Georgia O'Keeffe
O'Keeffe in 1918, photograph by Alfred Stieglitz
Born
Georgia Totto O'Keeffe

(1887-11-15)November 15, 1887
Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, U.S.
DiedMarch 6, 1986(1986-03-06) (aged 98)
Santa Fe, New Mexico, U.S.
Known forVisual arts: painting, sculpture, photography
MovementAmerican modernism, Precisionism
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1924; died 1946)​
FamilyIda O'Keeffe (younger sister)
AwardsNational Medal of Arts (1985)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977)
Edward MacDowell Medal (1972)

Georgia Totto O'Keeffe (November 15, 1887 – March 6, 1986) was an American modernist painter and draftswoman whose career spanned seven decades and whose work remained largely independent of major art movements. Called the "Mother of American modernism", O'Keeffe gained international recognition for her meticulous paintings of natural forms, particularly flowers and desert-inspired landscapes, which were often drawn from and related to places and environments in which she lived.[1][2]

From 1905, when O'Keeffe began her studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, until about 1920, she studied art or earned money as a commercial illustrator or a teacher to pay for further education.[3][4] Influenced by Arthur Wesley Dow, O'Keeffe began to develop her unique style beginning with her watercolors from her studies at the University of Virginia and more dramatically in the charcoal drawings that she produced in 1915 that led to total abstraction. Alfred Stieglitz, an art dealer and photographer, held an exhibit of her works in 1917.[5] Over the next couple of years, she taught and continued her studies at the Teachers College, Columbia University.

She moved to New York in 1918 at Stieglitz's request and began working seriously as an artist.[6] They developed a professional and personal relationship that led to their marriage in 1924. O'Keeffe created many forms of abstract art, including close-ups of flowers, such as the Red Canna paintings, that many found to represent vulvas,[7] though O'Keeffe consistently denied that intention.[8] The imputation of the depiction of women's sexuality was also fueled by explicit and sensuous photographs of O'Keeffe that Stieglitz had taken and exhibited.

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz lived together in New York until 1929, when O'Keeffe began spending part of the year in the Southwest, which served as inspiration for her paintings of New Mexico landscapes and images of animal skulls, such as Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue (1931) and Summer Days (1936). After Stieglitz's death, she lived in New Mexico at the Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio in Abiquiú until the last years of her life, when she lived in Santa Fe. In 2014, O'Keeffe's 1932 painting Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1 sold for $44,405,000.[9] After her death, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum was established in Santa Fe.

Early life and education (1887–1916)

Hilda Belcher, The Checkered Dress, 1907, Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center at Vassar College. The painting is likely a portrait of Georgia O'Keeffe.[lower-alpha 1]

Georgia O'Keeffe was born on November 15, 1887,[14][15] in a farmhouse in the town of Sun Prairie, Wisconsin.[16][17] Her parents, Francis Calyxtus O'Keeffe and Ida (Totto) O'Keeffe, were dairy farmers. Her father was of Irish descent. Her mother's father, George Victor Totto, for whom O'Keeffe was named, was a Hungarian count who came to the United States in 1848.[14][18]

O'Keeffe was the second of seven children.[14] She attended Town Hall School in Sun Prairie.[19] By age 10, she had decided to become an artist.[20] With her sisters, Ida and Anita,[21] she received art instruction from local watercolorist Sara Mann. O'Keeffe attended high school at Sacred Heart Academy in Madison, Wisconsin, as a boarder between 1901 and 1902. In late 1902, the O'Keeffes moved from Wisconsin to the close-knit neighborhood of Peacock Hill in Williamsburg, Virginia, where O'Keeffe's father started a business making rusticated cast concrete block in anticipation of a demand for the block in the Virginia Peninsula building trade, but the demand never materialized.[22] O'Keeffe stayed in Wisconsin attending Madison Central High School[23] until joining her family in Virginia in 1903. She completed high school as a boarder at Chatham Episcopal Institute in Virginia (now Chatham Hall), graduating in 1905. At Chatham, she was a member of Kappa Delta sorority.[14][19]

O'Keeffe taught and headed the art department at West Texas State Normal College, watching over her youngest sibling, Claudia, at her mother's request.[24] In 1917, she visited her brother, Alexis, at a military camp in Texas before he shipped out for Europe during World War I. While there, she created the painting The Flag,[25] which expressed her anxiety and depression about the war.[18]

