Howard Hunt
Hunt in 1973
Born
Everette Howard Hunt Jr.

(1918-10-09)October 9, 1918
Hamburg, New York, U.S.
DiedJanuary 23, 2007(2007-01-23) (aged 88)
Miami, Florida, U.S.
EducationBrown University (BA)
Criminal charge(s)Conspiracy, burglary, illegal wiretapping
Criminal penalty2.5 to 8 years
Paroled after 33 months
Spouse(s)Dorothy Wetzel (died 1972)
Laura Martin
Children4 (with Wetzel)
2 (with Martin)
Espionage activity
AllegianceUnited States
Service branchUnited States Navy
United States Army Air Forces
Office of Strategic Services
Central Intelligence Agency
White House Plumbers
Service years1940–1945 (Army)
1949–1970 (CIA)
Codename
  • Robert Dietrich
  • Gordon Davis
  • David St. John
  • Edward Warren
  • Edward J. Hamilton
  • Hugh W. Newstead
  • Eduardo
Operations1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
Brigade 2506
Watergate scandal

Everette Howard Hunt Jr. (October 9, 1918 – January 23, 2007) was an American intelligence officer and author. From 1949 to 1970, Hunt served as an officer in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), particularly in the United States involvement in regime change in Latin America including the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état and the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. Along with G. Gordon Liddy, Frank Sturgis, and others, Hunt was one of the Nixon administration "plumbers", a team of operatives charged with identifying government sources of national security information "leaks" to outside parties. Hunt and Liddy plotted the Watergate burglaries and other clandestine operations for the Nixon administration. In the ensuing Watergate scandal, Hunt was convicted of burglary, conspiracy, and wiretapping, eventually serving 33 months in prison. After release, Hunt lived in Mexico and then Florida until his death.

Early life

Birthplace of E. Howard Hunt

Hunt was born in Hamburg, New York,[1] United States, the son of Ethel Jean (Totterdale) and Everette Howard Hunt Sr., an attorney and Republican Party official. He graduated, along with Howard J. Osborn,[2] from Hamburg High School in Hamburg, New York in 1936[3] and Brown University in 1940. During World War II, Hunt served in the U.S. Navy on the destroyer USS Mayo, the United States Army Air Corps, and finally, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the precursor to the CIA, in China.[4]

Career

Author

Hunt was a prolific author, having published 73 books during his lifetime.[5] During and after the war, he wrote several novels under his own name, including East of Farewell (1942), Limit of Darkness (1944), Stranger in Town (1947), Maelstrom (1949) Bimini Run (1949), and The Violent Ones (1950). He also wrote spy and hardboiled novels under an array of pseudonyms, including Robert Dietrich, Gordon Davis, David St. John, and P. S. Donoghue. Hunt won a Guggenheim Fellowship for his writing in 1946. Some have found parallels between his writings and his experiences during Watergate and espionage.[6] He continued his writing career after he was released from prison, publishing nearly twenty spy thrillers between 1980 and 2000.[1][7]

Economic Cooperation Administration

Prior to 1949, Hunt served as an Officer in the Information Division of the Economic Cooperation Administration, a predecessor of the Mutual Security Agency.[8]

CIA

Anti-Castro efforts

Shortly following the end of World War II the OSS was disbanded. The subsequent emergence of the Cold War and the lack of a central intelligence organization resulted in the CIA's formation in 1947. Warner Bros. had just bought rights to Hunt's novel Bimini Run when he joined the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) in October 1949. He was assigned as a covert action officer specializing in political action and influence in what later came to be called the CIA's Special Activities Division.[9]

Mexico, Guatemala, Japan, Uruguay and Cuba

Hunt became the OPC Station Chief in Mexico City in 1950, and recruited and supervised William F. Buckley Jr., who worked under Hunt[10] in his OPC Station in Mexico during the period 1951–1952. Buckley and Hunt remained lifelong friends, and Buckley became godfather to Hunt's first three children.[11]

In Mexico, Hunt helped lay the framework for Operation PBFortune, later renamed Operation PBSuccess, the successful covert operation to overthrow Jacobo Árbenz, the democratically elected president of Guatemala. Hunt was then assigned as Chief of Covert Action in Japan. He afterwards served as Chief of Station in Uruguay, (where he was noted by American diplomatic contemporary Samuel F. Hart for controversial working methods).[1] Hunt would later say "What we wanted to do was to have a terror campaign, to terrify Arbenz particularly, to terrify his troops, much as the German Stuka bombers terrified the population of Holland, Belgium and Poland”.[12][13]

Hunt was subsequently given the assignment of forging Cuban exile leaders in the United States into a suitably representative government-in-exile that would, after the Bay of Pigs Invasion, form a pro-American Puppet state intent on taking over Cuba.[14] The failure of the invasion temporarily damaged his career.

Hunt was undeniably bitter about what he perceived as President John F. Kennedy's lack of commitment in attacking and overthrowing the government of Cuba.[15] In his semi-fictional autobiography, Give Us This Day, he wrote: "The Kennedy administration yielded Castro all the excuse he needed to gain a tighter grip on the island of José Martí, then moved shamefacedly into the shadows and hoped the Cuban issue would simply melt away."

Executive Assistant to DCI Allen Dulles

In 1959 Hunt helped CIA Director Allen W. Dulles write The Craft of Intelligence.[16] The following year Hunt established Brigade 2506, an Agency-sponsored group of Cuban exiles formed to attempt the military overthrow of the Cuban government headed by Fidel Castro. It carried out the abortive Bay of Pigs Invasion in Cuba on 17 April 1961. After that fiasco, Hunt was reassigned as Executive Assistant to Dulles.[17]

Other work

After Kennedy fired Dulles in 1961 for the Bay of Pigs failure, Hunt served as the first Chief of Covert Action for the Domestic Operations Division (DODS) from 1962 to 1964.

