historically known as the Habr Toljaala (Somali: Habar Toljeclo) is a major Northern Somali clan of the wider Isaaq family. Its members form the (Somali: Habr Habusheed/Habeshat) confederation along with the Ibran, Sanbuur and Tolje’lo. [1][2][3] The Habr Je'lo are divided into three further sub-tribes: the Mohamed Abokor, Musa Abokor, and Samane Abokor. Historically, the Mohamed Abokor were chiefly nomadic pastoralists, whereas the Musa Abokor and Omar obtained much of their wealth via their frankincense plantations in the mountainous interior adjacent to the coastline.The Habr Je'lo played a prominent role in the livestock and frankincense trade during the pre-colonial period.

The Habr Je'lo also partook in a major organised front to oppose British rule in the late 19th and early 20th centuries under the leadership of Haji Sudi, Sheikh Bashir, Haji Farah Omar, Michael Mariano and other subsequent anti-colonial leaders hailing from the same tribe. These figures represent both the intellectual and violent struggle that was staged against the colonial project of the British Empire.

The Habr Je'lo hold great economic influence within Somaliland and across the Horn of Africa, having the richest businessmen who operate across multiple industries among their ranks.[4]

Distribution

Map of Somaliland showing distribution of the Habr Je'lo sub-tribe in central and eastern Somaliland
Habr Toljaala ' Horsemen, 1898

The Habr je'lo (Habarjeclo) tribes reside in eastern Togdheer, eastern Sahil, western Sanaag western Sool in Somaliland. The sub-tribe also inhabits the Somali region in Ethiopia, especially in the Degehbur zone.[5][6][7] They also have a large settlement in Kenya where they are known as a constituent segment of the Isahakia community.[8][9]

History

Antiquity

The ancient city of Mosyllum, situated at the coast of Habr Je'lo inhabited lands, has been described as the largest and most important port city of the Erythrean Sea, exporting cinnamon, frankincense and myrrh.[10] Ralph E. Drake-Brockman states in his 1912 book British Somaliland:[10]

The ancient city of Mosyllum, situated on the Habi Toljaala littoral, is in the heart of the area from which the best frankincense, even to-day, is exported ; and doubtless in the time of the ancients all the myrrh from the far interior — or what is now the Dulbahanta country — must have passed out through this channel.

Heis, another port town inhabited by the Habr Je'lo, is said to be identical with the ancient trading post of Mundus (Ancient Greek: Μούνδος) that is described in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an anonymous account by a Greek Alexandrian salesman from the 1st century CE.[11]

"Two days' sail, or three, beyond Malao is the market-town of Mundus, where the ships lie at anchor more safely behind a projecting island close to the shore. There are imported into this place the things previously set forth, and from it likewise are exported the merchandise already stated, and the incense called mocrotu. And the traders living here are more quarrelsome."

— Chap.9.[12]

A large collection of cairns of various types lie near the city.[13] Excavations here have yielded pottery and sherds of Roman glassware from a time between the 1st and 5th centuries.[14][11] Among these artefacts is high-quality millefiori glass.[13] Dated to 0-40 CE, it features red flower disks superimposed on a green background.[15] Additionally, an ancient fragment of a footed bowl was discovered in the surrounding area. The sherd is believed to have been made in Aswan (300-500 CE) or Lower Nubia (500-600 CE), suggesting early trading ties with kingdoms in the Nile Valley.[16] Ancient edifices have also been found in Heis.[17]

Arawelo

According to traditional Somali folklore, Arawelo, a legendary proto-Somali queen who is said to have established a matriarchal society, was based in lands inhabited by the Habr Je'lo, specifically a place called Murihi in the Togdheer region.[18] Ralph E. Drake-Brockman was one of the first Western researchers to publish an account of Arawelo, in his 1912 book British Somaliland he states:

The story says that thousands of years ago there lived in what is now the tract of country occupied by the Habr Toljaala tribe, a great Somali queen called Arawailo, who was greatly feared by her people owing to her eccentricities. Arawailo lived at a place called Murihi, so the story goes, for little save a huge mound of stones, under which she is said to lie buried, now marks the capital of her ancient kingdom. Towards the end of her life Arawailo began to show marked favour towards her own sex and great animosity towards her male subjects.[18]

