Jüri Ratas' second cabinet

50th Cabinet of Estonia
Date formed29 April 2019
Date dissolved14 January 2021
People and organisations
Head of stateKersti Kaljulaid
Head of governmentJüri Ratas
No. of ministers15
Ministers removed8
Total no. of members23
Member partiesCentre Party
Conservative People's Party
Isamaa
Opposition partiesReform Party
Social Democrats
History
Election(s)2019 election
PredecessorJüri Ratas's first cabinet
SuccessorKaja Kallas's first cabinet

Jüri Ratas's second cabinet was the 50th cabinet of Estonia, in office from 29 April 2019 to 14 January 2021.[1] It was a centre-right coalition cabinet of the Centre Party, right-wing populist Conservative People's Party (EKRE) and conservative Isamaa.[2][3]

History

Following the defeat for the sitting Ratas's first cabinet at the 2019 elections and the loss of majority in the parliament Centre Party initiated coalition talks with the third largest Conservative People's Party and fourth largest Isamaa.[4] Although the election-winning Reform Party offered to form a coalition with Jüri Ratas's Centre Party, Ratas turned down the offer. This left the winners of the elections, Reform Party, with no chance to form a majority cabinet. Reform Party leader Kaja Kallas, however went on to propose a minority cabinet formed by Reform and the Social Democrats, but it did not gain the necessary number of votes in the parliament.[5] The coalition partners nonetheless faced three rebel MPs with Centre MP Raimond Kaljulaid quitting the Centre Party in protest against the inclusion of EKRE in the coalition.[6]

On 17 April 2019, the new cabinet got approval of Riigikogu with the support of 55 out of 101 MPs with one Isamaa rebel MP and former Centre MP Kaljulaid voting against with the opposition.[2]

Ratas resigned as prime minister on the evening of 12 January 2021, in the wake of the Porto Franco corruption scandal and the comments by his coalition partners about the validity of the 2020 US elections, with the government as a whole resigning two days later. The cabinet continued to act as a caretaker government until the Kaja Kallas's first cabinet was sworn in on 26 January.[7][8] The party leaders of EKRE accused the "deep state" of orchestrating the government's fall to reverse the party's goals, specifically a planned marriage referendum, using the corruption scandal as a front.[9][10][11][12]

Policies

The coalition agreement declared as its highest goal to secure the existence of Estonian people and an Estonia that is fortified and well-defended.[13] Among the priorities of the government were reducing inequality between cities and countryside while moving closer to direct democracy.[14]

The government adopted a controversial pension reform that turned the second pillar into a voluntary system, intending to give participants more control over their savings while creating a more competitive market to improve returns and cut fees.[15] The formerly mandatory second pillar had been criticized by some of its opponents as essentially turning Estonians into slaves to an international banking system and the reform was compared to abolition of serfdom in the 19th century.[16][17] On the other hand, Kaja Kallas called the pension reform a "crime against the future" and called upon people to protest against it.[18] Under Minister of Finance Helme, Estonia also emitted sovereign bonds for the first time after 18 years to finance the government programs.[19]

Another priority for the government was adoption of family-friendly policies with an objective to increase birth rates of ethnic Estonians. Government spokespeople presented this as an alternative to immigration that allows the percentage of ethnic Estonians to rise.[20] Emphasis was put on a program to facilitate the return of Estonians from Finland.[21] The government agreed on a referendum that would have defined marriage as being a union between a man and a woman, which would have created a constitutional prohibition against same-sex marriage. The referendum would have taken place in October 2021.[22]

The government attempted to restrict both legal and illegal migration into Estonia. Many restrictions were targeted against foreigners coming to work and study in Estonia, especially those from outside the European Union.[23] During the COVID-19 crisis, the government temporarily banned entrance of cheap labor force into Estonia, a move that was often seen as relating more to migration policy than the quarantine.[24] The Estonian Border Guard was restored as a separate structure under the Police and Border Guard Board.

In foreign policy, Estonia moved closer to the Visegrád Group. Together with Hungary, Estonia declared the Global Compact for Migration a "dangerous document" and cooperated against its implementation while also working together to halt the European migrant crisis.[25] In 2020, Estonia hosted a summit of the Three Seas Initiative. The government also implemented a new foreign policy strategy that gave additional focus to what it defines as "Estonian national and cultural interests", giving attention to Estonian diaspora and turning more awareness to indigenous rights.[26] Estonia's defence budget was raised. It included increasing the armament of the Estonian Navy by introducing anti-ship missiles and naval mines[27] while also making plans for procuring mid-range surface-to-air missiles.[28]