Hunt told The New York Times in 1974 that he spent about four years working for DODS, beginning shortly after it was set up by the Kennedy administration in 1962, over the "strenuous opposition" of Richard Helms and Thomas H. Karamessines. He said that the division was assembled shortly after the Bay of Pigs operation, and that "many men connected with that failure were shunted into the new domestic unit." He said that some of his projects from 1962 to 1966, which dealt largely with the subsidizing and manipulation of news and publishing organizations in the US, "did seem to violate the intent of the agency's charter."[18]

In 1964, DCI John A. McCone directed Hunt to take a special assignment as a Non-Official Cover (NOC) officer in Madrid, Spain, tasked to create the American answer to Ian Fleming's British MI-6 James Bond novel series. While assigned in Spain, Hunt was covered as a recently retired U.S. State Department Foreign Service Officer (FSO) who had moved his family to Spain in order to write the first installment of the 9-novel Peter Ward series, On Hazardous Duty (1965).

After a year and a half in Spain, Hunt returned to his assignment at DODS. Following a brief tenure on the Special Activities Staff of the Western European Division, he became Chief of Covert Action for the region (while remaining based in the Washington metropolitan area) in July 1968. Hunt was lauded for his "sagacity, balance and imagination", and received the second-highest rating of Strong (signifying "performance ... characterized by exceptional proficiency") in a performance review from the Division's Chief of Operations in April 1969. However, this was downgraded to the third-highest rating of Adequate in an amendment from the Division's Deputy Chief, who recognized Hunt's "broad experience" but opined that "a series of personal and taxing problems" had "tended to dull his cutting edge."[19] Hunt would later maintain that he "had been stigmatized by the Bay of Pigs", and had come to terms with the fact that he "would not get promoted too much higher."[20] In these final years of Hunt's CIA service, he began to cultivate new contacts in "society and the business world."[20] While serving as vice president of the Brown University Club of Washington, he befriended and commenced a strong association with the organization's president, former congressional aide Charles Colson, who soon began working on Richard Nixon's presidential campaign.[21] Hunt retired from the CIA at the pay grade of GS-15, Step 8[22] on April 30, 1970.

Upon retiring from the CIA, Hunt neglected to elect survivorship benefits for his wife. An April 1971 request to retroactively amend his election was rebuffed by the agency. In a May 5, 1972, letter to CIA General Counsel Lawrence Houston, Hunt raised the possibility of returning to active duty for a short period of time in exchange for activating the benefits upon his proposed second retirement. Houston advised Hunt in his May 16 response that this "would be in violation of the spirit of the CIA Retirement Act".[22]

Immediately following his retirement, he went to work for the Robert R. Mullen Company, which cooperated with the CIA; H. R. Haldeman, White House Chief of Staff to President Nixon, wrote in 1978 that the Mullen Company was in fact a CIA front company, a fact that was apparently unknown to Haldeman while he worked in the White House.[23] Through CIA's Project QKENCHANT, Hunt obtained a Covert Security Approval to handle the firm's affairs during Mullen's absence from Washington.[24][25]

White House service

In 1971, Hunt was hired as a consultant by Colson, by now director of Nixon's Office of Public Liaison, and joined the White House Special Investigations Unit, specializing in political sabotage.[4]

Hunt's first assignment for the White House was a covert operation to break into the Los Angeles office of Daniel Ellsberg's psychiatrist, Lewis J. Fielding.[26] In July 1971, Fielding had refused a request from the Federal Bureau of Investigation for psychiatric data on Ellsberg.[27] Hunt and Liddy cased the building in late August.[28] The burglary, on September 3, 1971, was not detected, but no Ellsberg files were found.[29]

Also in the summer of 1971, Colson authorized Hunt to travel to New England to seek potentially scandalous information on Senator Edward Kennedy, specifically pertaining to the Chappaquiddick incident and to Kennedy's possible extramarital affairs.[23] Hunt sought and used CIA disguises and other equipment for the project.[30] This mission eventually proved unsuccessful, with little if any useful information uncovered by Hunt.[23]

Hunt's White House duties included assassinations-related disinformation. In September 1971, Hunt forged and offered to a Life magazine reporter two top-secret U.S. State Department cables designed to prove that President Kennedy had personally and specifically ordered the assassination of South Vietnam President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother, Ngô Đình Nhu, during the 1963 South Vietnamese coup.[31] Hunt told the Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 that he had fabricated the cables to show a link between President Kennedy and the assassination of Diem, a Catholic, to estrange Catholic voters from the Democratic Party, after Colson suggested he "might be able to improve upon the record."[32]

In 1972, Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy were part of an assassination plot targeting journalist Jack Anderson, on orders from Colson.[33] Nixon had disliked Anderson because during the 1960 presidential election Anderson had published an election-eve story concerning a secret loan from Howard Hughes to Nixon's brother,[34] which Nixon believed was the reason he lost the election. Hunt and Liddy met with a CIA operative and discussed methods of assassinating Anderson, which included covering Anderson's car steering wheel with LSD to drug him and cause a fatal accident,[4] poisoning his aspirin bottle, and staging a fatal robbery. The assassination plot never materialized because Hunt and Liddy were arrested for their involvement in the Watergate scandal later that year.

Watergate scandal

According to Seymour Hersh, writing in The New Yorker, Nixon White House tapes show that after presidential candidate George Wallace was shot on May 15, 1972, Nixon and Colson agreed to send Hunt to the Milwaukee home of the gunman, Arthur Bremer, to place McGovern presidential campaign material there. The intention was to link Bremer with the Democrats. Hersh writes that, in a taped conversation, "Nixon is energized and excited by what seems to be the ultimate political dirty trick: the FBI and the Milwaukee police will be convinced, and will tell the world, that the attempted assassination of Wallace had its roots in left-wing Democratic politics." Hunt did not make the trip, however, because the FBI had moved too quickly to seal Bremer's apartment and place it under police guard.[35]

Hunt organized the bugging of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office building.[36] Five burglars were arrested by police at the Watergate on 18 June 1972. Hunt and Liddy were indicted on federal charges three months later.