Early modern

Dualeh Abdi of the Musa Abokor sub-tribe of the Habr Toljaala, photographed in 1890

The Habr Toljaala derived a large supply of frankincense from the trees south in the mountains near port town of Heis. This trade was lucrative and with gum and skins being traded in high quantity, Arab and Indian merchants would visit these ports early in the season to get these goods cheaper than at Berbera or Zeyla before continuing westwards along the Somali coast.[19] During the British Somaliland period the recorded statistics of Heis show it as a leader alongside Maydh in the east with hundreds of thousands of hides and being the leading exporter of tanned skins with 16,000 reaching Berbera taken by Habr Je'lo traders by dhow. Heis also exported a large quantity of skins and sheep to Aden as well as imported a significant amount of goods from both the Arabian coast and western Somali ports, reaching nearly 2 million rupees by 1903.[20]

John Hanning Speke, an English explorer who made an exploratory expedition to the area in an attempt to reach the Nugaal Valley, described the port town:[21]

Without landing, Lieutenant Speke coasted along to Bunder Hais, where he went on shore. Hais is a harbour belonging to the Musa Abokr. It contains a "fort," a single-storied, flat-roofed, stone and mud house, about 20 feet square, one of those artless constructions to which only Somal could attach importance. There are neither muskets nor cannon among the braves of Hais. The "town" consists of half a dozen mud huts, mostly skeletons. The anchoring ground is shallow, but partly protected by a spur of hill, and the sea abounds in fish. Four Buggaloes (native craft) were anchored here, waiting for a cargo of Dumbah sheep and clarified butter, the staple produce of the place. Hais exports to Aden, Mocha, and other parts of Arabia; it also manufactures mats, with the leaves of the Daum palm and other trees. Lieutenant Speke was well received by one Ali, the Agil, or petty chief of the place: he presented two sheep to the traveller.

— Sir Richard Francis Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, Or, An Exploration of Harar

Pre-colonial era

The Habr Je’lo coastal settlements and ports, stretching from near Siyara in the west to Heis (Xiis) in the east, were important to trade and communication with the Somali interior. While the settlements were not as significant as the more established ports of Berbera, Zeila and Bulhar (respectively), the principle Habr Je’lo port of Kurrum (Karin) was a major market for livestock and frankincense procured from the interior,[22] and was a favorite for livestock traders due to the close proximity of the port to Aden. Habr Je’lo traders acted as middlemen to Dhulbahante livestock herders in the interior by purchasing and/or bartering their stock for export to the Aden market:

The last branch of the Western tribes is the Haber el Jahleh, who possess the sea-ports from Seyareh to the ruined village of Rukudah, and as far as the town of Heis. Of these towns, Kurrum is the most important, from its possessing a tolerable harbour, and from its being the nearest point from Aden, the course to which place is N.N.W., consequently the wind is fair, and the boats laden with sheep for the Aden market pass but one night at sea, whilst those from Berbera are generally three. What greatly enhances the value of Kurrum however is its proximity to the country of the Dulbahanta, who approach within four days of Kurrum, and who therefore naturally have their chief trade through that port.[7]

Isaaq Sultanate

The Habr Je'lo were part of the Isaaq Sultanate which was established by the Rer Guled branch of the Eidagale after the Isaaq successfully defeated the Absame clan at Lafaruug in the 17th century. With time the Habr Yunis and later the Habr Awal and Arap would break from the Isaaq Sultanate.[23]

Burning of Karin

In 1831, the Yeesif, a sub-subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor,[24] was in control of the historic trading port town of Karin.[25][26] A multitude of other tribes were also present in the town to trade, notably the Adan Madoba.[27] According to Somali history, Karin was a gated town, with the Yeesif sub-subtribe controlling who could enter and leave the town, investing heavily in protecting the town due to its importance.[25]

