Tuanku Imam Bonjol
Tuanku Imam Bonjol
Born1772
Bonjol, Pagaruyung Kingdom
Died6 November 1864 (aged 92)
Manado, Dutch East Indies
NationalityPagaruyung
Other namesMuhammad Syahab
Peto Syarif
Malim Basa
Known forPadri War

Tuanku Imam Bonjol (1772 – 6 November 1864), also known as Muhammad Syahab, Peto Syarif, and Malim Basa, was one of the most popular leaders of the Padri movement in Central Sumatra. He was declared a National Hero of Indonesia.[1]

Biography

Tuanku Imam Bonjol featured in the 5,000-rupiah banknote issued by Bank Indonesia.
Tuanku Imam Bonjol featured in a 1961 stamp.

Tuanku Imam Bonjol was born in Bonjol, Pasaman, West Sumatra. His family, of Moroccan origin,[2] came from Sungai Rimbang, Suliki, Limapuluh Koto.[3] His parents name were Bayanuddin (father) and Hamatun (mother). He was immersed in Islamic studies as he grew up, studying first from his father and later under various other Muslim theologians.

After founding the state of Bonjol, Syarif became involved in the Adat-Padri controversy as a Padri leader. The Padri movement, which has been compared to the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaah (Sunni) school of Islam in the now Saudi Arabia, was an effort to return the Islam of the area to the purity of its roots by removing local distortions like gambling, cockfighting, the use of opium and strong drink, tobacco, and so forth. It also opposed the powerful role of women in the matrilineal Minangkabau culture. The Adat, or traditionalist, position was that local custom that pre-dated the arrival of Islam should also be respected and followed.

Feeling their leadership position threatened, the traditionalists appealed to the Dutch for help in their struggle against the Padris. At first, the Dutch were not able to win militarily against the Padris because their resources were stretched thin by the Diponegoro resistance in Java. In 1824, the Dutch signed the Masang Agreement ending hostilities with the state of Bonjol.

Subsequently, however, once the Diponegoro resistance was suppressed, the Dutch attacked the state of Pandai Sikat in a renewed effort to gain control of West Sumatra. Despite valiant fighting by the Indonesians (by this time the traditionalists had realised they didn't want to be ruled by the Dutch either and had joined forces with the Padris in their resistance), the overwhelming power of the Dutch military eventually prevailed. Syarif was captured in 1832 but escaped after three months to continue the struggle from his tiny fortress in Bonjol.

After three years of siege, the Dutch finally managed to sack Bonjol on 16 August 1837. Through a negotiation ruse, the Dutch again captured Syarif and exiled him, first to Cianjur in West Java, then to Ambon, and later to Manado in Sulawesi. He died on 6 November 1864, at the age of 92 and is buried in Sulawesi. The site of his grave is marked by a Minangkabau (West Sumatran) house.

Controversy over National Hero Title

Imam Bonjol and the Padri Movement have been accused of Wahhabism and of conducting crime against Batak people according to some Batak historians, specifically Mangaradja Onggang Parlindungan and international sources.[4][5][6] Some Batak historians argued that Imam Bonjol does not deserve the National Hero title because of his past actions and his ideological motives. Reports from Dutch colonial and Batak lore about the notoriety of Imam Bonjol's movement have been the source for almost a century of discussion among experts on the role of Imam Bonjol in the past.[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Tuanku Imam Bonjol Pahlawan Nasional, 1977
  2. ↑ Hadler, Jeffrey (2008). "A Historiography of Violence and the Secular State in Indonesia: Tuanku Imam Bondjol and the Uses of History". The Journal of Asian Studies. 67 (3): 971–1010. doi:10.1017/S0021911808001228. ISSN 0021-9118. JSTOR 20203431. S2CID 162517704.
  3. ↑ Muhammad Syamsu As, Ulama pembawa Islam di Indonesia dan sekitarnya, Lentera, 1996
  4. ↑ "Gugatan Terhadap Kepahlawanan Tuanku Imam Bonjol" (PDF). core.ac.uk (in Indonesian). 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2023.
  5. 1 2 "Kontroversi Kepahlawanan Paderi Kembali Mengemuka". www.nu.or.id (in Indonesian). 22 January 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2021.
  6. 1 2 "Imajinasi Atas Makkah yang Memantik Perang Padri". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 March 2021.
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