Hunt put pressure on the White House and the Committee to Re-Elect the President for cash payments to cover legal fees, family support, and expenses, for himself and his fellow burglars. Key Nixon figures, including Haldeman, Charles Colson, Herbert W. Kalmbach, John Mitchell, Fred LaRue, and John Dean eventually became entangled in the payoff schemes, and large amounts of money were passed to Hunt and his accomplices, to try to ensure their silence at the trial, by pleading guilty to avoid prosecutors' questions, and afterwards.[37] Tenacious media, including The Washington Post and The New York Times, eventually used investigative journalism to break open the payoff scheme, and published many articles that proved to be the beginning of the end for the cover-up. Prosecutors had to follow up once the media reported. Hunt also pressured Colson, Dean, and John Ehrlichman to ask Nixon for clemency in sentencing, and eventual presidential pardons for himself and his cronies; this eventually helped to implicate and snare those higher up.[38]

Hunt was sentenced to 30 months to 8 years in prison,[39] and spent 33 months in prison at Federal Correctional Complex, Allenwood and the low-security Federal Prison Camp at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, on a conspiracy charge, arriving at the latter institution on April 25, 1975.[40] While at Allenwood, he suffered a mild stroke.[41]

JFK conspiracy allegations

Hunt supported the Warren Commission's conclusion that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy.[42]

Early allegations: Hunt as one of the "three tramps"

E. Howard Hunt and one of the three tramps arrested after the assassination of President Kennedy.

The Dallas Morning News, the Dallas Times Herald, and the Fort Worth Star-Telegram photographed three transients under police escort near the Texas School Book Depository shortly after the assassination of Kennedy.[43] The men later became known as the "three tramps".[44] According to Vincent Bugliosi, allegations that these men were involved in a conspiracy originated from theorist Richard E. Sprague who compiled the photographs in 1966 and 1967, and subsequently turned them over to Jim Garrison during his investigation of Clay Shaw.[44] Appearing before a nationwide audience on the December 31, 1968, episode of The Tonight Show, Garrison held up a photo of the three and suggested they were involved in the assassination.[44] Later, in 1974, assassination researchers Alan J. Weberman and Michael Canfield compared photographs of the men to people they believed to be suspects involved in a conspiracy and said that two of the men were Watergate burglars E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis.[45] Comedian and civil rights activist Dick Gregory helped bring national media attention to the allegations against Hunt and Sturgis in 1975 after obtaining the comparison photographs from Weberman and Canfield.[45] Immediately after obtaining the photographs, Gregory held a press conference that received considerable coverage and his charges were reported in Rolling Stone and Newsweek.[45][46]

The Rockefeller Commission reported in 1975 that they investigated the allegation that Hunt and Sturgis, on behalf of the CIA, participated in the assassination of Kennedy.[47] The final report of that commission stated that witnesses who testified that the "derelicts" bore a resemblance to Hunt or Sturgis "were not shown to have any qualifications in photo identification beyond that possessed by an average layman".[48] Their report also stated that FBI Agent Lyndal L. Shaneyfelt, "a nationally-recognized expert in photoidentification and photoanalysis" with the FBI photographic laboratory, had concluded from photo comparison that none of the men was Hunt or Sturgis.[49] In 1979, the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations reported that forensic anthropologists had again analyzed and compared the photographs of the "tramps" with those of Hunt and Sturgis, as well as with photographs of Thomas Vallee, Daniel Carswell, and Fred Lee Chrisman.[50] According to the committee, only Chrisman resembled any of the tramps, but determined that he was not in Dealey Plaza on the day of the assassination.[50]

In 1992, journalist Mary La Fontaine discovered the November 22, 1963, arrest records that the Dallas Police Department had released in 1989, which named the three men as Gus W. Abrams, Harold Doyle, and John F. Gedney.[51] According to the arrest reports, the three men were "taken off a boxcar in the railroad yards right after President Kennedy was shot", detained as "investigative prisoners", described as unemployed and passing through Dallas, then released four days later.[51]

Compulsive Spy and Coup d'Etat in America

In 1973, Viking Press published Tad Szulc's book about Hunt's career titled Compulsive Spy.[52] Szulc, a former correspondent for The New York Times, claimed unnamed CIA sources told him that Hunt, working with Rolando Cubela Secades, had a role in coordinating the assassination of Castro for an aborted second invasion of Cuba.[52] In one passage, he also stated that Hunt was the acting chief of the CIA station in Mexico City in 1963 while Lee Harvey Oswald was there.[53][54][nb 1]

The Rockefeller Commission's June 1975 report stated that they investigated allegations that the CIA, including Hunt, may have had contact with Oswald or Jack Ruby.[56] According to the commission, one "witness testified that E. Howard Hunt was Acting Chief of a CIA Station in Mexico City in 1963, implying that he could have had contact with Oswald when Oswald visited Mexico City in September 1963."[57] Their report stated that there was "no credible evidence" of CIA involvement in the assassination and noted: "At no time was [Hunt] ever the Chief, or Acting Chief, of a CIA Station in Mexico City.[57]

Released in the Fall of 1975 after the Rockefeller Commission's report, Weberman and Canfield's book Coup d'Etat in America reiterated Szulc's allegation.[54][nb 2] In July 1976, Hunt filed a $2.5 million libel suit against the authors, as well as the book's publishers and editor.[58] According to Ellis Rubin, Hunt's attorney who filed the suit in a Miami federal court, the book said that Hunt took part in the assassination of Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr.[58]