In 1831 a girl of the Rer Dod sub-subtribe married a young Yeesif warrior, however, a man of the Adan Madoba, another subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor,[24] also intended to marry her and could not accept the fact that the marriage took place. The Adan Madoba man went to his tribesmen and explained the situation to them, threatening to sever his testicles if the tribe did not intervene.[25] The Adan Madoba tribesmen then assassinated the Yeesif groom, which led to a 40 year long conflict where allegedly the grandson of the Rer Dod girl participated in the fighting.[25] The conflict is described by British explorer Richard Burton in 1855, who stated:[26]

The Ahl Yusuf, a branch of the Haber el Jahleh, at present hold possession of Kurrum, and between them and the tribes to windward there exists a most bitter and irreconcilable feud, the consequence of sundry murders perpetrated about five years since at Kurrum, and which hitherto have not been avenged.

With the conflict still raging, in 1871 the Adan Madoba, on the verge of turning the Yeesif to extinct, and after losing 19 men to a Yeesif counterattack, decided one last attack on the Yeesif would finally win them this long war and allow them to conquer Karin.[25] The Adan Madoba assembled hundreds of horsemen led by Mohamed Ismail (nicknamed Qaaje Guray) for one final offensive on the Yeesif still in Karin.[25] Days before the attack Qaaje Gurey presented his tribesmen three options; to either attack Karin, a majority Yeesif town but also inhabited by the Nuh (a sub-subtribe of the Mohamed Abokor)[28] and kill anyone in Karin, surround Karin first and call on all the non-Yeesif tribes to evacuate the town immediately and attack the town once evacuation has been completed, or to burn the town in its entirety. The Adan Madoba opted for the second option.[25]

The Adan Madona approached Karin and ordered the Nuh to evacuate Karin, notifying them of their intent to attack the Yeesif. However, the Nuh tribesmen refused and aided their Yeesif brothers, as according to folklore the ancestors of the Nuh and Yeesif tribes shared the same mother.[25] The Adan Madoba proceeded to attack Karin and successfully burned the town down. However, they failed to defeat the combined Yeesif-Nuh forces and soon the Adan Madoba were forced to retreat, effectively ending the Yeesif-Adan Madoba conflict.[25]

Dirir Warsame, a Yeesif tribal soldier came upon a man of the Adan Madoba named Halil who was captured by Yeesif tribesmen. Dirir recited this poem before killing him;[25]

Anti-Colonial Movements

Dervish movement

Haji Sudi on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892.

The Habr Je’lo along with the Habr Yunis were one of the first sub-tribes in the Somaliland Protectrate to revolt against the Colonial government between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Among their prominent anti-colonial ideologues during the Dervish period were Deria Arale, Deria Gure, Abdallah Shihiri, Ibrahim Boghol and Haji Sudi, the latter is credited for importing Dervish customs into the Somali peninsula as well as being one of the original founders of the Somali Dervish Movement. Moreover, the Habr Je'lo played an influential role after the demise of the Dervish Movement in 1920, with Sheikh Bashir Yussuf and Farah Omar being important anti-colonial notables.

Abdallah Shihiri, 1909

The Dervish movement first arose in Burao in 1899, where in the summer of that year Dervish leaders and their followers congregated at the settlement. Haji Suudi leading his tribesmen declared war on the British lest they stop interfering with their religious and internal affairs. The dervish then proceeded to send this letter to Captain Cordeauxe and James Hayes Sadler:

This is to inform you that you have done whatever you have desired, and oppressed our well-known religion without any cause. Further, to inform you that whatever people bring to you they are liars and slanderers. Further, to inform you that Mahomed, your Akil, came to ask from us the arms we therefore, send you this letter. Now choose for yourself; if you want war we accept it, if you want peace pay the fine. September 1, 1899.[29]

According to the British War Office, the Ahmed Farah, Rer Yusuf and Adan Madoba Habr Je'lo sub-tribes were among the first to join the Dervish rebellion. Haji Sudi, along with Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and Sultan Nur led the first Dervish forces against the British at Samala, Ferdidin, Erigo and Gumburu.[30][31]