Academic training

Georgia O'Keeffe as a teaching assistant to Alon Bement at the University of Virginia in 1915

From 1905 to 1906, O'Keeffe was enrolled at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where she studied with John Vanderpoel and ranked at the top of her class.[14][20] As a result of contracting typhoid fever, she had to take a year off from her education.[14] In 1907, she attended the Art Students League in New York City, where she studied under William Merritt Chase, Kenyon Cox, and F. Luis Mora.[14] In 1908, she won the League's William Merritt Chase still-life prize for her oil painting Dead Rabbit with Copper Pot. Her prize was a scholarship to attend the League's outdoor summer school in Lake George, New York.[14] While in the New York City, O'Keeffe visited galleries, such as 291, co-owned by her future husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz. The gallery promoted the work of avant-garde artists and photographers from the United States and Europe.[14]

In 1908, O'Keeffe discovered that she would not be able to finance her studies. Her father had gone bankrupt and her mother was seriously ill with tuberculosis.[14] She was not interested in a career as a painter based on the mimetic tradition that had formed the basis of her art training.[20] She took a job in Chicago as a commercial artist and worked there until 1910, when she returned to Virginia to recuperate from the measles[26] and later moved with her family to Charlottesville, Virginia.[14] She did not paint for four years and said that the smell of turpentine made her ill.[20] She began teaching art in 1911. One of her positions was at her former school, Chatham Episcopal Institute, in Virginia.[14][27]

First abstractions

She took a summer art class in 1912 at the University of Virginia from Alon Bement, who was a Columbia University Teachers College faculty member. Under Bement, she learned of the innovative ideas of Arthur Wesley Dow, Bement's colleague. Dow's approach was influenced by principles of design and composition in Japanese art. She began to experiment with abstract compositions and develop a personal style that veered away from realism.[14][20] From 1912 to 1914, she taught art in the public schools in Amarillo in the Texas Panhandle, and was a teaching assistant to Bement during the summers.[14] She took classes at the University of Virginia for two more summers.[28] She also took a class in the spring of 1914 at Teachers College of Columbia University with Dow, who further influenced her thinking about the process of making art.[29] Her studies at the University of Virginia, based upon Dow's principles, were pivotal in O'Keeffe's development as an artist. Through her exploration and growth as an artist, she helped to establish the American modernism movement.

She taught at Columbia College in Columbia, South Carolina in late 1915, where she completed a series of highly innovative charcoal abstractions[20] based on her personal sensations.[27] In early 1916, O'Keeffe was in New York at Teachers College, Columbia University. She mailed the charcoal drawings to a friend and former classmate at Teachers College, Anita Pollitzer, who took them to Alfred Stieglitz at his 291 gallery early in 1916.[30] Stieglitz found them to be the "purest, finest, sincerest things that had entered 291 in a long while" and said that he would like to show them. In April that year, Stieglitz exhibited ten of her drawings at 291.[14][20]

After further course work at Columbia in early 1916 and summer teaching for Bement,[14] she became the chair of the art department at West Texas State Normal College, in Canyon, Texas, beginning in the fall of 1916.[31] O'Keeffe, who enjoyed sunrises and sunsets, developed a fondness for intense and nocturnal colors. Building upon a practice she began in South Carolina, O'Keeffe painted to express her most private sensations and feelings. Rather than sketching out a design before painting, she freely created designs. O'Keeffe continued to experiment until she believed she truly captured her feelings in the watercolor, Light Coming on the Plains No. I (1917).[27]

She began a series of watercolor paintings based upon the scenery and expansive views during her walks,[27][32] including vibrant paintings of Palo Duro Canyon.[33] She "captured a monumental landscape in this simple configuration, fusing blue and green pigments in almost indistinct tonal graduations that simulate the pulsating effect of light on the horizon of the Texas Panhandle," according to author Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall.[27][32]

New York (1918–1930s)