The government launched an ambitious program of highway construction, planning to reconstruct national roads 1, 2 and 4 into first-class dual carriageways while paving every single local road with a daily traffic of 50 or more cars.[29] They also invested heavily into regional rail transport, initiating the restoration of Haapsalu railway (closed to passenger traffic in 1995 and demolished afterwards)[30] and were aiming to convert the whole of the Estonian passenger rail network into electric railways by 2028.[31] Meanwhile the project of Rail Baltica caused controversy within government, with EKRE opposing it on the grounds of environmental protection and supposed economic inefficiency.[32]

The government, especially Minister of Finance Martin Helme, attempted to open an investigation into the Danske Bank money laundering scandal, hiring American lawyer and former FBI director Louis Freeh to investigate it.[33] Helme has implicated previous Estonian political elite in allowing the money laundering to continue.[34] The government also launched a new investigation into the sinking of the MS Estonia in 1994, alluding to conspiracy theories according to which the ship sank as a result of an explosion or collision with a military submarine.[35]

The government financed from state budget reconstruction of many churches while also giving money to protect pagan sacred groves.[36] A decision to finance an anti-abortion NGO with €171,000 after a proposal by EKRE caused controversy.[37][38] They also planned to finance erection of a statue of Roman von Ungern-Sternberg, although the initiators of the monument declined public funding.[39]

Incidents and controversies

Coalition formation

Ratas had previously ruled out forming a coalition with EKRE during the election campaign because of differences between their views.[40]

"When I said before that it would be impossible for me to cooperate with a political party which cuts heads off, doesn't agree to certain nationalities or races, then EKRE has indeed said those things."[40]

— Ratas talking about EKRE in November 2018, widely interpreted as ruling out a coalition with EKRE.

The subsequent reversal of his stance and the inclusion of EKRE by Ratas in coalition talks after the elections was met with local and international criticism. In a poll conducted after the start of the coalition talks, Ratas's Centre Party further lost support.[41][42]

Gender equality

The cabinet faced criticism for having only two women, Centre MP Mailis Reps and Isamaa MP Riina Solman, with EKRE fielding a full male line-up for their portfolios.[43][44] The party later named a female minister, Kert Kingo, after the resignation of Marti Kuusik.[45]

EKRE party leader and Minister of the Interior Mart Helme faced criticism for calling president Kersti Kaljulaid an "emotionally heated woman".[46][47]

Freedom of speech

A public debate on freedom of speech started after controversial actions by the new cabinet parties. On 28 March 2019, EKRE's proposed new Minister of Finance, Martin Helme, demanded that Estonian Public Broadcasting (ERR) would ban and punish journalists who had criticised his party.[48] On 22 April, journalist Vilja Kiisler left Postimees, one of the biggest newspapers in Estonia, due to differences with the paper's newly appointed editor-in-chief[49] on her op-ed about the policies of EKRE. The editor-in-chief Peeter Helme is the nephew of the leader of the Conservative People's Party Mart Helme and the newspaper is owned by a member and financier of the third government party Pro Partia.[50] On 26 April, journalist Ahto Lobjakas announced that he was quitting the ERR where, he said, he was given a choice between self-censorship and leaving.[51] On the swearing-in of the new cabinet president Kersti Kaljulaid wore a sweatshirt emblazoned with the slogan Sõna on vaba (the word/speech is free) as a statement of the importance of the freedom of speech.[52]

On 14 May 2019, Minister of the Interior Mart Helme accused ERR's United States correspondent Maria-Ann Rohemäe of deceiving and lying.[53] ERR responded with public statement in support of their journalist and condemning attacks against journalists.[54]

"OK" hand gesture

EKRE party chairman and Minister of the Interior Mart Helme, and his son, Minister of Finance Martin Helme caused some controversy by publicly flashing the "OK" hand gesture which has been come to be seen as a white supremacist symbol.[55][56] MP Jaak Madison commented afterwards that the symbols were used as "pure trolling" in order to rile the media and the party’s opponents.[57]

In May 2019, when Marine Le Pen was visiting Estonia for discussions with EKRE, MP Ruuben Kaalep and Le Pen took a selfie together with both flashing the same gesture.[58]

Resignation of Marti Kuusik

The following morning after the elections, EKRE's proposed new Minister of Foreign Trade and Information Technology, Marti Kuusik was caught by the police speeding (74 km/h in 50 km/h zone) and driving under the influence.[59] Both prime minister Jüri Ratas, and EKRE stated that they do not see this as a reason to replace Kuusik.[60]