As part of his suit, Hunt filed a legal action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in September 1978 requesting that Szulc be cited for contempt if he refused to divulge his sources.[53] Three months earlier, Szulc stated in a deposition that he refused to name his sources due to "the professional confidentiality of sources" and "journalistic privilege".[53] Rubin stated that knowing the source of the allegation that Hunt was in Mexico City in 1963 was important because Szulc's passage "is what everybody uses as an authority ... he's cited in everything written on E. Howard Hunt".[53] He added that rumors that Hunt was involved in the Kennedy assassination might be put to end if Szulc's source was revealed.[53] Stating that Hunt had not provided a sufficient reason to override Szulc's First Amendment rights to protect the confidentiality of his sources, United States District Judge Albert Vickers Bryan Jr. ruled in favor of Szulc.[54]

Libel suit: Liberty Lobby and The Spotlight

On November 3, 1978, Hunt gave a security-classified deposition for the House Select Committee on Assassinations. He denied knowledge of any conspiracy to kill Kennedy. (The Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) released the deposition in February 1996.)[59] Two newspaper articles published a few months before the deposition stated that a 1966 CIA memo linking Hunt to the assassination of President Kennedy had recently been provided to the HSCA. The first article, by Victor Marchetti – author of the book The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (1974) – appeared in the Liberty Lobby newspaper The Spotlight on August 14, 1978. According to Marchetti, the memo said in essence, "Some day we will have to explain Hunt's presence in Dallas on November 22, 1963."[60] He also wrote that Hunt, Frank Sturgis and Gerry Patrick Hemming would soon be implicated in a conspiracy to kill John F. Kennedy.

The second article, by Joseph J. Trento and Jacquie Powers, appeared six days later in the Sunday edition of The News Journal, Wilmington, Delaware.[61] It alleged that the purported memo was initialed by Richard Helms and James Angleton and showed that, shortly after Helms and Angleton were elevated to their highest positions in the CIA, they discussed the fact that Hunt had been in Dallas on the day of the assassination and that his presence there had to be kept secret. However, nobody has been able to produce this supposed memo, and the United States President's Commission on CIA Activities within the United States determined that Hunt had been in Washington, D.C., on the day of the assassination.[62]

Hunt sued Liberty Lobby – but not the Sunday News Journal – for libel. Liberty Lobby stipulated, in this first trial, that the question of Hunt's alleged involvement in the assassination would not be contested.[63] Hunt prevailed and was awarded $650,000 damages. In 1983, however, the case was overturned on appeal because of error in jury instructions.[64] In a second trial, held in 1985, Mark Lane made an issue of Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination.[65] Lane successfully defended Liberty Lobby by producing evidence suggesting that Hunt had been in Dallas. He used depositions from David Atlee Phillips, Richard Helms, Liddy, Stansfield Turner and Marita Lorenz, plus a cross-examination of Hunt. On retrial, the jury rendered a verdict for Liberty Lobby.[66] Lane claimed he convinced the jury that Hunt was a JFK assassination conspirator, but some of the jurors who were interviewed by the media said they disregarded the conspiracy theory and judged the case (according to the judge's jury instructions) on whether the article was published with "reckless disregard for the truth."[67] Lane outlined his theory about Hunt's and the CIA's role in Kennedy's murder in a 1991 book, Plausible Denial.[68]

Mitrokhin Archive

Former KGB archivist Vasili Mitrokhin indicated in 1999 that Hunt was made part of a fabricated conspiracy theory disseminated by a Soviet "active measures" program designed to discredit the CIA and the United States.[69][70] According to Mitrokhin, the KGB created a forged letter from Oswald to Hunt implying that the two were linked as conspirators, then forwarded copies of it to "three of the most active conspiracy buffs" in 1975.[69] Mitrokhin indicated that the photocopies were accompanied by a fake cover letter from an anonymous source alleging that the original had been given to FBI Director Clarence M. Kelley and was apparently being suppressed.[69]

Kerry Thornley's memoir

According to Kerry Thornley, who served with Oswald in the Marine Corps and wrote the biographical book The Idle Warriors about him before the assassination of the president (the manuscript was seized during the investigation and was kept as physical evidence for a long time),[71] Thornley regularly met with a man in New Orleans known to him as Gary Kirstein, with whom they discussed the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Also, according to Thornley, Kirstein in those years wanted to organize the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. and planned to "frame a jailbird for it."[72] In "Confession to Conspiracy to Assassinate JFK by Kerry Thornley as told to Sondra London" he said that after Watergate, when photos of Howard Hunt appeared in the media, he found that he was very similar to his acquaintance Kirstein, along with whom they discussed organizing the assassination of the president.[73]

"Deathbed confession" of involvement in Kennedy assassination

After Hunt's death, Howard St. John Hunt and David Hunt stated that their father had recorded several claims about himself and others being involved in a conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy.[4][74] Notes and audio recordings were made. In the April 5, 2007, issue of Rolling Stone, St. John Hunt detailed a number of individuals purported to be implicated by his father, including Lyndon B. Johnson, Cord Meyer, David Atlee Phillips, Frank Sturgis, David Morales, Antonio Veciana, William Harvey, and an assassin he termed "French gunman grassy knoll" who many presume is Lucien Sarti.[4][75] The two sons alleged that their father cut the information from his memoirs to avoid possible perjury charges.[74] According to Hunt's widow and other children, the two sons took advantage of Hunt's loss of lucidity by coaching and exploiting him for financial gain and furthermore falsified accounts of Hunt's supposed confession.[74] The Los Angeles Times said they examined the materials offered by the sons to support the story and found them to be "inconclusive".[74]