Stieglitz circle

In 1918, O'Keeffe moved to New York as Stieglitz offered to provide financial support,[34] a residence, and place for her to paint. They developed a close personal relationship, and later married, while he promoted her work.[14] Stieglitz also discouraged her use of watercolor, which was associated with amateur women artists.[34] According to art historian Charles Eldredge, "the couple enjoyed a prominent position in the ebullient art of New York throughout the 1920s".[35]

O'Keeffe came to know the many early American modernists who were part of Stieglitz's circle of artists, including painters Charles Demuth, Arthur Dove, Marsden Hartley, John Marin, and photographers Paul Strand and Edward Steichen. Strand's photography, as well as that of Stieglitz, inspired O'Keeffe's work. Stieglitz, whose 291 Gallery closed down in 1917, was now able to spend more time on his own photographic practice, producing a series of photographs of natural forms, cloud studies (a series known as Equivalents), and portraits of O'Keeffe.[35] Prior to her marriage to Stieglitz, O'Keeffe's drawings and paintings were frequently abstract, although she began to expand her visual vocabulary from 1924 onward to include more representational imagery "usually taken from nature and often painted in series".[36]

Flower paintings

O'Keeffe began creating simplified images of natural things, such as leaves, flowers, and rocks.[37] Inspired by Precisionism, The Green Apple, completed in 1922, depicts her notion of simple, meaningful life.[38] O'Keeffe said that year, "it is only by selection, by elimination, and by emphasis that we get at the real meaning of things."[38] Blue and Green Music expresses O'Keeffe's feelings about music through visual art, using bold and subtle colors.[39]

Also in 1922, journalist Paul Rosenfeld commented "[the] Essence of very womanhood permeates her pictures", citing her use of color and shapes as metaphors for the female body.[40] This same article also describes her paintings in a sexual manner.[40] O'Keeffe, most famous for her depiction of flowers, made about 200 flower paintings,[41] which by the mid-1920s were large-scale depictions of flowers, as if seen through a magnifying lens, such as Oriental Poppies[42][43] and several Red Canna paintings.[44] She painted her first large-scale flower painting, Petunia, No. 2, in 1924 and it was first exhibited in 1925.[14] Making magnified depictions of objects created a sense of awe and emotional intensity.[37] In 1924, Stieglitz arranged a show displaying O'Keeffe's works of art alongside his photographs at Anderson Galleries and helped organized other exhibitions over the next several years.[45]

New York Skyscraper paintings

Radiator Building–Night, New York, 1927, oil on canvas, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

After having moved into a 30th floor apartment in the Shelton Hotel in 1925,[46] O'Keeffe began a series of paintings of the New York skyscrapers and skyline.[47] One of her most notable works, which demonstrates her skill at depicting the buildings in the Precisionist style, is the Radiator Building–Night, New York.[48][49] Other examples are New York Street with Moon (1925),[50] The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y. (1926),[51] and City Night (1926).[14] She made a cityscape, East River from the Thirtieth Story of the Shelton Hotel in 1928, a painting of her view of the East River and smoke-emitting factories in Queens.[47] The next year she made her final New York City skyline and skyscraper paintings and traveled to New Mexico, which became a source of inspiration for her work.[48]

The Brooklyn Museum held a retrospective of her work in 1927.[30] In 1928, Stieglitz announced that six of her calla lily paintings sold to an anonymous buyer in France for US$25,000, but there is no evidence that this transaction occurred the way Stieglitz reported.[52][53] As a result of the press attention, O'Keeffe's paintings sold at a higher price from that point onward.[54][53]

New Mexico (1930s–1986)

By 1929, she traveled to Santa Fe for the first time,[55] accompanied by her friend Rebecca (Beck) Strand and stayed in Taos with Mabel Dodge Luhan, who provided the women with studios.[56] From her room she had a clear view of the Taos Mountains as well as the morada (meetinghouse) of the Hermanos de la Fraternidad Piadosa de Nuestro Padre Jesús Nazareno, also known as the Penitentes.[57] She subsequently visited New Mexico on near annual basis from 1929 onward, often staying there several months at a time, returning to New York each winter to exhibit her work at Stieglitz's gallery.[58] O'Keeffe went on many pack trips, exploring the rugged mountains and deserts of the region that summer and later visited the nearby D. H. Lawrence Ranch,[56] where she completed her now famous oil painting, The Lawrence Tree, currently owned by the Wadsworth Athenaeum in Hartford, Connecticut.[59] O'Keeffe visited and painted the nearby historical San Francisco de Asís Mission Church at Ranchos de Taos. She made several paintings of the church, as had many artists, and her painting of a fragment of it silhouetted against the sky captured it from a unique perspective.[60][61]

