Joseph P. Kennedy II
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 8th district
In office
January 3, 1987 – January 3, 1999
Preceded byTip O'Neill
Succeeded byMike Capuano
Personal details
Born
Joseph Patrick Kennedy II

(1952-09-24) September 24, 1952
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Political partyDemocratic
Spouses
Sheila Brewster Rauch
​
​
(m. 1979; div. 1991)​
    Anne Kelly
    ​
    (m. 1993)​
    Children2, including Joe III
    RelativesRobert F. Kennedy (father)
    Ethel Kennedy (mother)
    EducationUniversity of Massachusetts Boston (BA)

    Joseph Patrick Kennedy II (born September 24, 1952) is an American businessman, Democratic politician, and a member of the Kennedy family. He is a son of former United States Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Ethel Kennedy, and he is also a nephew of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy and former U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy.

    He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from the 8th congressional district of Massachusetts from 1987 to 1999. In 1979 he founded and, until he was elected to the U.S. House, led Citizens Energy Corporation, a non-profit energy company which provides heating oil to low-income and elderly families in Massachusetts.

    Early life, family and education

    Kennedy with Boston Mayor Raymond Flynn in the 1980s

    Kennedy was born on September 24, 1952, in St. Elizabeth's Hospital in the Brighton section of Boston, Massachusetts, the second of 11 children of Ethel (née Skakel) and Robert Francis Kennedy.[1] He was named after his grandfather Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., the patriarch of the Kennedy family.[lower-alpha 1] He had a troubled youth and was expelled from several private schools as a result of his quick temper. He regularly got into fights with his younger brothers and male cousins.[1] He was 15 when his father was assassinated. A restless, impulsive teenager, he left Milton Academy, a private, college preparatory school, in Milton, Massachusetts, later graduating from the Manter Hall School—also a private, college-preparatory school—in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1971. During his time at Milton, he was roommates with Thomas C. Wales.[3][4]

    Kennedy attended the University of California, Berkeley in 1972, but dropped out.[5] He returned to school after a major car accident which occurred in 1973 and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Massachusetts Boston in 1976.[6]

    Early career

    While on hiatus from college, he worked for several months as part of a federally funded program to combat and treat tuberculosis in the African American community in San Francisco, California.[5] San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto personally praised Kennedy's work in the community.[5] Kennedy resigned from his position in the program and returned to Massachusetts in the summer of 1973.[5]

    In 1979, Kennedy founded Citizens Energy, a nonprofit organization, to provide discounted heating oil to low-income families. In 2010, Kennedy transformed the organization to become a leader in renewable energy generation while continuing to use profits to provide energy savings to low-income families.[7] (See Citizens Energy (since 1979) section below.)

    U.S. House of Representatives (1987–1999)

    Kennedy with a child in Boston, 1980s

    Elections

    In 1986, incumbent Democrat and Speaker of the House Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr., who had held Massachusetts' 8th congressional district seat since 1953, announced his retirement. Kennedy decided to run for the seat, which his uncle, former president John F. Kennedy, had held from 1947 to 1953. The Democratic nomination was contested by a number of well-known Democrats including state senator George Bachrach and state representative Mel King. However, Kennedy garnered endorsements from The Boston Globe and the retiring O'Neill. Kennedy won the primary with 53%.[8] He won the general election with 72% of the vote.[9] He won re-election in 1988 (80%), 1990 (72%), 1992 (83%), 1994 (99%), and 1996 (84%).[10]

    Tenure

    Kennedy's legislative efforts in U.S. House of Representatives included[11]