Memoir: American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond

Hunt's memoir, American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate, and Beyond,[76] was ghost-written by Greg Aunapu and published by John Wiley & Sons in March 2007.[77] According to the Hunt Literary Estate, Hunt had intended to write an update to his 1974 autobiography Undercover and supplement this edition with post-9/11 reflections, but by the time he had embarked on the project, he was too ill to continue. This prompted John Wiley & Sons to search for and hire a ghost writer to write the book in its entirety. According to St. John Hunt, it was he who suggested to his father the idea of a memoir to reveal what he knew about the Kennedy assassination, but the Hunt Literary Estate disputes this as scurrilous.[74]

The foreword to American Spy was written by William F. Buckley Jr.[78] According to Buckley, he was asked through an intermediary to write the introduction but declined after he found that the manuscript contained material "that suggested transgressions of the highest order, including a hint that LBJ might have had a hand in the plot to assassinate President Kennedy."[78] He stated that the work "was clearly ghostwritten", and eventually agreed to write an introduction focusing on his early friendship with Hunt after he received a revised manuscript "with the loony grassy-knoll bits chiseled out".[78]

Publishers Weekly called American Spy a "breezy, unrepentant memoir" and described it as a "nostalgic memoir [that] breaks scant new ground in an already crowded field".[79] Tim Rutten of the Los Angeles Times said it was "a bitter and self-pitying memoir" and "offers a rather standard account of how men of his generation became involved in intelligence work".[80] Referencing the book's title, Tim Weiner of The New York Times wrote: "American Spy is presented as a 'secret history,' a double-barreled misrepresentation. There are no real secrets in this book. As history it is bunk."[81] Weiner said that the author's examination of the Kennedy assassination was the low-point of the book, indicating that Hunt pretended to take various conspiracy theories, including the involvement of former President Johnson, seriously.[81] He concluded his review describing it as a work "in a long tradition of arrant nonsense" and "a book to shun".[81] Joseph C. Goulden of The Washington Times described it as a "true mess of a book" and dismissed Hunt's allegations against Johnson as "fantasy".[82] Goulden summarized his review: "I wish now that I had not read this pathetic book. Avoid it."[82]

Writing for The Christian Science Monitor, Daniel Schorr said "Hunt tells most of his Watergate venture fairly straight".[83] Contrasting this opinion, Politico's James Rosen described the chapters regarding Watergate as the "[m]ost problematic" and wrote: "There are numerous factual errors – misspelled names, wrong dates, phantom participants in meetings, fictitious orders given – and the authors never substantively address, only pause occasionally to demean, the vast scholarly literature that has arisen in the last two decades to explain the central mystery of Watergate."[84] Rosen's review was not entirely negative and he indicated that the book "succeeds in taking readers beyond the caricatures and conspiracy theories to preserve the valuable memory of Hunt as he really was: passionate patriot; committed Cold Warrior; a lover of fine food, wine and women; incurable intriguer, wicked wit and superb storyteller."[84] Dennis Lythgoe of Deseret News said "[t]he writing style is awkward and often embarrassing", but that "the book as a whole is a fascinating look into the mind of one of the major Watergate figures".[85] In National Review, Mark Riebling praised American Spy as "the only autobiography I know of that convincingly conveys what it was like to be an American spy."[86] The Boston Globe writer Martin Nolan called it "admirable and important" and said that Hunt "presents a livelier, tabloid version of the 1970s".[87] According to Nolan: "It is the best moment-by-moment depiction of the June 17, 1972, burglary of Democratic National Committee headquarters I have ever read."[87]

Personal life

Marriage to Dorothy Wetzel

Hunt's first wife, Dorothy Louise (née Wetzel) Day Goutiere[88] Hunt,[89] was born on April 1, 1920, in Dayton, Ohio.[90] Wetzel was a CIA employee in Shanghai, later serving as a Marshall Plan secretary[91] to W. Averell Harriman in Paris. Hunt and Wetzel had four children: two daughters, Lisa and Kevan, and two sons, St. John and David.[92]

Dorothy Hunt was killed in the December 8, 1972,[93] crash of United Airlines Flight 553 in Chicago. Congress, the FBI and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) investigated the crash, and concluded that the crash was an accident caused by crew error.[94]

Some sources have suggested and stated that "Much more than"[95] $10,000 in cash was found in Dorothy Hunt's handbag in the wreckage.[96]

Marriage to Laura Martin

Hunt later married schoolteacher Laura Martin, with whom he raised two more children, Austin and Hollis. Following his release from prison, he and Laura moved to Guadalajara, Mexico, where they lived for five years. Afterwards they returned to the United States, where they settled in Miami, Florida.[97]

Death

Grave marker in Hamburg, NY

On January 23, 2007, he died of pneumonia in Miami.[1][98] He is buried in Prospect Lawn Cemetery in his hometown of Hamburg, New York.[99][100]

In the media

Canadian journalist David Giammarco interviewed Hunt for the December 2000 issue of Cigar Aficionado magazine.[101] Hunt later wrote the foreword to Giammarco's book For Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films (ECW Press, 2002).

Hunt was portrayed by Ed Harris in the 1995 biopic Nixon. In the 2019 film The Irishman, Hunt is portrayed by stage actor Daniel Jenkins. In the 2022 series Gaslit, Hunt is portrayed by J. C. MacKenzie.[102] In the 2023 HBO miniseries White House Plumbers, Hunt is played by Woody Harrelson.[103]

A fictionalized account of Hunt's role in the Bay of Pigs operation appears in Norman Mailer's 1991 novel Harlot's Ghost.