In New Mexico, she collected rocks and bones from the desert floor and made them and the distinctive architectural and landscape forms of the area subjects in her work.[37] Known as a loner, O'Keeffe often explored the land she loved in her Ford Model A, which she purchased and learned to drive in 1929. She often talked about her fondness for Ghost Ranch and Northern New Mexico, as in 1943, when she explained, "Such a beautiful, untouched lonely feeling place, such a fine part of what I call the 'Faraway'. It is a place I have painted before ... even now I must do it again."[61] O'Keeffe did not work from late 1932 until about the mid-1930s[61] due to nervous breakdowns.[34] She was a popular artist, receiving commissions while her works were being exhibited in New York and other places.[62]

Skull and desert motifs

In 1933 and 1934, O'Keeffe recuperated in Bermuda and returned to New Mexico in 1934.[61] In August 1934, she moved to Ghost Ranch, north of Abiquiú. In 1940, she moved into a house on the ranch property. The varicolored cliffs surrounding the ranch inspired some of her most famous landscapes.[61] Between 1934 and 1936, she completed a series of landscape paintings inspired by the New Mexico desert, often with prominent depictions of animal skulls, including Rams Head with Hollyhock (1935) and Deer's Head with Pedernal (1936) as well as Summer Days (1936).[63] In 1936, she completed what would become one of her best-known paintings, Summer Days. It depicts a desert scene with a deer skull with vibrant wildflowers. Resembling Ram's Head with Hollyhock, it depicted the skull floating above the horizon.[62][64]

Pineapple Bud, 1939, oil on canvas
O'Keeffe's "White Place", the Plaza Blanca cliffs and badlands near Abiquiú

In 1938, the advertising agency N. W. Ayer & Son approached O'Keeffe about creating two paintings for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company (now Dole Food Company) to use in advertising.[65][66][67] Other artists who produced paintings of Hawaii for the Hawaiian Pineapple Company's advertising include Lloyd Sexton, Jr., Millard Sheets, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Isamu Noguchi, and Miguel Covarrubias.[68] The offer came at a critical time in O'Keeffe's life: she was 51, and her career seemed to be stalling (critics were calling her focus on New Mexico limited, and branding her desert images "a kind of mass production").[69]

She arrived in Honolulu February 8, 1939, aboard the SS Lurline and spent nine weeks in Oahu, Maui, Kauai, and the island of Hawaii. By far the most productive and vivid period was on Maui, where she was given complete freedom to explore and paint.[69][70] She painted flowers, landscapes, and traditional Hawaiian fishhooks. Back in New York, O'Keeffe completed a series of 20 sensual, verdant paintings. However, she did not paint the requested pineapple until the Hawaiian Pineapple Company sent a plant to her New York studio.[71]

During the 1940s, O'Keeffe had two one-woman retrospectives, the first at the Art Institute of Chicago (1943).[37] Her second was in 1946, when she was the first woman artist to have a retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in Manhattan.[41] Whitney Museum began an effort to create the first catalogue of her work in the mid-1940s.[62]

Abiquiú and landscapes

In 1945, O'Keeffe bought a second house, an abandoned hacienda in Abiquiú, which she renovated into a home and studio.[72] She moved permanently to New Mexico in 1949, spending time at both Ghost Ranch and the Abiquiú house that she made into her studio.[37][45]

Todd Webb, a photographer she met in the 1940s, moved to New Mexico in 1961. He often made photographs of her, as did numerous other important American photographers, who consistently presented O'Keeffe as a "loner, a severe figure and self-made person."[73] While O'Keeffe was known to have a "prickly personality," Webb's photographs portray her with a kind of "quietness and calm" suggesting a relaxed friendship, and revealing new contours of O'Keeffe's character.[74]

