Early life and education

Zur Hausen was born in Gelsenkirchen^[1] in a Catholic family. He completed his Abitur at Antonianum Grammar School in Vechta, then studied medicine at the universities of Bonn from 1955, Hamburg from 1957, and Düsseldorf from 1958, and received a Doctor of Medicine degree there in 1960.^[1] He pursued internships in Wimbern, Isny, Gelsenkirchen, and Düsseldorf, qualifying as a physician in 1962.^[1]

Work

He joined the Institute for Microbiology at the University of Düsseldorf as a laboratory assistant in 1962.^[1] After three and a half years there, he moved to Philadelphia to work at the Virus Laboratories of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia together with eminent virologists Werner and Gertrude Henle,^[2] who had escaped from Nazi Germany. In 1967, he contributed to a ground-breaking study that for the first time proved a virus (Epstein–Barr virus) can turn healthy cells (lymphocytes) into cancer cells.^[3][4] He became an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1968.^[1] In 1969, he returned to Germany to become a regular teaching and researching professor at the University of Würzburg's Institute for Virology. In 1972, he moved to the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg. In 1977, he moved on to the University of Freiburg (Breisgau), where he headed the Department of Virology and Hygiene.^[1]

Working with Lutz Gissmann, zur Hausen first isolated human papillomavirus 6 by simple centrifugation from genital warts.^[5] He isolated HPV 6 DNA from genital warts, suggesting a possible new way of identifying viruses in human tumours. This discovery paid off several years later, in 1983, when zur Hausen identified HPV 16 DNA in cervical cancer tumours by means of Southern blot hybridization.^[6] This was followed by the discovery of HPV18 a year later,^[7] thus identifying the causes of approximately 75% of human cervical cancer. The announcement of his breakthrough sparked a major scientific controversy.^[8]

From 1983 until 2003, zur Hausen served as chairman of the board and scientific advisory board member of the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) in Heidelberg^[9] and as professor of medicine at Heidelberg University.^[10]

From 2007 to 2011, zur Hausen was a member of the scientific advisory board of Zukunftskolleg at the University of Konstanz.^[11] He was editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Cancer until the end of 2010.^[11][12] On 1 January 2010, zur Hausen became the vice president of German Cancer Aid, the largest cancer charity in Europe.^[11]

Scientific merits

Zur Hausen's field of research was the study of oncoviruses. In 1976, he hypothesised that human papillomavirus plays an important role in causing cervical cancer. Together with his collaborators, he then identified HPV16 and HPV18 in cervical cancers in 1983–84. This research made possible the development of the HPV vaccine, the first formulation of which was commercialised in 2006. He is also credited with discovery of the virus causing genital warts (HPV 6) and a monkey lymphotropic polyomavirus that is a close relative to a recently discovered human Merkel cell polyomavirus, as well as of techniques to immortalise cells with Epstein–Barr virus and to induce replication of the virus using phorbol esters. His work on papillomaviruses and cervical cancer received a great deal of scientific criticism when first published but subsequently was confirmed and was used as the basis for research on other high-risk papillomaviruses.^[8]

Personal life

Zur Hausen had three sons from his first marriage, Jan Dirk, Axel and Gerrit. In 1993, he married Ethel-Michele de Villiers,^[1] who at the time was a fellow researcher at the German Cancer Research Center, and who in prior years had co-authored many research journal articles with zur Hausen on papilloma virus and genital cancer, dating as far back as 1981.^[5][4] He acknowledged her research contributions and support in his Nobel Prize biography.^[16]

Zur Hausen died on 29 May 2023, at age 87.^{[4][9][17][18][19]}

Memberships

• Member of the Academia Europaea (1990)^[33]
• Member of the American Philosophical Society (1998)^[34]
• Honorary Member European Academy of Sciences and Arts (2008)^[11]
• International member of the National Academy of Sciences (2009)^[35]
• Foreign Member of the Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters (2010)^[36]
• Honorary Fellow of the World Hellenic Biomedical Association (2013)^[37]
• Fellow of the American Association for Cancer Research (2013)^[38]
• Honorary Member of the German Society of Virology (2013)^[39]
• Corresponding member of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (June 2015)^[40]
• Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2017)^[11]

Honorary degrees

Zur Hausen received almost 40 honorary doctorates and numerous honorary professorships,^[9][18] including degrees from the universities of Chicago, Umeå, Prague, Salford, Helsinki, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Ferrara, Guadalajara and Sal.^[41]