Moreover, the coastal Habr Je'lo sub-tribes provided significant armaments to the Dervish forces in the interior.[32] Before sending troops to confront the Dervish at Samala, Consul-General Hayes Sadler gave the following instructions to the commander Eric John Eagles Swayne:

In the unlikely event of the Mullah offering to surrender, in his case and that of the Following: Haji Sudi, Deria Arale, Deria Gure Only an unconditional surrender should be accepted no guarantee of any kind to future treatment been given. Sultan Nur, the Sultan of the Habr Yunis, may be guaranteed his life. J. Hayes-Sadler, His Britannic Majesty's Consul-General, Somali Coast Protectorate. Aden April 11, 1901.[33]

Although facing the British in multiple battles between 1901 and 1904, the colonial forces failed to in their efforts to apprehend Sudi, Arale, Gure and their fellow Dervishes. Gabriel Ferrand, the Vice-Consul of France following these events observed that:

Neither the Mahdi nor his chief adviser Ahmed Warsama, better known under the name Haji Sudi, nor the Sultan Nur, leader of the Habr Younis sub-tribe were killed or captured. The optimism of Colonel Sadler and Lieutenant-Colonel Swayne in the latest reports relating to military operations is inexplicable.[34]

Abdalah Shihiri and Deria Arale led the 1904 Dervish delegation that facilitated the Ilig or Pestollaza agreement between the Dervish and Italy. This treaty allowed the Dervishes to peacefully settle in Italian Somaliland with some autonomy.[35][36]

In 1920, the British air force commenced their bombardment of Dervish fort and their ground assault on Taleh fort. Haji Sudi, the highest ranking Dervish after Mohammed Abdullah Hassan and Ibrahim Boghol, commander of the northern Dervish army died valiantly defending the Taleh.[37]

1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion

Sheikh Bashir praying Sunnah prayer, 1920

The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo sub-tribe in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division.[38]

On 2 July, Sheikh Bashir collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.[39]

The British campaign against Sheikh Bashir's troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera.[40]

Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following.[41]

Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.[42]

The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.

Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.[43]

Despite the death of Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, the British authorities was not finished with the rebels and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the Collective Punishment Ordinance, under which the authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the Habr Je'lo, the sub-tribe that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels.[44] The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the Saad-ud-Din archipelago, off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland.

Lineage

Below is a breakdown of the different sub-divisions of the Habr Je'lo sub-subtribe:[45][46]