In the 1940s, O'Keeffe made an extensive series of paintings of what is called the "Black Place", about 150 miles (240 km) west of her Ghost Ranch house.[75] O'Keeffe said that the Black Place resembled "a mile of elephants with gray hills and white sand at their feet."[61] She made paintings of the "White Place", a white rock formation located near her Abiquiú house.[76] In 1946, she began making the architectural forms of her Abiquiú house—the patio wall and door—subjects in her work.[77] Another distinctive painting was Ladder to the Moon, 1958.[78] In the mid-1960s, O'Keeffe produced Sky Above Clouds, a series of cloudscapes inspired by her views from airplane windows.[37][lower-alpha 2] Worcester Art Museum held a retrospective of her work in 1960[30] and ten years later, the Whitney Museum of American Art mounted the Georgia O'Keeffe Retrospective Exhibition.[45]

Late career and death

External images
image icon Sky above Clouds IV, 1965, oil on canvas, The Art Institute of Chicago.[lower-alpha 2]
image icon Waterfall, End of Road, Iao Valley, 1939, oil on canvas, Honolulu Museum of Art.

By 1972, O'Keeffe had lost much of her eyesight due to macular degeneration,[82] leaving her with only peripheral vision. She stopped oil painting without assistance in 1972.[83] In 1973, O'Keeffe hired John Bruce "Juan" Hamilton as a live-in assistant and then a caretaker. Hamilton was a potter.[84] Hamilton taught O'Keeffe to work with clay, encouraged her to resume painting despite her deteriorating eyesight, and helped her write her autobiography. He worked for her for 13 years.[37] The artist's autobiography, Georgia O'Keeffe, published in 1976 by Viking Press, featured Summer Days (1936) on the cover. It became a bestseller.[45] During the 1970s, she made a series of works in watercolor.[85] She continued working in pencil and charcoal until 1984.[82]

O'Keeffe became increasingly frail in her late nineties. She moved to Santa Fe in 1984, where she died on March 6, 1986, at the age of 98.[86] Her body was cremated and her ashes were scattered, as she wished, on the land around Ghost Ranch.[87] Following O'Keeffe's death, her family contested her will because codicils added to it in the 1980s had left most of her $65 million estate to Hamilton. The case was ultimately settled out of court in July 1987.[87][88] The case became a famous precedent in estate planning.[89][90]

Reception

Awards and honors

External videos
video icon Life and Artwork of Georgia O'Keeffe, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum (11:00), C-SPAN[1]

In 1938, O'Keeffe received an honorary degree of "Doctor of Fine Arts" from the College of William & Mary.[91] Later, O'Keeffe was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters[30] and in 1966 was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[92] Among her awards and honors, O'Keeffe received the M. Carey Thomas Award at Bryn Mawr College in 1971 and two years later received an honorary degree from Harvard University.[30]

In 1977, President Gerald Ford presented O'Keeffe with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor awarded to American civilians.[93] In 1985, she was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Ronald Reagan.[45] In 1993, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[94]

Art criticism and scholarship

O'Keeffe's lotus paintings may have deeper ties to vulvar imagery and symbolism. In Egyptian mythology, lotus flowers are a symbol of the womb, and in Indian mythology, they are direct symbols for vulvas.[95] Feminist art historian Linda Nochlin and the author of the influential 1971 essay titled "Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?", also interpreted Black Iris III (1926) as a morphological metaphor for a vulva.[96][97]

Art dealer Samuel Kootz was one of O'Keeffe's critics who, although considering her to be "the only prominent woman artist" (in the words of Marilyn Hall Mitchell), considered sexual expression in her work (and other artists' work) artistically problematic.[98] Kootz stated that "assertion of sex can only impede the talents of an artist, for it is an act of defiance, of grievance, in which the consciousness of these qualities retards the natural assertions of the painter".[98]

O'Keeffe stood her ground against sexual interpretations of her work, and for fifty years maintained that there was no connection between vulvas and her artwork.[98] Firing back against some of the criticism, O'Keeffe stated, "When people read erotic symbols into my paintings, they're really talking about their own affairs."[99] She attributed other artists' attacks on her work to psychological projection. O'Keeffe was also seen as a revolutionary feminist; however, the artist rejected these notions, stating that "femaleness is irrelevant" and that "it has nothing to do with art making or accomplishment."[100]