    • Expanding the availability of credit to working Americans to buy homes and to open businesses.[12]
    • Requiring public disclosure of bank-lending practices in poorer neighborhoods and disclosure of bank home-mortgage approvals and refusals by race, sex, and income.[13] Subsequent Federal Reserve Board studies based on these newly required disclosures found widespread evidence of discriminatory-loan practices. One study found that white borrowers in the lowest-income category were approved for mortgages more than African American borrowers in the highest-income category. Data from Boston; Chicago, Illinois; and Minneapolis, Minnesota, found that African Americans were turned down at three times the rate of whites.[14]
    • Helping create hundreds of thousands of new affordable-housing units nationwide by introducing tax credits to stimulate private investment in neighborhood housing developments after federal housing assistance had been cut by 75 percent during the 1980s.[15]
    • Chairing the House Banking subcommittee on consumer credit and insurance and holding the first U.S. congressional hearings to expose the lack of access to insurance in low-income neighborhoods.[16]
    • Proposing a balanced-budget amendment to the U.S. Constitution as a vehicle to end skyrocketing deficits, reduce interest rates, and free up investment capital for business growth rather than government bonds[17] while fighting to end corporate tax breaks and subsidies.[18]
    • Overhauling federal public-housing law for the first time in almost 60 years, giving local housing authorities the ability to raise standards while protecting those who depend on public housing for shelter.[19]
    • Co-chairing the U.S. congressional biotechnology caucus and proposing to preserve and expand federal research and development accounts that stimulate the creation of new technologies and build the foundation for new jobs and business growth.[20]
    • Proposing the "Mom and Pop Protection Act" to help corner-store owners to install safety equipment[21] and a "National Stalker Reduction Act" to require all states to enact comprehensive anti-stalking legislation, track stalkers, and establish a national domestic-violence database to track violations of civil-protection orders.[22][23]
    • Protecting kids from alcohol by proposing to limit television advertising of beer and wine between 7 a.m. and 10 p.m. and to keep outdoor alcohol advertisements away from schools.[24]
    • Launching a bipartisan initiative in Massachusetts to fight child hunger that helped lead to an expansion of school breakfast and lunch programs.[25]

    In 1991 Kennedy boycotted a speech to the U.S. Congress by the United Kingdom's Queen Elizabeth II "in protest to the British occupation in Northern Ireland".[26]

    In March 1998, following a year of family troubles that included the skiing death of his brother Michael LeMoyne Kennedy, he announced that he planned to retire from the U.S. House, citing "a new recognition of our own vulnerabilities and the vagaries of life."[27] An editorial in The Boston Globe observed that "Kennedy has remained steadfast in his political life to issues and constituencies no poll would have led him to: the poor, the homeless, disadvantaged children, and others swamped in the current tide of prosperity." He served in the U.S. House for six terms, until January 1999. In his final speech on the U.S. House floor, Kennedy delivered "an impassioned plea for unity and forgiveness"[28] in the midst of Congressional debate regarding the proposed articles of impeachment of President Bill Clinton.[29]

    Committee assignments

    Throughout his career in the U.S. House, Kennedy served on the House Banking Committee, where he played an active role in the federal saving-and-loan bailout, credit-reporting reform, the overhaul of The Glass–Steagall Act of 1933 and financial modernization. Kennedy also served on the House Veterans' Affairs Committee, passing legislation to strengthen the veterans' health-care system, to investigate the causes of Gulf War syndrome, and to provide medical treatment for veterans of the Persian Gulf War.

    Citizens Energy (since 1999)

    Overview

    After leaving the House of Representatives, Kennedy returned to Citizens Energy. (During Kennedy's terms in the House, it had been run by his brother Michael.) Citizens Energy pursues commercial ventures aimed at generating revenues that, in turn, are used to generate funds that could assist those in need in the U.S. and abroad.[30] It grew to encompass seven separate companies, including one of the largest energy-conservation firms in the U.S. Citizens Energy became one of the U.S.'s first energy firms to move large volumes of natural gas to more than 30 states.[31] As a precursor to market changes under electricity deregulation in the late 1990s, Citizens Energy was a pioneer in moving and marketing electrical power over the power grid.[32][33] In recent years, Kennedy has led the company into the renewable-energy industry, building solar farms along the East Coast[34] and transmission lines[35] to support charitable programs like one giving free solar panels to low-income families in California.[36] In 2019, Citizens Energy announced the completion of one of the largest Low-Income Community Shared Solar projects in the country, funded by its investment in the Sunrise PowerLink Transmission line.[37] Totaling 30 megawatts, the record-breaking California project will provide $500 in energy savings to 12,000 low-income families each year.[38]

    Public policy

    Since 1979, Citizens Energy has provided affordable heating oil to low-income families in Massachusetts and other cold-weather states.[39] These charitable efforts were funded largely from profitable commercial ventures and donations.[40]