  • Sheikh Ishaaq Bin Ahmed Al Hashimi (Sheikh Ishaaq)
    • Habar Magaadle
      • Ismail (Garhajis)
      • Ayub
      • Muhammad (Arap)
      • Abdirahman (Habr Awal)
    • Habar Habusheed (Haber Je'clo)
      • Ahmed (Tol-Ja'lo)
      • Ibrahiim (Sanbuur)
      • Muhammad ('Ibraan)
      • Muuse Sheikh Ishaaq
              • Mohamed Abokor
                • Adan Mohamed (Adan Madoba)
                • Yesif Mohamed
                • Nuh Mohamed
                  • Abdalle Nuh
                    • Abdille Abdalle
                      • Abokor Abdille (Solomadow)
                      • Hassan Abdille (Solomadow)
                      • Barre Abdille (Solomadow)
                        • Samatar Barre
                        • Ahmed Barre
                        • Kul Barre
                        • Nabad Barre
                      • Hussein Abdille
                      • Allamagan Abdille
                      • Farah Abdille
                        • Beila Farah
                        • Fahiye Farah
                        • Dahir Farah (Rer Dahir)
                          • Ahmed Dahir
                          • Nuh Dahir
                          • Guled Dahir
                          • Kalil Dahir
                          • Barre Dahir
                          • Ogal Dahir
                          • Hassan Dahir
                          • Wa'ays Dahir
                          • Yusuf Dahir
                          • Ibrahim Dahir
                          • Hildid Dahir
                          • Adan Dahir
                          • Omar Dahir
                            • Abokor Omar
                            • Muse Omar
                            • Bah Abdirahman
                            • Bah Eise
                              • Ismail Omar
                                • Yusuf Ismail (Rer Yusuf)
                        • Ahmed Farah
                          • Roble Ahmed
                          • Abtidon Ahmed (Rer Abtidon)
                          • Abokor Ahmed
                          • Biniin Ahmed (Reer Biniin)
                            • Ali Biniin
                              • Diririe Ali
                              • Dahir Ali
                              • Farah Ali
                              • Fatah Ali
                            • Guled Biniin
                            • Hersi Biniin
                          • Had Ahmed
                          • Hasan Ahmed
                            • Salah Hasan (Rer Salah)
                          • Hildid Ahmed
                            • Abdi Hildid
                          • Mohamed Ahmed
                            • Rage Mohamed (Rer Rage)
                            • Baded Mohamed (Rer Baded)
                            • Olow Mohamed
                            • Burale Mohamed
                            • Jibril Mohamed
                • Musa Abokor
                  • Uduruhmin Muse
                  • Idris Muse
                  • Abdirahman Muse
                    • Osman Abdirahman (Bah Majeelo)
                    • Abdille Abdirahman (Bah Majeelo)
                    • Isaaq Abdirahman (Bah Majeelo)
                    • Yunis Abdirahman (Rer Yunis)
                      • Mohamed Yunis
                      • Osman Yunis
                    • Barre Abdirahman
                      • Ali Barre
                      • Mohamed Barre
                      • Yunis Barre
                        • Burale Yunis
                        • Bi'ide Yunis (Biciide)
                          • Iidle Biciide
                          • Wadhowr Biciide (Bahsanbuur)
                          • Samatar Biciide (Bahsanbuur)
                          • Farah Biciide
                            • Ahmed Farah
                            • Iidle Farah (Rer Iidle)
                            • Omar Farah (Boho)
                            • Fahiye Farah (Boho)
                            • Muse Farah (Boho)
                            • Robsuge Farah (Boho)
                            • Gedi Farah (Boho)
                            • Wais Farah (Boho)
                            • Sahal Farah (Boho)
                            • Abdille Farah (Bah Farwiyo)
                            • Ali Farah (Bah Farwiyo)
                  • Samane Abokor
                    • Abdulle Samane
                    • Muse Samane
                    • Hirsi Samane