Personal life

Alfred Stieglitz, Georgia O'Keeffe, platinum print, 1920

In June 1918, O'Keeffe accepted Stieglitz's invitation to move to New York from Texas after he promised he would provide her with a quiet studio where she could paint. Within a month he took the first of many nude photographs of her at his family's apartment while his wife was away. His wife returned home once while their session was still in progress. She had suspected for a while that something was going on between the two, and told him to stop seeing O'Keeffe or get out. Stieglitz left home immediately and found a place in the city where he and O'Keeffe could live together. They slept separately for more than two weeks. By the end of the month they were in the same bed together, and by mid-August when they visited Oaklawn, the Stieglitz family summer estate in Lake George in upstate New York, "they were like two teenagers in love. Several times a day they would run up the stairs to their bedroom, so eager to make love that they would start taking their clothes off as they ran."[101] Also around this time, O'Keeffe became sick during the 1918 flu pandemic.[18]

In February 1921, Stieglitz's photographs of O'Keeffe were included in a retrospective exhibition at the Anderson Galleries. Stieglitz started photographing O'Keeffe when she visited him in New York City to see her 1917 exhibition, and continued taking photographs, many of which were in the nude. It created a public sensation. When he retired from photography in 1937, he had made more than 350 portraits and more than 200 nude photos of her.[37][102] In 1978, she wrote about how distant from them she had become, "When I look over the photographs Stieglitz took of me—some of them more than sixty years ago—I wonder who that person is. It is as if in my one life I have lived many lives."[103]

My Shanty, Lake George, 1922, oil on canvas, The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.

Owing to the legal delays caused by Stieglitz's first wife and her family, it would take six years before he obtained a divorce. In 1924, O'Keeffe and Stieglitz got married.[45] For the rest of their lives together, their relationship was, "a collusion....a system of deals and trade-offs, tacitly agreed to and carried out, for the most part, without the exchange of a word. Preferring avoidance to confrontation on most issues, O'Keeffe was the principal agent of collusion in their union," according to biographer Benita Eisler.[104] They lived primarily in New York City, but spent their summers at his father's family estate, Oaklawn, in Lake George in upstate New York.[45]

Cerro Pedernal, viewed from Ghost Ranch. This was a favorite subject for O'Keeffe, who once said, "It's my private mountain. It belongs to me. God told me if I painted it enough, I could have it"[105][106]

O'Keeffe and Stieglitz had an open relationship, which could be painful for O'Keeffe when Stieglitz had affairs with women.[107][lower-alpha 3] In 1928, Stieglitz began a long-term affair with Dorothy Norman, who was also married, and O'Keeffe lost a project to create a mural for Radio City Music Hall. She was hospitalized for depression.[37] At the suggestion of Maria Chabot and Mabel Dodge Luhan, O'Keeffe began to spend the summers painting in New Mexico in 1929.[45] She traveled by train with her friend the painter Rebecca Strand, Paul Strand's wife, to Taos, where they lived with their patron who provided them with studios.[56] In 1933, O'Keeffe was hospitalized for two months after suffering a nervous breakdown, largely due to Stieglitz's affair with Dorothy Norman.[109] She did not paint again until January 1934.[61]

O'Keeffe continued to visit New Mexico, without her husband, and created a new body of works based upon the desert.[110][lower-alpha 4] O'Keeffe broke free of "strict gender roles" and adopted "gender neutral" clothing,[116] as did other professional women in Santa Fe and Taos who experienced "psychological space and sexual freedom" there.[112][107][114][117][lower-alpha 5]

Shortly after O'Keeffe arrived for the summer in New Mexico in 1946, Stieglitz suffered a cerebral thrombosis (stroke). She immediately flew to New York to be with him. He died on July 13, 1946. She buried his ashes at Lake George.[121] She spent the next three years mostly in New York settling his estate,[37]

She had a close relationship with Beck Strand. They enjoyed spending time together, traveling,[122] and living with "glee".[123] Beck said that she was most herself when with O'Keeffe. According to Foursome—a book about O'Keeffe, Stieglitz, and Beck and Paul Strand—the women had a heterosexual relationship. Further, the book states that letters that some conclude meant that they were sexual partners are incongruent with the way that the two women lived their lives.[122]