    Since returning to Citizens Energy, Kennedy also has sought to influence energy-related public policy, challenging the Bush administration to invest in energy conservation and efficiency and renewable energy,[41] encouraging Congress to fully fund federal heating assistance programs,[42] proposing that oil-consuming countries work together to balance oil prices against Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) manipulation,[43] and calling for the federal government and major oil companies to use portions of royalties from oil and gas extracted from federal lands and waters to help low-income families with the high price of energy.[44] Kennedy has been criticized for the salaries paid to himself and his wife.[45] In 2012, as CEO of Citizens Energy and related organizations, Kennedy was paid a total of $796,000 in compensation, and his wife was paid an additional $344,000 as Director of Marketing.[46]

    Venezuela

    Beginning in 2005, Citgo Petroleum Company (Citgo), a wholly owned subsidiary of Petróleos de Venezuela (PDVSA)—the Venezuelan state-owned oil company—has been the primary donor of heating oil to Citizens Energy. The Wall Street Journal and others criticized Citizens Energy for continuing its relationship with the Venezuelan government and Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez, a harsh critic of the United States.[47][48][49] In response, Kennedy and others[50][51] have argued that it is hypocritical to criticize a non-profit organization for accepting oil from Venezuela while numerous other American businesses are profiting from robust trade with Venezuela and at a time when the US government has cut low-income fuel assistance.[52]

    Although Citgo donations reportedly dried up in 2015 owing to Venezuela's economic turmoil,[53] the company was reported in 2009 to have donated 83 million gallons of oil over the two previous years, which was used to provide heating assistance to an estimated 200,000 families a year in 23 states.[54]

    Kennedy has since turned into a critic of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro, the handpicked successor of Chávez,[55] accusing him of "stealing democracy from the people" and calling for Maduro's removal.[56]

    Later political considerations

    Gubernatorial elections

    In 1993 a Boston Globe poll showed Kennedy within one percentage point of popular incumbent William Weld in a hypothetical gubernatorial match-up, prompting prominent state Democrats to try and recruit him for the race.[57] Though no other Democrat was polling near Weld, Kennedy decided to forgo the race and remain in Congress. Mark Roosevelt won the nomination and lost to Governor Weld by over 40 points.

    Kennedy was considered the front runner for the governorship of Massachusetts in 1998,[58] but revelations about his personal life led to a tumultuous fall in public opinion polling, and he decided against running.[59] Kennedy explained in a VFW hall in a working-class corner of Boston that he believed he would never be able to focus his candidacy on issues: "The race will focus on personal or family questions. It is not fair to my family, it is not fair to the people of Massachusetts and it is not the right thing to do."[60]

    2010 US Senate election

    With the death of his uncle US Senator Ted Kennedy on August 25, 2009, Kennedy's name had been mentioned as a possible candidate for his uncle's seat representing Massachusetts in the United States Senate. In an Associated Press article, Democratic strategist Dan Payne said, "He wouldn't be human and he wouldn't be a Kennedy if he didn't give serious consideration to running for what is known as the 'Kennedy seat' in Massachusetts."[61] However, Kennedy released a statement on September 7 explaining that he would not pursue the seat. The seat eventually went by appointment to Paul G. Kirk and later by election to Republican Scott Brown.

    Personal life

    On February 22, 1972, Kennedy was on Lufthansa Flight 649 when it was hijacked. Shortly after the inflight movie began during the 747's flight from New Delhi to Athens, five gunmen seized the jet and forced it to land at Aden International Airport, where all hostages were released the following day.[62][63][64]

    In August 1973, a Jeep he was driving on Nantucket overturned, fracturing one of his brother David Kennedy's vertebrae and permanently paralyzing David's girlfriend, Pam Kelley.[65] The police cited Kennedy with reckless driving and the judge temporarily suspended his driver's license.[1][65] The Kennedy family paid for Kelley's initial medical treatment and minorly contributed to her continued care during the years following the accident.[66] Kelley died on November 20, 2020, leaving behind among others, a 31-year-old daughter and two grandchildren.