On the television series The X-Files, the antagonist known as Cigarette Smoking Man (portrayed by William B. Davis) was a shadowy intelligence operative partly modeled on Hunt.[104] The episode "Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man", fleshed out the character's backstory as unsuccessful author of mystery/suspense fiction in his spare time. When meeting Lee Harvey Oswald, prior to the JFK assassination, he goes by the alias 'Mr. Hunt.'[105]

Books

Nonfiction

Book contributions

  • Foreword to For Your Eyes Only: Behind the Scenes of the James Bond Films, by David Giammarco (2002)

Novels as Howard Hunt or E. Howard Hunt

  • East of Farewell (1942)
  • Limit of Darkness (1944)
  • Stranger in Town (1947)
  • Calculated Risk: A Play (as Howard Hunt) (1948)
  • Maelstrom (as Howard Hunt). (1948)
  • Bimini Run (1949)
  • The Violent Ones (1950)
  • The Berlin Ending: A Novel of Discovery (1973)
  • Hargrave Deception / E. Howard Hunt (1980)
  • Gaza Intercept / E. Howard Hunt (1981)
  • Cozumel / E. Howard Hunt (1985)
  • Kremlin Conspiracy / E. Howard Hunt (1985)
  • Guadalajara / E. Howard Hunt (1990)
  • Murder in State / E. Howard Hunt (1990)
  • Body Count / E. Howard Hunt (1992)
  • Chinese Red / by E. Howard Hunt (1992)
  • Mazatlán / E. Howard Hunt (1993) (lists former pseudonym P. S. Donoghue on cover)
  • Ixtapa / E. Howard Hunt (1994)
  • Islamorada / E. Howard Hunt (1995)
  • Paris Edge / E. Howard Hunt (1995)
  • Izmir / E. Howard Hunt (1996)
  • Dragon Teeth: A Novel / by E. Howard Hunt (1997)
  • Guilty Knowledge / E. Howard Hunt (1999)
  • Sonora / E. Howard Hunt (2000)

As Robert Dietrich

  • Cheat (1954)
  • One for the Road (1954)
  • Be My Victim (1956)
  • Murder on the rocks: an original novel (1957)
  • House on Q Street (1959)
  • Murder on Her Mind (1960)
  • End of a Stripper (1960)
  • Mistress to Murder (1960)
  • Calypso Caper (1961)
  • Angel Eyes (1961)
  • Curtains for a Lover (1962)
  • My Body (1962)

As P. S. Donoghue

  • Dublin Affair (1988)
  • Sarkov Confession: a novel (1989)
  • Evil Time (1992)

As David St. John

  • Festival for Spies
  • The Towers of Silence
  • Return from Vorkuta (1965)
  • The Venus Probe (1966)
  • On Hazardous Duty (1966)
  • One of Our Agents is Missing (1967)
  • Mongol Mask (1968)
  • Sorcerers (1969)
  • Diabolus (1971)
  • Coven (1972)

As Gordon Davis

  • I Came to Kill (1953)
  • House Dick (1961)
  • Counterfeit Kill (1963)
  • Ring Around Rosy (1964)
  • Where Murder Waits (1965)

As John Baxter

  • A Foreign Affair. New York: Avon (1954)
  • Unfaithful. New York: Avon (1955)

Further reading

  • Szulc, Tad (1973). Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0670235469.
  • Staff writer (May 20, 1974). "The Spy Whom Nixon Feared." People Weekly.[106]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Szulc wrote: "As I mentioned above, Hunt spent August and September 1963 in Mexico City in charge of the CIA station there."[55]
  2. ↑ Weberman and Canfield wrote: "According to former Times reporter Tad Szulc, Howard Hunt just happened to be CIA station chief in Mexico City in August–September 1963."

