The throne of God is the reigning centre of God in the Abrahamic religions: primarily Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The throne is said by various holy books to reside beyond the Seventh Heaven which is called Araboth (Hebrew: עֲרָבוֹת ‘ărāḇōṯ) in Judaism.[1]].

Judaism

Micaiah (1 Kings 22:19), Isaiah (Isaiah 6), Ezekiel (Ezekiel 1)[2] and Daniel (Daniel 7:9) all speak of God's throne, although some philosophers, such as Saʿadiah Gaon and Maimonides, interpreted such mention of a "throne" as allegory.[3]

The heavenly throne room or throne room of God is a more detailed presentation of the throne, into the representation of throne room or divine court.

Micaiah's throne room vision

Micaiah's extended prophecy (1 Kings 22:19) is the first detailed depiction of a heavenly throne room in Judaism.

Zechariah's throne room vision

Zechariah 3 depicts a vision of the heavenly throne room where Satan and the Angel of the Lord contend over Joshua the High Priest in the time of his grandson Eliashib the High Priest. Many Christians consider this a literal event, others such as Goulder (1998) view the vision as symbolic of crisis on earth, such as opposition from Sanballat the Horonite.[4]

Isaiah

In Isaiah 6, Isaiah sees the Lord sitting upon a throne, high and lifted up, and his train (robe) filled the temple. Above the throne stood the Seraphim (angelic beings), and each one had 6 wings. With two wings they covered their faces, with two they covered their feet, and with two they flew. And the Seraphim were calling out to one another, "Holy, Holy, Holy, is the Lord of Hosts" (Some translations title it, 'Lord of heavens armies', or 'Lord Almighty'). Their voices shook the temple to its foundations, and the entire building was filled with smoke.

Wisdom of Solomon

In the apocryphal Book of Wisdom, the prayer offered by Solomon asking God for wisdom calls for him to be "sent from the throne of your glory".[5]

Dead Sea Scrolls

The concept of a heavenly throne occurs in three Dead Sea Scroll texts. Later speculation on the throne of God became a theme of Merkabah mysticism.[6]

Christianity

Ezekiel's vision is depicted in this 1860 woodcut by Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld
God the Father on a throne, Westphalia, Germany, late 15th century.

In the New Testament, the Throne of God is talked about in several forms,[7] including Heaven as the Throne of God, the Throne of David, the Throne of Glory, the Throne of Grace and many more.[7] The New Testament continues Jewish identification of heaven itself as the "throne of God",[8] but also locates the throne of God as "in heaven" and having a secondary seat at the right hand of God for the Session of Christ.[9]

Revelation

The Book of Revelation describes the Seven Spirits of God which surround the throne, and its author wishes his readers in the Seven Asian churches to be blessed with grace from God, from the seven who are before God's throne, and from Jesus Christ in Heaven. He states that in front of the throne there appears to be "a sea of glass, clear as crystal", and that the throne is surrounded by a lion, an ox, a man, and a flying eagle; each with six wings and covered with eyes, who constantly cry "Holy, holy, holy is the Lord God Almighty, who was, and is, and is to come" repeatedly. It is also said that "out of the throne proceeded lightnings and thunderings and voices".[10]

Islam

Diagram of "Plain of Assembly" (Ard al-Hashr) on the Day of Judgment, from an autograph manuscript of Futuhat al-Makkiyya by Sufi mystic and Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi, ca. 1238. Shown are the 'Arsh (Throne of God), pulpits for the righteous (al-Aminun), seven rows of angels, Gabriel (al-Ruh), A'raf (the Barrier), the Pond of Abundance, al-Maqam al-Mahmud (the Praiseworthy Station; where the prophet Muhammad will stand to intercede for the faithful), Mizan (the Scale), As-Sirāt (the Bridge), Jahannam (Hell), and Marj al-Jannat (Meadow of Paradise).[11]

Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi (d. 429/1037) in his al-Farq bayn al-Firaq (The Difference between the Sects) reports that 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, said: "God created the Throne as an indication of His power, not for taking it as a place for Himself."[12] The vast majority of Islamic scholars, including Sunnis (Ash'aris, Maturidis and Sufis), Mu'tazilis, and Shi'is (Twelvers and Isma'ilis) believe the Throne (Arabic: العرش al-'Arsh) as a symbol of God's power and authority and not as a dwelling place for Himself,[13][14][15] while some Islamic sects, such as the Karramis and the Salafis/Wahhabis believe that God has created it as a place of dwelling.[16][17][18] According to the British academic, Islam Issa, in Islamic theology, it is the largest of creations.[19]

The Quran mentions the throne some 25 times (33 times as Al-'Arsh), such as in verse Q10:3 and Q23:116:

Indeed, your Lord is Allah, who created the heavens and the earth in six days and then established Himself above the Throne (Arsh), arranging the matter [of His creation]. There is no intercessor except after His permission. That is Allah, your Lord, so worship Him. Then will you not remember? – Yunus 10:3

And it is He who created the heavens and the earth in six days – and His Throne had been upon water – that He might test you as to which of you is best in deed. But if you say, "Indeed, you are resurrected after death," those who disbelieve will surely say, "This is not but obvious magic." – Hud 11:7

So Exalted be Allah, the True King – None has the right to be worshipped but He - Lord of the Supreme Throne! – al-Mu’minoon 23:116

The Quran depicts the angels as carrying the throne of God and praising his glory, similar to Old Testament images.