Groups

Notable figures

Hadraawi, most notable contemporary Somali poet

References

  1. ↑ Haggenmacher, Gustav Adolf (1876). G. A. Haggenmacher's Reise Im Somali-lande, 1874: Mit Einer Originalkarte (in German). J. Perthes.
  2. ↑ Abbink, J. (1999). The Total Somali tribe Genealogy: A Preliminary Sketch. African Studies Centre.
  3. ↑ الصومال. The Society. 1954.
  4. ↑ Nsehe, Mfonobong. "5 Multi-Millionaires From Somalia You Should Know". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  5. ↑ Anatomy of Violence: Understanding the Systems of Conflict and Violence in Africa. p. 130.
  6. ↑ "Changing Pastoralism in the Ethiopian Somali National Regional State (Region 5)".
  7. 1 2 The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society, Volume 19, p. 63, 1848
  8. ↑ De Waal, Alexander (1993). Violent deeds live on: landmines in Somalia and Somaliland. p. 63.
  9. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa. ISBN 9781315308173.
  10. 1 2 Drake-Brockman, Ralph Evelyn (1912). British Somaliland. Hurst & Blackett. pp. 7–8.
  11. 1 2 "Mundu" (in German). University of Bern. Archived from the original on 2007-08-15.
  12. ↑ Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Schoff's 1912 translation
  13. 1 2 Newsletter of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists in America, Issues 8-13. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. 1976. p. 5. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  14. ↑ Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
  15. ↑ Meyer, Carol (1992). Glass from Quseir Al-Qadim and the Indian Ocean Trade, Issue 53. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 37. ISBN 0918986877. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  16. ↑ Hatke, George (2013). Aksum and Nubia: Warfare, Commerce, and Political Fictions in Ancient Northeast Africa. NYU Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0814762837. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
  17. ↑ Mire, Sada (2015-04-14). "Mapping the Archaeology of Somalia: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire". African Archaeological Review. 32 (1): 111–136. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9. ISSN 0263-0338.
  18. 1 2 Drake-Brockman, Ralph Evelyn (1912). British Somaliland. Hurst & Blackett. p. 169.
  19. ↑ Pankhurst, Richard (1965). "The Trade of the Gulf of Aden Ports of Africa in the Early Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries". Journal of Ethiopian Studies. 3 (1): 36–81. JSTOR 41965718.
  20. ↑ Great Britain, House of Commons (1905). Sessional papers Inventory control record 1, Volume 92. HM Stationery Office. p. 385.
  21. ↑ Burton, Richard F. (2019-09-25). First Footsteps in East Africa; or, an Exploration of Harar. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3-7340-8950-3.
  22. ↑ Ethnographie Nordost-Afrikas: Die Materielle Cultur Der Danakil, Galla Und Somal, 1893
  23. ↑ Andrzejewski, B. W.; Lewis, I.M. (1964). Somali Poetry: An Introduction, The Oxford library of African literature. p. 57.
  24. 1 2 Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 138.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Gubiddii Magaalada Karin (1871)". www.hoygasuugaanta.com. Retrieved 2022-06-29.
  26. 1 2 Society, Royal Geographical (1849). The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society: JRGS. Murray. pp. 63–64.
  27. ↑ Society, Bombay Geographical (1850). The Transactions of the Bombay Geographical Society. p. 132.
  28. ↑ Hunt, John Anthony (1951). A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950: Final Report on "An Economic Survey and Reconnaissance of the British Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950," Colonial Development and Welfare Scheme D. 484. To be purchased from the Chief Secretary. p. 138.
  29. ↑ Sessional papers Volume 48. p. 15
  30. ↑ Official History of the Operation, Volume 1. p. 49
  31. ↑ In pursuit of The Mad Mullah, Malcolm McNeil. p. 123
  32. ↑ Official History of the Operation, Volume 1. p. 41
  33. ↑ Official History of the Operations in Somaliland. 1901–1904 Vol. I p. 54
  34. ↑ Les Çomâlis. Ferrand Gabriel, 1903. p. 268.
  35. ↑ Ministero della Guerra, Comando del Corpo di S.M./Ufficio Storico: SOMALIA, Vol. I, Dalle Original 1914, Roma, 1938- XVI, pp. 308, 309, 315, 318, 319.
  36. ↑ Caroselli, op. cit. 78-9.
  37. ↑ Sun, Sand and Somals - Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner, H. Rayne
  38. ↑ Mohamed, Jama (1996). Constructing colonial hegemony in the Somaliland protectorate, 1941-1960 (Thesis thesis).
  39. ↑ of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948). British Military Administration in Africa 1941-1947. HMSO. p. 481.
  40. ↑ "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf. W/Q: Prof Yaxye Sheekh Caamir | Laashin iyo Hal-abuur". Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  41. ↑ Sheekh Caamir, Prof. Yaxye (11 January 2018). "Taariikhdii Halgamaa: Sheekh Bashiir Sh. Yuusuf". Laashin.
  42. ↑ of Rodd, Lord Rennell (1948). British Military Administration in Africa 1941-1947. HMSO. p. 482.
  43. ↑ Mohamed, Jama (2002). "'The Evils of Locust Bait': Popular Nationalism during the 1945 Anti-Locust Control Rebellion in Colonial Somaliland". Past & Present. 174 (174): 184–216. doi:10.1093/past/174.1.184. ISSN 0031-2746. JSTOR 3600720.
  44. ↑ Annual Colonial Office Report on the Somaliland Protectorate, 1948. p. 31.
  45. ↑ A General Survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.164-165
  46. ↑ "Abtirsi.com : Muse "Jelo"". www.abtirsi.com. Retrieved 2021-07-09.
  47. ↑ Taariikhdii daraawiishta iyo Sayid Maxamad Cabdille Xasan, Jaamac Cumar Ciise · 2005 - PAGE 173
  48. ↑ "Allin Mohamoud Dirir, 79: Smiling Somali and first to hold public office in the UK". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
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