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Weiner, Tim (January 24, 2007). "E. Howard Hunt, Agent Who Organized Botched Watergate Break-In, Dies at 88". New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2015.
  2. ↑ "Hamburg Senior Class is Large". Buffalo Evening News. No. 21. June 9, 1936.
  3. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, p. 56.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Hedegaard, Erik (April 5, 2007). "The Last Confessions of E. Howard Hunt". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008.
  5. ↑ "E.Howard Hunt: used books, rare books and new books @ BookFinder.com". www.bookfinder.com.
  6. ↑ Thomas Vinciguerra (28 January 2007). "You Can Teach a Spy a Novelist's Tricks". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  7. ↑ James Rosen (2007-02-06). "Howard Hunt's Final Mission". POLITICO. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  8. ↑ Letter from Westmore Willcox, Chief of Special Mission, to W. Averell Harriman (November 19, 1949).
  9. ↑ Prados, John (2006). Safe For Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA, p. xxii.
  10. ↑ Hendershot, Heather. "Firing Line and the Black Revolution." The Moving Image: The Journal of the Association of Moving Image Archivists, vol. 14, no. 2 (Fall 2014), p. 25. JSTOR 10.5749/movingimage.14.2.0001. "Even as Nixon was trying to wipe out Firing Line with the other public affairs programs, he suggested, at the height of the Watergate scandal, that the administration could get Buckley to write a positive newspaper column about Howard Hunt, under whom Buckley had served in the CIA."
  11. ↑ William F. Buckley Jr. (January 26, 2007), "Howard Hunt, RIP." Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine. Buckley describes their early friendship in Mexico in his introduction to Hunt's posthumously-published memoir, American Spy.
  12. ↑ Weiner, Tim (January 24, 2007). "E. Howard Hunt, Agent Who Organized Botched Watergate Break-In, Dies at 88". The New York Times.
  13. ↑ State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years. Routledge. p. 121.
  14. ↑ Tad Szulc, Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt (New York: Viking, 1974), 78.
  15. ↑ Rosenberg, Carol (June 28, 2001). Plotter of Bay of Pigs, Watergate conspirator: 'File and forget' Castro. Miami Herald
  16. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 95
  17. ↑ HSCA Deposition (November 3, 1978), Part II, p. 6:10–17
  18. ↑ Seymour M. Hersh, "Hunt Tells of Early Work For a CIA Domestic Unit," The New York Times (December 31, 1974), p. 1, col. 6.
  19. ↑ Archived document
  20. 1 2 E. Howard Hunt; Greg Aunapu (26 February 2007). American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond. John Wiley & Sons. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-471-78982-6.
  21. ↑ Hunt, Give Us This Day, 13–14
  22. 1 2 "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-10-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  23. 1 2 3 The Ends of Power, by H. R. Haldeman with Joseph DiMona, 1978
  24. ↑ CIA document. Memorandum
  25. ↑ "ARRB REQUEST: CIA-IR-06, QKENCHANT". Central Intelligence Agency. 1996-05-14. p. 3. Archived from the original (gif) on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
  26. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 128
  27. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 127
  28. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 130
  29. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 131
  30. ↑ Marjorie Hunter, "Colson Confirms Backing Kennedy Inquiry but Denies Knowing of Hunt's CIA Aid," New York Times (June 30, 1973), p. 15. | NYT archives
  31. ↑ Szulc, Compulsive Spy, 134–135.
  32. ↑ David E. Rosenbaum, "Hunt Says He Fabricated Cables on Diem to Link Kennedy to Killing of a Catholic; Testifies Colson Sought To Alienate Democrats," New York Times (September 25, 1973), p. 28.
  33. ↑ Feldstein, Mark (July 28, 2004). "The Last Muckraker". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
  34. ↑ Mark Feldstein, "Getting the Scoop" Archived December 4, 2010, at the Wayback Machine,
  35. ↑ Molotsky, Irvin (December 7, 1992). Article Says Nixon Schemed to Tie Foe to Wallace Attack. "[T]he agent picked for the mission was E. Howard Hunt." The New York Times
  36. ↑ Reynolds, Tim. "Watergate Figure E. Howard Hunt Dies." Associated Press. January 23, 2007.
  37. ↑ Blind Ambition, by John Dean, New York, 1976, Simon & Schuster
  38. ↑ All the President's Men, by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, New York, 1974, Simon & Schuster
  39. ↑ "E. Howard Hunt Released After Serving 32 Months". The New York Times. February 24, 1977. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  40. ↑ Braxton, Sheila, "Hunt Arrives at Eglin – 'Equal Treatment' Is All He Asks", Playground Daily News, Fort Walton Beach, Florida, Sunday 27 April 1975, Volume 30, Number 68, page 1A.
  41. ↑ Charles W. Colson (1 September 2008) [1976]. Born Again. Chosen Books. p. 247. ISBN 978-1-58558-941-8.
  42. ↑ Mabe, Chauncey (April 12, 1992). "Plumber Sailor, Author Spy". Sun-Sentinel. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  43. ↑ Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 930. ISBN 978-0-393-04525-3.
  44. 1 2 3 Bugliosi 2007, p. 930.
  45. 1 2 3 Bugliosi 2007, p. 931.
  46. ↑ Weberman, Alan J; Canfield, Michael (1992) [1975]. Coup D'Etat in America: The CIA and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy (Revised ed.). San Francisco: Quick American Archives. p. 7. ISBN 9780932551108.
  47. ↑ "Chapter 19: Allegations Concerning the Assassination of President Kennedy". Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. June 1975. p. 251.
  48. ↑ Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975, p. 256.
  49. ↑ Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975, p. 257.
  50. 1 2 "I.B. Scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President John F. Kennedy. Other scientific evidence does not preclude the possibility of two gunmen firing at the President. Scientific evidence negates some specific conspiracy allegations". Report of the Select Committee on Assassinations of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1979. pp. 91–92.
  51. 1 2 Bugliosi 2007, p. 933.
  52. 1 2 Cheshire, Maxine (October 7, 1973). "New Book Places Hunt In Second Bay Of Pigs Plot". The Blade. Toledo, Ohio. p. C3. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  53. 1 2 3 4 5 Seaberry, Jane (September 6, 1978). "Hunt Sues to Obtain Data Linking Him to Assassination" (PDF). The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. p. A6. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  54. 1 2 3 "Source Ruling Goes Against Hunt". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Vol. 52, no. 83. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. AP. November 4, 1978. p. 10. Retrieved April 13, 2015.
  55. ↑ Szulc, Tad (1974). Compulsive Spy: The Strange Career of E. Howard Hunt. Viking Press. p. 99. ISBN 9780670235469.
  56. ↑ Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975, pp. 267–269.
  57. 1 2 Report to the President by Commission on CIA Activities in the United States, Chapter 19 1975, pp. 269.
  58. 1 2 "Hunt files libel suit over death charges". The Miami News. Miami. AP. July 29, 1976. p. 4A. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  59. ↑ "Assassination Archive and Research Center". ASSASSINATION ARCHIVES.
