Ianthodon
Temporal range: Pennsylvanian,
~
I. schultzei cranial and skeletal reconstruction
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Synapsida
Clade: Eupelycosauria
Clade: Metopophora
Clade: Haptodontiformes
Genus: †Ianthodon
Kissel & Reisz, 2004
Type species
†Ianthodon schultzei
Kissel & Reisz, 2004
Holotype KUVP 133735

Ianthodon is an extinct genus of basal haptodontiform synapsids from the Late Carboniferous about 304 million years ago. The taxon was discovered and named by Kissel & Reisz in 2004.[1] The only species in the taxon, Ianthodon schultzei, was found by separating it from a block that also contained the remains of Petrolacosaurus and Haptodus. The evolutionary significance of the taxon wasn't realized until a publication in 2015.[2] The fossil of this organism was discovered in Garnett, Kansas.[2]

Description

Ianthodon was first named by Kissel & Reisz in 2004,[1] and a more detailed specimen was reevaluated in 2014.[2] This single juvenile skeleton with delicate bones has an estimated skull length of around 10 cm, which is similar to other taxa, such as Haptodus,[3] during the same development stage.[1][4] The specimen was easily distinguished from the skeletal element of Petrolacosaurus[5] by the position and the proportion of foreman and supinator process in the humeri.

Skull

Ianthodon was identified as the basalmost known sphenacodont.[2] It can be distinguished from Haptodus[6][3] by its narrower skull and dentition. The higher number of precaninie maxillary teeth and the more rectangular shape of the humerus distinguish the holotype of H. garnettensis[5] from that of Ianthodon. The teeth of Ianthodon have wide bases but slender crowns, unusual among contemporary amniotes and indicating that Ianthodon occupied a different trophic niche from the bulbous-crowned Haptodus to which it was closely related.[6] Like other sphenacodonts, Ianthodon has a tall lacrimal bone, and so would have had a proportionally taller snout than more basal synapsids such as varanopids and eothyridids.[7][2]

Classification

Ianthodon belongs to the clade Sphenodontia within the clade Sphenacomorpha. It played an important role in understanding the initial evolution of sphenacodonts.[3] It also provided important evidence of the mammal origin.[8] The cladogram below follows a cladistic analysis by Spindler and colleagues, 2014.[2]

Varanopidae

Ophiacodontidae

Sphenacomorpha

Edaphosauridae

Sphenacodontia

Ianthodon schultzei

Haptodus garnettensis

Pantelosaurus saxonicus

Sphenacodontoidea

Cutleria wilmarthi

Sphenacodon spp.

Ctenospondylus spp.

Dimetrodon spp.

Therapsida

Biarmosuchus tener

Dinocephalia

Paleobiology and evolutionary significance

The clear morphological evidence of the new material initialize the finalization of the understanding of the radiation of the Sphenacomorpha,[9] and the evolution of that led to the emergence of mammal.[8] So based on the information, it was concluded that basal Sphenacomorphs came from a generalist form with a great potential for adaptions.[2] However, the understanding of Ianthodon and basal Sphenacodonts are still relatively limited by the number of the specimen available for study and further excavation of Garnett fauna is required, despite the present evidence suggests that Ianthodon represents the primitive condition of sphenacodont evolution,[10] more studies are require for a better understanding of this particular stage of synapids evolution.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kissel, R. A. & Reisz, R. R. Synapsid fauna of the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas and the diversity pattern of early amniotes. In G. Arratia, M. V. H. Wilson & R. Cloutier (eds.). Recent Advances in the Origin and Early Radiation of Vertebrates. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, 2004.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Spindler, F.; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert (October 2014). "New information on the cranial and postcranial anatomy of the early synapsid Ianthodon schultzei (Sphenacomorpha: Sphenacodontia), and its evolutionary significance". Fossil Record. 18: 17–30.
  3. 1 2 3 Currie, P. J.: A new haptodontine sphenacodont (Reptilia: Pelycosauria) from the Upper Pennsylvanian of North America, J. Paleontol., 51, 927–942, 1977
  4. ↑ Reisz, Robert R.; Heaton, Malcolm J.; Pynn, Bruce R. (1982). "Vertebrate Fauna of Late Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas: Pelycosauria". Journal of Paleontology. 56 (3): 741–750. JSTOR 1304403.
  5. 1 2 Roger B. J. Benson (2012) Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies, Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 10:4, 601-624, DOI: 10.1080/14772019.2011.631042
  6. 1 2 Laurin, Michel (1993). "Anatomy and Relationships of Haptodus garnettensis, a Pennsylvanian Synapsid from Kansas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 13 (2): 200–229. doi:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011501. JSTOR 4523501.
  7. ↑ Fröbisch, Jörg; Schoch, Rainer R.; Müller, Johannes; Schindler, Thomas; Schweiss, Dieter (March 2011). "A New Basal Sphenacodontid Synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of the Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (1): 113–120. doi:10.4202/app.2010.0039. ISSN 0567-7920.
  8. 1 2 Kemp, T. S.: Mammal-like Reptiles and the Origin of Mammals, Academic Press, New York, 1982
  9. ↑ Osborn, H. F.: The reptilian subclasses Diapsida and Synapsida and the early history of the Diaptosauria, Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, 1, 449–507, 1903
  10. ↑ Reisz, R. R., Berman, D. S., and Scott, D.: The cranial anatomy and relationships of Secodontosaurus, an unusual mammal-like reptile (Synapsida: Sphenacodontidae) from the early Permian of Texas, Zool. J. Linn. Soc.-Lond., 104, 127–184, 1992
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