On 29 April 2019, reports emerged of alleged history of Kuusik's domestic violence including breaking his wife's arm bone twice.[61] Kuusik denied the accusations.[62] Following the emergency meeting with Kuusik and EKRE's delegation, Ratas decided that there is no need to replace Kuusik and that he can take the oath of office.[63] Before Kuusik took the oath, president Kaljulaid left the room, leaving Kuusik to bow for the empty seat. Kaljulaid promised to be the first to apologize to Kuusik should the accusations not be true.[64]

On the same day, a criminal investigation was launched to determine whether the accusations were true.[65] On 30 April 2019 the Director General of the Police and the Prosecutor General gave Ratas an overview of the collected evidence after which Ratas handed over Kuusk's letter of resignation to the President. Kuusk denied all the accusations, reasoning that he only resigned to ensure the stability of the government and to protect his family while focusing on disproving the accusations.[66] EKRE party chairman Mart Helme heavily criticized the ousting of Kuusik, calling it a "witch hunt".[67]

Afterwords, EKRE struggled to find a nominee, with a number of people declining the offer.[68] Finally, two weeks after Kuusik's resignation. Kert Kingo was appointed as a replacement for Kuusik.[45]

Resignation of Kert Kingo

On 25 October 2019, Minister of Foreign Trade and IT Kert Kingo resigned after being caught lying in front of the Riigikogu about the appointment of her new adviser who had posted sexually offensive remarks on Facebook.[69] On 2 November, Kaimar Karu was appointed as Kingo's successor.[70]

Dismissal of Mart Järvik

On 25 November 2019, Prime Minister Jüri Ratas proposed the dismissal of the Minister of Rural Affairs Mart Järvik after a commission of inquiry led by the Secretary of State Taimar Peterkop had found that Järvik had exceeded his authority and made inconsistent statements regarding findings of Listeria bacteria at a fish packing plant.[71] After Järvik's dismissal by the President, he was followed in the position by Arvo Aller.[72]

Recalling of Kaimar Karu

On the morning of 17 April 2020, Minister of Foreign Trade and Information Technology Kaimar Karu announced on social media that EKRE chairman Mart Helme has recalled him from the government. Helme accused Karu for not respecting party values, including their anti-immigration views. Karu had been under strain for not supporting changes made to the Aliens Act.[73] Raul Siem was appointed as a replacement for Karu.[74]

Resignation of Rene Kokk

On 4 November 2020, Minister of the Environment Rene Kokk resigned for health reasons, with both Jüri Ratas and Martin Helme stressed that his resignation had nothing to do with the unfinished forestry development plan.[75] On 12 November, Rain Epler was confirmed as the new minister.[76] Epler does not believe that the global warming is primarily caused by human activity and supports nuclear power.[77]

Resignation of Mart Helme

On 9 November 2020, Minister of the Interior Mart Helme, a supporter of Donald Trump, resigned due to political pressure after he and his son, Minister of Finance, Martin Helme had in their weekly radio show called 2020 United States presidential elections fraudulent, rigged by the "deep state" and US president elect Joe Biden a corrupt character.[78] On 18 November 2020, Alar Laneman was confirmed as the new minister.[79]

Resignation of Mailis Reps

On 20 November 2020, Minister of Education and Research Mailis Reps resigned due to the media criticism on her usage of the official ministerial vehicles for her personal purposes.[80] She was replaced by Minister of Public Administration Jaak Aab, with Anneli Ott inheriting Aab's former post.[81]

Ministers

The coalition agreed to continue with fifteen portfolios equally allocated between the parties with each party holding five.[82]

PortfolioMinisterTook officeLeft officeParty
Government's Office
Prime Minister23 November 201626 January 2021 Centre
Ministry of Finance
Minister of Finance29 April 201926 January 2021 EKRE
Minister of Public Administration29 April 201925 November 2020 Centre
25 November 202026 January 2021 Centre
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Minister of Foreign Affairs29 April 201926 January 2021 Isamaa
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
Minister of Economic Affairs and Infrastructure29 April 2019to the next cabinet Centre
Minister of Foreign Trade and
Information Technology		29 April 201930 April 2019 EKRE
16 May 201925 October 2019 EKRE
2 November 201917 April 2020 Independent
20 April 202026 January 2021 EKRE
Ministry of Justice
Minister of Justice29 April 201926 January 2021 Isamaa
Ministry of Defence
Minister of Defence12 June 201726 January 2021 Isamaa
Ministry of Culture
Minister of Culture29 April 201926 January 2021 Isamaa
Ministry of the Interior
Minister of the Interior29 April 20199 November 2020 EKRE
18 November 202026 January 2021 EKRE
Minister of Population Affairs29 April 201926 January 2021 Isamaa
Ministry of Education and Research
Minister of Education and Research23 November 201621 November 2020 Centre
25 November 202026 January 2021 Centre
Ministry of the Environment
Minister of the Environment29 April 20197 November 2020 EKRE
16 November 202026 January 2021 EKRE
Ministry of Social Affairs
Minister of Social Affairs29 April 201926 January 2021 Centre
Ministry of Rural Affairs
Minister of Rural Affairs29 April 201925 November 2019 EKRE
10 December 201926 January 2021 EKRE
  1. ^
    Kaimar Karu represented EKRE as an independent politician.