Frida Kahlo met O'Keeffe in December 1931 in New York City at the opening of Diego Rivera's solo exhibition at the MOMA, after which a friendship developed.[124][lower-alpha 6] They remained friends, staying in touch when O'Keeffe recuperated from a nervous breakdown in a hospital and then in Bermuda.[124][125] Both women visited each other's homes on a couple of occasions in the 1950s.[124]

Among guests to visit her at the ranch over the years were Charles and Anne Lindbergh, singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell, poet Allen Ginsberg, and photographer Ansel Adams.[126] She traveled and camped at "Black Place" often with her friend, Maria Chabot, and later with Eliot Porter.[61][75]

Legacy

Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

Painting materials as displayed at the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum in Santa Fe, New Mexico

O'Keeffe was a legend beginning in the 1920s, known as much for her independent spirit and female role model as for her dramatic and innovative works of art.[87] Nancy and Jules Heller said, "The most remarkable thing about O'Keeffe was the audacity and uniqueness of her early work." At that time, even in Europe, there were few artists exploring abstraction. Even though her works may show elements of different modernist movements, such as Surrealism and Precisionism, her work is uniquely her own style.[127]

A substantial part of her estate's assets were transferred to the Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation, a nonprofit. The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum opened in Santa Fe in 1997.[87] The assets included a large body of her work, photographs, archival materials, and her Abiquiú house, library, and property. The Georgia O'Keeffe Home and Studio in Abiquiú was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998, and is now owned by the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum.[72] A fossilized species of archosaur was named Effigia okeeffeae ("O'Keeffe's Ghost") in January 2006, "in honor of Georgia O'Keeffe for her numerous paintings of the badlands at Ghost Ranch and her interest in the Coelophysis Quarry when it was discovered".[128] In November 2016, the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum recognized the importance of her time in Charlottesville by dedicating an exhibition, using watercolors that she had created over three summers. It was entitled, O'Keeffe at the University of Virginia, 1912–1914.[28]

In 1991, PBS aired the American Playhouse production A Marriage: Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz, starring Jane Alexander as O'Keeffe and Christopher Plummer as Alfred Stieglitz.[129] In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 32-cent stamp honoring O'Keeffe.[130] In 2013, on the 100th anniversary of the Armory Show, the USPS issued a stamp featuring O'Keeffe's Black Mesa Landscape, New Mexico/Out Back of Marie's II, 1930 as part of their Modern Art in America series.[131] Lifetime Television produced a biopic of Georgia O'Keeffe starring Joan Allen as O'Keeffe, Jeremy Irons as Alfred Stieglitz, Henry Simmons as Jean Toomer, Ed Begley Jr. as Stieglitz's brother Lee, and Tyne Daly as Mabel Dodge Luhan. It premiered on September 19, 2009.[132][133]

On November 20, 2014, O'Keeffe's Jimson Weed/White Flower No 1 (1932) sold for $44,405,000 in 2014 at auction to Walmart heiress Alice Walton, more than three times the previous world auction record for any female artist.[134][135]

Women's suffrage and feminism

In Equal Under the Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Twentieth Century Feminism, Linda M. Grasso documents O'Keeffe's life-long involvement in feminism and women's issues. O'Keeffe came of age as a woman and an artist in the 1910s, at the height of the women's suffrage movement and the intense artistic ferment of modernism. Grasso notes that "Modernists championed rupture, innovation, and daring in art forms, styles, and perspectives," and that O'Keeffe "first created herself as an artist when feminism and modernism were interlinked".[136] As early as 1915, O'Keeffe was reading books and articles on women's suffrage and cultural politics with enthusiasm, such as Floyd Dell's Women as World Builders: Studies in Modern Feminism.[137] There was much talk in this era about the "New Woman," liberated from Victorian strictures and mores and pursuing her own life and education and self-expression freely. O'Keeffe was in active dialogue with her suffragist friend Anita Pollitzer, with whom she exchanged letters on the subject. Pollitzer, in fact, was the first person to introduce Alfred Stieglitz to O'Keeffe's art work.[138] She was also reading Charlotte Perkins Gilman and Olive Schreiner, among others, alongside the radical magazine The Masses, and lecturing on modernist dancer Isadora Duncan. In a debate with Michael Gold in 1930, O'Keeffe said she was "interested in the oppression of women of all classes".[139] Gross writes: "She sustained an affiliation with the National Woman's Party and made public statements about gender discrimination and women's rights in interviews, speeches, letters, and articles into the 1970s."[140]