  60. ↑ Victor Marchetti, "CIA to Admit Hunt Involvement in Kennedy Slaying," The Spotlight (August 14, 1978)
  61. ↑ Trento, Joe; Powers, Jacquie (August 28, 1978). "Was Howard Hunt in Dallas the Day JFK Died?" (PDF). Sunday News Journal. Vol. 4, no. 34. p. A-1.
  62. ↑ Knuth, Magen. "E. Howard Hunt and Frank Sturgis: Were Watergate Conspirators Also JFK Assassins?". Retrieved May 6, 2015.
  63. ↑ Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987). "In arguing that the stipulation should be binding on retrial, Hunt attempts to characterize the statements of the Liberty Lobby attorney as stipulating to the fact that Hunt was not in Dallas on the day of the Kennedy assassination. The statements, however, are more accurately viewed as a stipulation that the question of Hunt's alleged involvement in the assassination would not be contested at trial. They thus served merely to narrow the factual issues in dispute." Id. at 917–18 (citations omitted).
  64. ↑ Hunt v. Liberty Lobby, 720 F.2d 631 (11th Cir. 1983). "Libel Award for Howard Hunt overturned by appeals court," New York Times (December 4, 1983).
  65. ↑ Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987). "Hunt was aware throughout discovery prior to the retrial that Liberty Lobby intended to make Hunt's location on the day of the Kennedy assassination an issue on retrial." Id. at 928.
  66. ↑ Hunt v. Marchetti, 824 F.2d 916 (11th Cir. 1987). "The jury on retrial rendered a verdict for Liberty Lobby. We affirm." Id. at 918.
  67. ↑ John McAdams, "Implausible Assertions"
  68. ↑ Isaacs, Jeremy (1997). Cold War: Howard Hunt interview excerpts Archived November 6, 2007, at the Wayback Machine and full transcript. CNN
  69. 1 2 3 Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2001) [1999]. "Fourteen: Political Warfare (Active Measures and the Main Political Adversary)". The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. New York: Basic Books. pp. 225–230. ISBN 978-0-465-00312-9.
  70. ↑ Trahair, Richard C. S.; Miller, Robert L. (2009) [2004]. Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations (First paperback / Revised ed.). New York: Enigma Books. pp. 188–190. ISBN 978-1-929631-75-9.
  71. ↑ "Thornley's personal file in the Weisberg documents" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-08-12.
  72. ↑ "Kerry Thornley's Memoir As Rendered by Sondra London. Martin Luther King". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23.
  73. ↑ "Kerry Thornley's Memoir As Rendered by Sondra London. Watergate". Archived from the original on 2013-09-23.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 Williams, Carol J. (March 20, 2007). "Watergate plotter may have a last tale". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  75. ↑ McAdams, John (2011). "Too Much Evidence of Conspiracy". JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 189. ISBN 9781597974899. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
  76. ↑ Minzesheimer, Bob (June 1, 2005). "'Deep Throat': Source of additional books?". USA Today. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  77. ↑ Reed, Christopher (January 25, 2007). E Howard Hunt obituary. The Guardian
  78. 1 2 3 Buckley Jr., William F. (January 26, 2007). "Howard Hunt, R.I.P." National Review. New York. Universal Press Syndicate. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  79. ↑ Publishers Weekly (February 5, 2007). "American Spy: My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate and Beyond". publishersweekly.com. Publishers Weekly. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  80. ↑ Rutten, Tim (February 28, 2007). "Book Review: Hunt, ever a true believer – in himself". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  81. 1 2 3 Weiner, Tim (May 13, 2007). "Watergate Warrior". The New York Times. New York. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  82. 1 2 Goulden, Joseph C. (April 7, 2007). "E. Howard Hunt's 'memoir' and its glitches". The Washington Times. Washington, D.C. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  83. ↑ Schorr, Daniel (February 16, 2007). "Remembering Watergate's field commander". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  84. 1 2 Rosen, James (February 6, 2007). "Howard Hunt's Final Mission". politico.com. Politico. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  85. ↑ Lythgoe, Dennis (March 11, 2007). "Book review: CIA spy tells his side of the Watergate story". Deseret News. Salt Lake City. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  86. ↑ Riebling, Mark (April 30, 2007). "His Long War" (PDF). National Review. p. 46. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  87. 1 2 Nolan, Martin (May 6, 2007). "Secret service How the machinations of two unlikely allies defined – and deformed – an era". The Boston Globe. Boston. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
  88. ↑ Sullivan, Patricia (24 January 2007). "Ex-Spy Crafted Watergate, Other Schemes". Washington Post. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  89. ↑ "The Lost Liazon: The Mystery of Dorothy Hunt". Rough Diplomacy. 28 July 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  90. ↑ Hunt, Saint John (2015). Dorothy, "an Amoral and Dangerous Woman": The Murder of E. Howard Hunt's Wife : Watergate's Darkest Secret. Trine Day. ISBN 978-1-63424-037-6.
  91. ↑ Behrman, Greg (7 August 2007). The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe. Simon and Schuster. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-4165-4591-0.
  92. ↑ Hunt, Saint John (1 January 2013). Bond of Secrecy: My Life with CIA Spy and Watergate Conspirator E. Howard Hunt. Trine Day. ISBN 978-1-936296-84-2.
  93. ↑ "6 - Rabbit Holes - Transcript". SLOW BURN: WATERGATE. Slate Magazine. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  94. ↑ NTSB report Archived June 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  95. ↑ Oglesby, Cari (August 8, 1973). "Crash Of Flight 553 Watergate Paymistress Murdered Or Who Killed Dorothy Hunt | Ann Arbor District Library". Ann Arbor Sun. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor District Library. Boston Phoenix. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  96. ↑ "Deadly Plane Skid in Chicago; New Jersey Snow Storm; Hostages In Iraq; Holiday Shipping Tips - 10:00 ET". Transcripts.CNN.com. December 9, 2005.
  97. ↑ Hunt, E. Howard (2007). American Spy – My Secret History in the CIA, Watergate & Beyond. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-471-78982-6.
  98. ↑ Cornwell, Rupert (January 25, 2007). E. Howard Hunt obituary. Archived 2007-05-24 at the Wayback Machine The Independent
  99. ↑ Prospect Lawn Cemetery. "History Of Prospect Lawn Cemetery". Hamburg, New York: Prospect Lawn Cemetery. Retrieved January 2, 2013.
  100. ↑ "E. Howard Hunt, Watergate Organizer, Dies". cbsnews.com. 23 January 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  101. ↑ Cigar Aficionado Archived 2006-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, November/December 2000
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  103. ↑ "Woody Harrelson, Justin Theroux in Watergate Show White House Plumbers". The Hollywood Reporter. 9 December 2022.
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