...those who bear the Throne, and all who are round about it, sing the praises of their Lord and believe in Him and ask forgiveness for those who believe. – Quran 40:7

...and you shall see the angels going round about the Throne glorifying the praise of their Lord; and judgment shall be given between them with justice, and it shall be said: all praise is due to God, the Lord of the Worlds. – Quran 39:75

The Ayat al-Kursi (often glossed as "Verse of the footstool"), is a verse from Al-Baqara, the second sura of the Quran, and is regarded as the book's greatest verse. It references the Kursi (كرسي) which is different from the Throne [عرش], and also God's greatest name, Al-Hayy Al-Qayyoom ("The Living, the Eternal").[20] Scholars of hadith have stated that Muhammad said the reward for reciting this verse after every prayer is Paradise,[21] and that reciting it is a protection from the devil.[22]

Prophetic hadith also establish that The Throne is above the roof of Al-Firdaus Al-'Ala, the highest level of Paradise where God's closest and most beloved servants in the hereafter shall dwell.[23]

See also

Bibliography

Notes
  1. ↑ In Seventh Heaven
  2. ↑ "Ezekiel 1:26" in the 1901 American Standard Bible.
  3. ↑ Bowker 2005, pp. Throne of God entry
  4. ↑ M. D. Goulder ,The Psalms of the return (book V, Psalms 107–150) 1998, p. 197, "The vision of Joshua and the Accuser in Zechariah 3 seems to be a reflection of such a crisis."
  5. ↑ Wisdom 9:9: New Revised Standard Version
  6. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls: N–Z Lawrence H. Schiffman, James C. VanderKam – 2000 "References to heavenly thrones occur in three Dead Sea Scroll texts. In the Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice ... Speculation on the throne of God and its associated creatures becomes an important aspect of Merkavah mysticism"
  7. 1 2 Kittel 1966, pp. 164–166
  8. ↑ William Barclay, The Gospel of Matthew: Chapters 11–28 p. 340 Matthew 23:22 "And whoever swears by heaven swears by the throne of God and by him who sits upon it."
  9. ↑ Philip Edgecumbe Hughes A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews p. 401 1988 "The theme of Christ's heavenly session, announced here by the statement he sat down at the right hand of God, Hebrews 8:1 "we have such a high priest, one who is seated at the right hand of the throne of the Majesty in heaven")"
  10. ↑ "Revelations Chapter 4" in the New Testament.
  11. ↑ Begley, Wayne E. The Garden of the Taj Mahal: A Case Study of Mughal Architectural Planning and Symbolism, in: Wescoat, James L.; Wolschke-Bulmahn, Joachim (1996). Mughal Gardens: Sources, Places, Representations, and Prospects Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C., ISBN 0884022358. pp. 229–231.
  12. ↑ "Allah's Establishment Over the Throne". sunnah.org. As-Sunnah Foundation of America. Archived from the original on 31 May 2021.
  13. ↑ Teymori, Mohammad Ibrahim. "The Creed of Imam Tahawi" (PDF). Afghan Islamic Cultural Centre in London, United Kingdom. pp. 20–24.
  14. ↑ Shahrur, Muhammad (2009). The Qur'an, Morality and Critical Reason: The Essential Muhammad Shahrur. BRILL. ISBN 9789047424345.
  15. ↑ Yılmaz, Hakkı (14 June 2020). The Division By Division English Interpretation of THE NOBLE QUR'AN in The Order of Revelation. Hakkı Yılmaz. p. 566.
  16. ↑ Rifai, Sayyid Rami Al (2016). The Light Of Allah In The Heavens and The Earth: The Creation Of The Atom (24:35) and The Physics Of Spirituality. Sunnah Muakada.
  17. ↑ Elias, Jamal J. (1995). The Throne Carrier of God: The Life and Thought of 'Ala' ad-dawla as-Simnani. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791426111.
  18. ↑ al-Din, Khwajah Kamal (1963). The Islamic Review. Woking Muslim Mission and Literary Trust.
  19. ↑ Issa, Islam (2016). Milton in the Arab-Muslim World. Taylor & Francis. p. 97. ISBN 9781317095927.
  20. ↑ Book 004, Number 1768: (Sahih Muslim).
  21. ↑ Sunnan Nasai'i al Kubra, (6/30), At-Tabarani; Al-Kabeer (8/114).
  22. ↑ Saheeh Al Bukhari – Volume 3, Book 38, Number 505.
  23. ↑ Saheeh al-Bukhaari (#2581).
References
  • Arnold, Edwin (1998). Pearls of the Faith (1998 ed.). Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 0-7661-0243-2. – Total pages: 340
  • Bowker, John (2005). The concise Oxford dictionary of world religions (2005 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861053-X. – Total pages: 702
  • Kittel, Gerhard (1966). Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volumes 3-4 (1966 ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2245-2. – Total pages: 1116
  • O'Shaughnessy, Thomas J. (December 1973). "God's Throne and the Biblical Symbolism of the Qur'ān". Numen. BRILL. 20 (3): 202–221. doi:10.1163/156852773x00376. JSTOR 3269642.
  • Pickthalll, Marmaduke; Hanauer, James Edward (1935). Folk-lore of the Holy Land: Moslem, Christian and Jewish (1935 ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN 1-60506-065-8. – Total pages: 280
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