    On February 3, 1979, Kennedy married Sheila Brewster Rauch (born March 22, 1949), a daughter of banker Rudolph Stewart "Stew" Rauch Jr.,[67] president then chairman of the Philadelphia Savings Fund Society, and Frances Stuart Brewster. On October 4, 1980, the couple had fraternal twin sons, Matthew Rauch "Matt" Kennedy and Joseph Patrick "Joe" Kennedy III. They were legally divorced in 1991.[68]

    In 1993 Kennedy asked the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston for an annulment of the marriage, claiming he was mentally incapable of entering into marriage at the time of his wedding. An annulment would have rendered the marriage void sacramentally (a church annulment does not change the legal legitimacy of a marriage) and allow Kennedy to marry Anne Elizabeth "Beth" Kelly (born April 3, 1957),[69] a former staff member of his, in a Roman Catholic ceremony, as well as allow him to participate in other sacraments of the church, such as Holy Communion, not available to a divorced person who remarries.[70][71] Rauch refused to agree to the annulment,[72] and Kennedy married Beth in a non-Catholic civil ceremony on October 23, 1993.

    The Boston Archdiocese initially granted Kennedy the annulment, which was discovered by Rauch only after the decision in 1996.[70] Sheila, who is an Episcopalian, wrote a book Shattered Faith: A Woman's Struggle to Stop the Catholic Church from Annulling Her Marriage, explaining that she was opposed to the concept of annulment because it meant in Roman Catholic theology that the marriage had never actually existed, and claiming that the Kennedy family influence made it possible to unilaterally "cancel" a 12-year marriage. Canon law at the time required a tribunal decision in favor of annulment to be automatically appealed, and the decision was not effective until a second, conforming, sentence was granted. Instead of allowing the appeal to take place in the United States, Rauch appealed directly to the Roman Rota.[73] The original decision was overturned by the highest appellate tribunal of the Roman Catholic Church, the Roman Rota, in 2005. Rauch was not informed of the decision by the Boston Archdiocese until 2007.[74] As the first decision was never confirmed, there was no time at which the Church declared the marriage to be null or gave Kennedy permission to remarry. Because the Rota was sitting as a second-instance appellate court,[75] Kennedy could appeal against the decision to another Rotal panel.[73][75]

    His older son (by eight minutes), Matthew,[76] and his wife Katherine have three daughters. His younger son, Joseph III, and wife Lauren became parents to a daughter, Eleanor Anne Kennedy, in 2015, and a son in 2017, James Matthew Kennedy.

    See also

    • Kennedy family tree

    Notes

    1. ↑ Some early sources misidentified him as Joseph P. Kennedy III, assuming he was named for his uncle Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., rather than his grandfather. He clarified the issue during his run for Congress.[2]