References

  1. ↑ "Ratas' second government sworn in Monday afternoon". ERR. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  2. 1 2 "Riigikogu backs Centre-EKRE-Isamaa coalition, Ratas to remain PM". ERR. 17 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  3. ↑ "News Estonia: Far right set to enter government for first time". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  4. ↑ "Estonian PM invites far-right to join cabinet". Reuters. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  5. ↑ "Kaja Kallas not granted authority to form government". ERR. 15 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
  6. ↑ "Raimond Kaljulaid quits Centre Party". ERR. 5 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2019.
  7. ↑ "Reform Party, Center Party to start coalition negotiations". ERR. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 14 January 2021.
  8. ↑ "Gallery: President appoints new government". ERR News. 26 January 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  9. ↑ "„RÄÄGIME ASJAST": Miks kukkus valitsus tegelikult ja mis saab Eestist edasi?". Uued Uudised (in Estonian). 2021-01-17. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  10. ↑ ERR, Jaak Valge, riigikogu liige (EKRE) | (2021-01-18). "Jaak Valge: võimupööre või riigipööre?". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ "JUHTKIRI ⟩ Prokuratuuril ja kaitsepolitseil on aeg selgitusi jagada". Objektiiv (in Estonian). 2021-01-21. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  12. ↑ "GALERII Pikett kaitsepolitsei ja prokuratuuri ees". Uued Uudised (in Estonian). 2021-02-12. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
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  14. ↑ "BLOGI JA FOTOD | Koalitsioonileping sai allkirjad. Ratas: ühtegi valget paberit või Exceli tabelit rahaliste katteallikate kohta ei ole". Delfi. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  15. ↑ "Controversial Estonian pension reforms cross the finishing line".
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  20. ↑ Siseministeerium
  21. ↑ Siseministeerium
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  23. ↑ ERR (2020-07-23). "Helme esitas uue ettepaneku välismaalaste seaduse muutmiseks". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
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  26. ↑ Välispoliitika arengukava
  27. ↑ Kaitseministeerium
  28. ↑ ERR, Vahur Lauri | (2020-10-19). "Enne kolme aastat Eesti toimivat rannakaitsesüsteemi ilmselt ei saa". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  29. ↑ mkm.ee
  30. ↑ ERR
  31. ↑ ERR, Mart Linnart | (2019-11-04). "Riik kavatseb raudteevõrgu elektrifitseerida aastaks 2028". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  32. ↑ "Ratas küsis Helmelt, kas EKRE tahab Rail Balticu pärast koalitsioonilepet ümber teha". www.ohtuleht.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  33. ↑ "Helme: mineviku rahapesujuhtumite uurimine peab tooma selguse | Rahandusministeerium". www.rahandusministeerium.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  34. ↑ "Martin Helme: Suuremahuline rahapesu toimus Eestis ajal, mil ministrid olid reformierakondlased ja sotsid". Uued Uudised (in Estonian). 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  35. ↑ "ESTONIA HUKU KINNIMÄTSIMINE? Helme nõuab: Mart Laaril on aeg rääkida, mis ta teab". www.ohtuleht.ee (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  36. ↑ "Selline on riigikogu nn katuserahade jaotus - vaata tabelist, kes ja kui palju saab!". Lõunaeestlane. 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  37. ↑ Postimees
  38. ↑ Õhtuleht
  39. ↑ ERR (2020-12-01). "EKRE noorte MTÜ loobub koalitsiooni eraldatud katuserahast". ERR (in Estonian). Retrieved 2022-06-12.
  40. 1 2 ERR (22 November 2018). "Ratas peab koalitsiooni EKRE-ga võimatuks". ERR. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  41. ↑ "Kõlvart: erakonna püsimine on tähtsam kui olemine opositsioonis". Poliitika. 13 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  42. ↑ "Uuring: valijad eelistavad kõike muud kui Keskerakonna-EKRE-Isamaa liitu". Poliitika. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  43. ↑ "Ossinovski hinnangul ei väärtusta loodav valitsus naiste rolli" (in Estonian). ERR. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  44. ↑ "Võimuliidu ettekujutuses kõlbavad valitsema paremini mehed" (in Estonian). Eesti Päevaleht. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  45. 1 2 "Galerii: president nimetas Kert Kingo ministriametisse" (in Estonian). ERR. 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  46. ↑ "Estonia minister calls first female president 'emotionally heated woman'". The Guardian. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  47. ↑ "Estonia Minister Calls President 'Emotionally Heated Woman'". New York Times. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  48. ↑ "Martin Helme nõuab ERR-ilt EKRE suhtes kriitiliste ajakirjanike karistamist ja eetrist mahavõtmist". Delfi. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  49. ↑ "Postimehe peatoimetajaks saab Peeter Helme" (in Estonian). Delfi. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  50. ↑ "UPDATED: The first Estonian journalist leaves a major newspaper over her views". Estonian World. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  51. ↑ "Journalist: I was given a choice between self-censorship and leaving". Postimees. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  52. ↑ "President attends Riigikogu oath ceremony wearing 'speech is free' slogan". ERR. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  53. ↑ "Mart Helmele jäi ette järjekordne ERRi ajakirjanik, AK astus kolleegi kaitseks välja" (in Estonian). Postimees. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  54. ↑ "Public response to Mart Helme accusations regarding ERR US correspondent". ERR. 15 May 2019. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  55. ↑ "New Estonian government ministers fuel concerns over sexism, white supremacy". www.cbsnews.com.
  56. ↑ "Estonia's far-right ministers face rocky start". BBC News. 1 May 2019.
  57. ↑ Central, Shaun Walker; correspondent, east European (15 May 2019). "Marine Le Pen makes 'OK' hand gesture used by white supremacists" – via www.theguardian.com.
  58. ↑ "Marine Le Pen asks EKRE MP to delete 'selfie' from social media page". ERR. 15 May 2019.
  59. ↑ "Incoming IT minister caught driving both speeding and with trace alcohol". ERR. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  60. ↑ "Ratas ei nõua EKRE-lt Kuusiku väljavahetamist" (in Estonian). ERR. 23 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  61. ↑ "Marti Kuusiku suur saladus: peretuttavad räägivad, et uus minister on väga vägivaldne ja on kahel korral purustanud oma naise käeluu" (in Estonian). Eesti Ekspress. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  62. ↑ "VIDEO Peaminister kahtlustas minister Marti Kuusikut lähisuhtevägivallas. Kas Kuusik murdis oma naise käeluu? Mees eitab kõike" (in Estonian). Delfi. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  63. ↑ "Ratas: ma ei ole nõudnud Kuusiku väljavahetamist" (in Estonian). ERR. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  64. ↑ "VIDEO President Kaljulaid lahkus Marti Kuusiku ametivande andmise ajal saalist" (in Estonian). Delfi. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  65. ↑ "Allegations of domestic abuse against new minister". Postimees. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  66. ↑ "Kuusik teatas, et astub ministriametist tagasi" (in Estonian). ERR. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  67. ↑ "Kuusik saga unconstitutional witch hunt, says EKRE chief Mart Helme". ERR. 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  68. ↑ "Kellest saab uus minister? Kuusikule mantlipärija leidmine kujunes oodatust raskemaks" (in Estonian). Delfi. Retrieved 16 May 2019.
  69. ↑ "IT and foreign trade minister Kert Kingo submits resignation". ERR. 23 October 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  70. ↑ "Kaimar Karu named new foreign trade and IT minister". ERR. November 2019. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  71. ↑ "Prime minister calls for Mart Järvik dismissal". ERR. 25 November 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  72. ↑ "Gallery: President appoints Arvo Aller next rural affairs minister". ERR. 10 December 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2019.
  73. ↑ "Mart Helme recalls foreign trade, IT minister from government". ERR. 17 April 2020.
  74. ↑ "Gallery: President appoints Raul Siem minister of IT, foreign trade". ERR. 20 April 2020.
  75. ↑ "Environment minister Rene Kokk to step down". ERR. 4 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  76. ↑ "Rain Epler confirmed as new environment minister". ERR. 7 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  77. ↑ "Environment minister: I'm not convinced climate change is mainly man-made". ERR. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020.
  78. ↑ "Minister of Interior Mart Helme resigns". ERR. 9 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  79. ↑ "President Kersti Kaljulaid confirms Alar Laneman new interior minister". ERR. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  80. ↑ "Mailis Reps resigns as education minister". 20 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  81. ↑ "Kaljulaid approves Aab as new minister of education". 25 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  82. ↑ "Centre, EKRE, Isamaa board meets unveil coalition deal, proposed ministers". ERR. 6 April 2019. Retrieved 17 April 2019.
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