Turkish presidential elections are held in Turkey as part of the general elections every five years, to determine who will serve as the President of Turkey.

There have been 22 elections for the President of Turkey since the establishment of the republic in 1923, electing 12 distinct Turkish citizens as president. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and İsmet İnönü were elected four times, Celal Bayar and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan were elected three times, Cemal Gürsel, Cevdet Sunay, Fahri Korutürk, Turgut Özal, Süleyman Demirel, Ahmet Necdet Sezer and Abdullah Gül were each elected once. Kenan Evren became the president without an election, so that he assumed the title by the ratification of the present constitution on 7 November 1982 (Constitution of Turkey provisional article 1).

History

Throughout the years, the nature and importance of Turkish presidential elections have changed as a result of constitutional amendments.

Indirect elections (1923-2014)

Before 2014, the President was elected by MPs in the Turkish parliament.

Direct elections since 2014

The 2014 presidential elections was the first direct election of a President, a result of a 2007 referendum created and backed by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK party).

Presidential system since 2018

Following the approval of constitutional changes in a referendum held in 2017, the elected President became both the head of state and head of government.[1] As a result, the parliamentary system of government was replaced with an executive presidency and a presidential system.[2]

Acting presidents

In case of a temporary absence of the president on account of illness, travel abroad, or similar circumstances, the Vice President serves as acting president, and exercises the powers of the president until the president resumes his functions, and if the presidency falls vacant as a result of death or resignation or for any other reason, until the election of a new president.

List of Turkish presidential elections

ElectionsDateEligible votersNumber of votesNumber of
candidates		WinnerNumber of Votes
for Winner		Percentage of Vote
Indirect elections
1st election29 October 19233331581Mustafa Kemal Atatürk158100
2nd election1 November 19273162881Mustafa Kemal Atatürk288100
3rd election4 May 19313172891Mustafa Kemal Atatürk289100
4th election1 March 19353993861Mustafa Kemal Atatürk386100
5th election11 November 19383993481İsmet İnönü348100
6th election3 April 19394294131İsmet İnönü413100
7th election8 March 19434554351İsmet İnönü435100
8th election5 June 19464654513İsmet İnönü38886
9th election22 May 19504874532Celâl Bayar38785
10th election14 May 19545415132Celâl Bayar48695
11th election1 November 19576386071Celâl Bayar43471
12th election26 October 19615415131Cemal Gürsel48695
13th election28 March 19666365322Cevdet Sunay46187
14th election6 April 19736355574Fahri Korutürk36566
15th election12 March 1980----[lower-alpha 1]--
16th election31 October 19894502852Turgut Özal26392
17th election16 May 19934504314Süleyman Demirel24457
18th election5 May 200055053310Ahmet Necdet Sezer33062
19th election28 August 20075504483Abdullah Gül33976
Direct elections
20th election10 August 201455,892,85841,026,0213Recep Tayyip Erdoğan21,000,14351.8
21st election24 June 201859,367,46951,197,9596Recep Tayyip Erdoğan26,330,82352.6
22nd election28 May 202364,197,41954,023,6164Recep Tayyip Erdoğan27,834,69252.2

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The ongoing election was called off because of the 1980 coup d'état.

References

  1. ↑ Topping, Alexandra (16 April 2017). "Turkey referendum: Erdoğan wins vote amid dispute over ballots – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  2. ↑ "Turkish parliament nears approval of presidential system sought by Erdoğan". Reuters. 19 January 2017.
  • Roger P. Nye (1977). "Civil-Military Confrontation in Turkey: The 1973 Presidential Election". International Journal of Middle East Studies, 8, pp 209–228. doi:10.1017/S0020743800026957.
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