    References

    1. 1 2 3 Heymann, Clemens D. (2007). American Legacy: The Story of John and Caroline Kennedy. Simon & Schuster. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-7434-9738-1.
    2. ↑ "Names & Faces: That's Joseph Kennedy II". The Atlanta Journal. December 5, 1985.
    3. ↑ Osborne, David (April 1985). "Joe Kennedy Makes a Name for Himself". Mother Jones. p. 20.
    4. ↑ De Los Reyes, Gaston (November 13, 1993). "Manter School Endures". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved September 4, 2009.
    5. 1 2 3 4 Oppenheimer, Jerry. The Other Mrs. Kennedy. p. 578. St. Martin's Paperbacks, 1995.
    6. ↑ Walker, P. Wayne. 1997 Congressional Staff Directory (49th Edition), p. 111. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Books, June 1997
    7. ↑ "Independent Transmission Company Becomes Newest Member of California ISO Grid" (Press release). December 17, 2011.
    8. ↑ "MA District 8 – D Primary Race – Sep 16, 1986". OurCampaigns.com. September 16, 1986.
    9. ↑ "MA District 8 – D Primary Race – Nov 04, 1986". OurCampaigns.com. November 4, 1986.
    10. ↑ "Candidate – Joseph P. Kennedy". OurCampaigns.com.
    11. ↑ "Executive Biography". CitizensEnergy.com.
    12. ↑ Dober, Patrick; Callahan, Tom (1998-11-08). "Joe Kennedy's Home Run Against Bias". The Boston Globe.
    13. ↑ Turner, Robert L. (1989-07-02). "Joe Kennedy: the Happy Warrior". The Boston Globe. p. A45.
    14. ↑ Harrington, Walt (1993-06-06). "Settling In". The Washington Post (magazine section). p. 32.
    15. ↑ Op-ed essay. Flynn, Raymond L.; Kennedy II, Joseph P. (1988-01-25). "Decent, Affordable Housing for All". The New York Times.
    16. ↑ Kurkjian, Stephen (1995-10-13), "U.S. Urged to Probe Business Insurers". The Boston Globe.
    17. ↑ Keller, Jon (1995-02-05). "Joe Kennedy's Clear-Eyed View of How Things Are". The Boston Globe. p. 3.
    18. ↑ Kennedy II, Joseph P. (1995-12-27). "Corporations Rake in Subsidies as Poor, Aged Suffer Cuts". The Boston Globe.
    19. ↑ Pear, Robert (1998-05-10). "House Votes to Overhaul Housing for the Poor". The New York Times.
    20. ↑ Kennedy II, Joseph P. (1998-02-02). "R&D, Engine of Our Growth". Boston Herald.
    21. ↑ Black, Chris (1995-11-25). "Rep. Kennedy Acts to Protect Small Shops". The Boston Globe.
    22. ↑ Sullivan, Paul (1993-01-30). "Kennedy Targets Stalking in New Bill". Boston Herald.
    23. ↑ Kennedy II, Joseph P. (1993-04-25). "It's Time to Give the Courts Legal Tools to Put Stalkers Away". Boston Herald.
    24. ↑ "Rep. Kennedy Takes on Beer Ads". The Boston Globe. (May 17, 1996); "Celebrating Sobriety". The Boston Globe. (July 3, 1996).
    25. ↑ Kennedy II, Joseph P. (1998-02-08). "Growing Up Hungry in a Time of Plenty". The Boston Globe. pp. C1-C2.
    26. ↑ De Witt, Karen (May 17, 1991). "Queen's Address to Congress Celebrates Mutual Respect". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
    27. ↑ Goldberg, Carey (March 14, 1998). "Joseph Kennedy 2d Will Quit Congress; Family Needs Cited". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009.
    28. ↑ Miga, Andrew (1998-12-19). "Joe K's Final Speech on the House Floor Is His Finest". Boston Herald.
    29. ↑ Meehan, Marty (1999-01-10). "Joe K Leaves Legacy of Morality". Boston Herald. p. 27.
    30. ↑ Katz, Marisa (2001-01-15). "Heat Is On, Thanks to Joe". The Providence Journal.
    31. ↑ "Our History". citizensenergy.com. Citizen's Energy. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    32. ↑ "Citizens Transmission". November 20, 2013.
    33. ↑ Sheingold, Barry J. "Power Marketing for the People". Public Power (January–February 1990), pp. 24–29.
    34. ↑ Feldott, Brittany. "Joe Kennedy Commissions Solar Project at Landfill". The Falmouth Enterprise. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    35. ↑ "Joe Kennedy visits the Imperial Valley to launch solar home project". The Desert Review. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    36. ↑ Movellan, Junko (April 3, 2014). "Low-Income Rooftop Solar Program Helping Hundreds of California Families". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    37. ↑ Ciampoli, Paul (September 26, 2019). "IID community solar project to serve low-income customers". Archived from the original on May 19, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    38. ↑ Dooley, Emily C. (September 25, 2019). "California Starts Among Largest Community Solar Projects in U.S." BloombergLaw.com. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    39. ↑ "Citizens Energy". Citizens Energy.
    40. ↑ Chapman, Fern Schumer (1994-07-23). "Joe Kennedy, The Poor Man's Oil Tycoon". Fortune. pp. 98–101.
