Independence Intifada
Part of Western Sahara conflict
Date21 May – 14 December 2005
Location
Western Sahara, south of Morocco
Caused byTransfer of a Sahrawi prisoner from El Aaiun to Agadir
Goals
  • Independence of Western Sahara
  • Respect of human rights
Methods
Resulted inSahrawi failure to gain independence[1][2]
Parties
Number
Hundreds
Casualties and losses
1 civilian killed
dozens wounded

The Independence Intifada or the Second Sahrawi Intifada (intifada is Arabic for "uprising") and also May Intifada[3] is a Sahrawi activist term for a series of disturbances, demonstrations and riots that broke out in May 2005 in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and south of Morocco. This event has also been called The El-Aaiun Intifada by the same sources.

Background

Western Sahara, formerly Spanish Sahara, was annexed by Morocco in 1975, as Spain pulled out. A war with the Polisario Front, which according to the UN represent the indigenous Sahrawi population, and was backed by neighboring Algeria, ensued. In 1991 a cease-fire was agreed upon, on the condition of a referendum on self-determination (including the options of independence or integration into Morocco). Since 1991 the terms of a referendum have been subject to years of dispute between the parties, although the cease-fire continues to hold despite remaining tensions. Morocco controls the majority of the territory, with Polisario forces controlling a rump. A UN mission MINURSO mission patrols the demarcation line.

Sahrawi political activity in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara remains severely restricted, and police crackdowns and forced disappearances were a frequent response to civil protest. The political climate gradually relaxed in the 1990s, after the cease-fire, and following considerable liberalization in Morocco proper. Since political liberalisation, intermittent protests have broken out and pro-Polisario groups have declaring minor "intifadas" in 1999 and 2000, often resulting in dozens of demonstrators being arrested.

Demonstrations and arrests

Demonstrations began on 21 May 2005 in El Aaiún, after relatives protesting the transfer of a Sahrawi prisoner accused of drug dealing and insulting the Moroccan monarchy to a prison in Agadir were violently dispersed by police, provoking further demonstrations over the next several days. Protests spread by the end of May to other towns in the Western Sahara, such as Smara and Dakhla, and were accompanied by demonstrations by Sahrawi students living in Moroccan cities such as Agadir, Casablanca, Fes, Marrakech and Rabat. Moroccan public security units quelled the disturbances, although some subsequent pro-independence demonstrations have subsequently flared up, most recently reported in November 2005. On 30 October 2005, a first fatality was recorded when 31-year-old Hamdi Lembarki died after what human rights organizations assured was police brutality during his arrest, although at first Moroccan authorities attributed his death to an accident.[4][5]

Over a hundred pro-Polisario Sahrawi protesters were reported arrested by Moroccan authorities by international human rights, and approximately thirty demonstrators and well-known Sahrawi human rights-activists have been imprisoned after summary trials. Among them are the former political prisoner Ali Salem Tamek (who did not partake directly in any demonstrations, but was arrested when returning from abroad), human rights-activist Mohamed Elmoutaoikil, and Aminatou Haidar, a former disappeared. An international campaign for her release was signed by 178 members of the European Parliament, and she was nominated as a candidate for the Sakharov Prize. A 50-day hunger strike of all the arrested Sahrawis put the health of several at risk, and the action was aborted.

On 14 December 2005, 14 pro-independence Sahrawis and human-rights activists, including the activists mentioned above and most of the remaining pro-Polisario Sahrawi political leadership, were sentenced to between six months and three years in prison by an El-Aaiún court, on charges of disturbing public order, membership of illegal associations, incitement to unrest, damaging public property and rioting. They denied the charges of using violence. Both Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch had expressed serious concern over the trials, pointing to reports of torture and previous abuse of some of the prisoners.

International reactions

Several international human rights-organizations have shown interest in alleged Moroccan abuse of Sahrawi demonstrators. Amnesty International has demanded an investigation into reports of torture of prisoners and called for fair trials, and the release of political prisoners. This has been echoed by Human Rights Watch and others.

Morocco has limited journalists' and diplomats' access to the territory, claiming that their public presence is used by pro-Polisario activists to trigger more riots. Investigative missions from European countries have been denied access to the territory, including several high-ranking parliamentary delegations and foreign ambassadors to Morocco. Several foreign journalists, mainly European, but also al Jazeera correspondents, were expelled after interviewing protesters, and others have been prevented from visiting it.[6] In November 2005, Moroccan authorities shut down a number of pro-independence or pro-Polisario Internet sites. This was condemned by Reporters Without Borders as an example of internet censorship.

The European Parliament voted 98 in favor, 1 abstention and 0 votes against an October 2005 resolution that "deplored" expulsions of journalists covering the uprising and demanded the "immediate release" of political prisoners.

Aftermath

See also

References

  1. ↑ Sahara, Western. "Sahrawis campaign for independence in the second intifada, Western Sahara, 2005-2008". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Elliana Bisgaard-Church.
  2. ↑ sahara, Western (2010). "Sovereignty on Borrowed Territory: Sahrawi Identity in Algeria". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Randa Farah. 11 (2): 59–66. JSTOR 43133843.
  3. ↑ Western Sahara Between Autonomy and Intifada
  4. ↑ 2005 County Reports on Human Rights Practices – Morocco – Respect of Human rights US Department of State
  5. ↑ Luis de Vega (1 November 2005). "Un joven detenido por la Policía, primera víctima mortal de la "Intifada saharaui"" (in Spanish). ABC. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  6. ↑ "RSF denuncia las condiciones de trabajo de los periodistas en el Sahara Occidental" (in Spanish). IFEX (Reporters Without Borders). 17 June 2005. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  1. ^ An Urgent Appeal
  2. ^ Amnesty International – REPORT 1999: MOROCCO AND WESTERN SAHARA
  3. ^ Amnesty International – Morocco / Western Sahara – Covering events from January – December 2003
  4. ^ U.S. Department of State – Western Sahara – 2001 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
  5. ^ Reuters – Policemen held after W. Sahara youth's death
  6. ^ Amnesty International – Morocco / Western Sahara – Sahrawi human rights defenders under attack
  7. ^ Western Sahara Human Rights – LISTE des PRISONNIERS et CONDAMNES au cours de l'INTIFADA 2005 (in French)
  8. ^ Western Sahara Human Rights – FREE AMINATOU HAIDAR
  9. ^ Western Sahara Human Rights – Members of the European Parliament who support the International Campaign for the liberation of AMINATOU HAIDAR and of all Saharawi political prisoners
  10. ^ Reuters – Morocco jails Western Sahara activists over riots
  11. ^ Human Rights Watch – Morocco/Western Sahara: Activists Need Fair Trial
  12. ^ Reporters without borders – Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list
  13. ^ European Parliament resolution on human rights in Western Sahara
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