    41. ↑ Kennedy, Joseph P. II(2001-05-15). "Taking Steps Towards Energy Independence". The Boston Globe.
    42. ↑ Catell, Robert B.; Kennedy, Joseph P. II (2006-10-02). "Congress: Turn Up the Heat". Newsday.
    43. ↑ Kennedy, Joseph P. II (2001-04-18). "Organized Oil-Consuming Countries Could Offset OPEC". USA Today. p. A13.
    44. ↑ Kennedy, Joseph P. II (2005-09-26). "Sharing the Oil Price Windfall". The Boston Globe.
    45. ↑ Vincent, Isabel (March 2013). "RFK son is broken up over Chavez death". New York Post.
    46. ↑ "IRS Form 990, Citizens Energy Corporation" (PDF). Citizen Audit. 2012.
    47. ↑ Editorial (2006-11-28). Dial Joe-4-Chávez, The Wall Street Journal. Accessed 2009-08-27.
    48. ↑ Phillips, Tom (December 20, 2011). "Hugo Chavez says Obama is 'a clown and an embarrassment'". The Guardian.
    49. ↑ LaFranchi, Howard (March 5, 2013). "Hugo Chavez era ends: Will US-Venezuela relations improve?". Christian Science Monitor.
    50. ↑ Editorial (2007-02-19). "Rhetoric Fails to Help Poor". The Daily News Tribune.
    51. ↑ Walker, Adrian. (2005-11-24). "Oil Deal Is Her Lifeline". The Boston Globe.
    52. ↑ Kennedy, Joseph P. II. "Yes, oil from Venezuela". The Boston Globe. Retrieved December 24, 2006.
    53. ↑ Sharp, David (March 21, 2017). "Venezuela's troubles put US heating oil charity in limbo". Associated Press. Retrieved June 7, 2023 – via Boston.com.
    54. ↑ Rezendes, Michael; Bierman, Noah (2009-09-06). "As Joe Kennedy Considers Run, Chavez Ties Loom". The Boston Globe. p. 1.
    55. ↑ Memmott, Mark (April 15, 2013). "Venezuela Says Recount Likely After Chavez Heir's Close Win". NPR. NPR. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    56. ↑ Kennedy, Joseph P. II. "It's Time for Maduro to Go". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 30, 2017.
    57. ↑ Seltzer, Wendy M. (February 22, 1993). "Kennedy Won't Run". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    58. ↑ Harden, Blaine (August 29, 1997). "Joseph Kennedy Ends Gubernatorial Bid". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 27, 2009.
    59. ↑ Goldman, Henry (May 4, 1997). "In Camelot, The Chicks May Be Coming Home To Roost". Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 21, 2015. Retrieved June 7, 2023 – via philly.com.
    60. ↑ "Joseph Kennedy Ends Gubernatorial Bid". washingtonpost.com. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
    61. ↑ "Another Senator Kennedy in Massachusetts?". nbcnews.com. NBC News. Associated Press. August 31, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
    62. ↑ "RFK's Son Freed by Hijackers". Oakland Tribune. February 22, 1972.
    63. ↑ "$5 Million Paid to Jet Hijackers". Oakland Tribune. February 25, 1972.
    64. ↑ "On This Day—23 February1972: Hijackers surrender and free Lufthansa crew". BBC.co.uk. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
    65. 1 2 Canellos, Peter S. (2009). Last Lion: The Fall and Rise of Ted Kennedy. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 194.
    66. ↑ Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2000). Jackie, Ethel, Joan: Women of Camelot. New York: Grand Central Publishing. p. 423.
    67. ↑ "R. Stewart Rauch, Jr" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2002.
    68. ↑ Taraborrelli, J. Randy (2012). After Camelot: A Personal History of the Kennedy Family--1968 to the Present. Hachette Digital, Inc.
    69. ↑ "The Kennedys - Kennedy Family Tree". American Experience. PBS. Archived from the original on March 13, 2009. Retrieved April 18, 2018 – via pbs.org.
    70. 1 2 Lawson, Carol (April 24, 1997). "Seeking to Annul the Annulment". The New York Times. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
    71. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". Archdiocese of Indianapolis. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
    72. ↑ Kennedy, Sheila Rauch (1998). Shattered Faith: A Woman's Struggle to Stop the Catholic Church from Annulling Her Marriage. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 7–22. ISBN 978-0-8050-5828-4.
    73. 1 2 Israel, Jeff (June 19, 2007). "Joe Kennedy's First Marriage: Still On". Time. Rome. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
    74. ↑ Staff writer (June 20, 2007). "Vatican Undoes Annulment of Ex-Rep. Kennedy—Eldest Son of Late Sen. Robert F. Kennedy Was Married in 1991". NBC News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
    75. 1 2 "Canon 1444". Code of Canon Law. The Vatican. Archived from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved September 3, 2009 – via vatican.va.
    76. ↑ Jacobs, Sally (March 17, 2012). "For the Kennedy clan, he is Generation Next". The Boston Globe.
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