She received unprecedented acceptance as a woman artist from the fine art world due to her powerful graphic images and within a decade of moving to New York City, she was the highest-paid American woman artist.[141] She was known for a distinctive style in all aspects of her life.[142]

Mary Beth Edelson's Some Living American Women Artists / Last Supper (1972) appropriated Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper, with the heads of notable women artists collaged over the heads of Christ and his apostles. John the Apostle's head was replaced with Nancy Graves, and Christ's with Georgia O'Keeffe. This image, addressing the role of religious and art historical iconography in the subordination of women, became "one of the most iconic images of the feminist art movement."[143][144] Judy Chicago gave O'Keeffe a prominent place in her The Dinner Party (1979) in recognition of what many prominent feminist artists considered groundbreaking introduction of sensual and feminist imagery in her works of art.[145] Although feminists celebrated O'Keeffe as the originator of "female iconography",[146] she did not consider herself a feminist.[147] She disliked being called a "woman artist" and wanted to be considered an "artist."[148]

Publications

  • O'Keeffe, Georgia (1976). Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-33710-1.
  • O'Keeffe, Georgia (1988). Some Memories of Drawings. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1113-9.
  • O'Keeffe, Georgia (1993). Georgia O'Keeffe: American and Modern. New Haven: Yale University. ISBN 978-0-300-05581-8.
From her correspondence

Notes

  1. ↑ Vassar College and the Smithsonian Institution state that the sitter is identified as O'Keeffe.[10] The book A Woman on Paper: Georgia O'Keeffe by Anita Pollitzer states that the painting is a portrait of O'Keeffe.[11][12] The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum does not say the painting is of O'Keeffe, but the record of the painting is filed in a category for Georgia O'Keeffe photographs and clippings.[13]
  2. 1 2 The works are generally stated as Sky Above Clouds in books[79] and at the SIRUS system at the Smithsonian Institution,[80] but the work at The Art Institute of Chicago is "Sky above Clouds".[81]
  3. ↑ She also said that she was happy being "me" rather than worrying about affairs that Stieglitz might be having.[108]
  4. ↑ In the 1920s and 1930s, Santa Fe and Taos were havens for men and women who wanted to live unburdened by societal norms about sexuality.[111][112] During that time, "artists flocked to New Mexico inspired by its vast natural beauty and the indigenous cultures that were so different from their own."[113] Lesbian women in the fields of photography, archaeology, and anthropology were drawn to the area professionally and personally.[112] O'Keeffe knew lesbian and bisexual women[114] According to El Palacio, she tended to avoid Santa Fe's lesbian women.[115] She was friends with bisexual and gay men, like Cady Wells, who was a lifelong friend.[115]
  5. ↑ O'Keeffe preferred to focus on her artistic skills than her sexual orientation.[111][118] She did not claim to be bisexual, and there are differing opinions about her sexuality.[116] Benita Eisler, author of O'Keeffe & Stieglitz: An American Romance, was the first biographer to state that O'Keeffe was a bisexual. She came to that conclusion from reading letters between Beck and Paul Strand.[119] Colin B. Bailey, Director of Museums, Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco stated that people who wrote that O'Keeffe was bisexual brought the topic into "murky historical waters".[120]
  6. ↑ In 1932, Frida Kahlo and her husband moved from NYC to Detroit. Here, Kahlo painted the famous Self Portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States. Many historians have noted the jack-in-the-pulpit flowers which lie on the Mexico side of the painting. These flowers, which are not native to Mexico, were the feature of a series of paintings by O'Keeffe just two years prior in which she painted the flowers at different periods of growth: one fully closed, one open, etc. This same series of growth is featured in Kahlo's painting.[124]

Citations

  1. 1 2 "Life and Artwork of Georgia O'Keeffe". C-SPAN. January 9, 2013. Archived from the original on June 6, 2014. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
  2. ↑ Messinger, Lisa (October 2004). "Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  3. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe | American painter". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on September 29, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe". The North Carolina Museum of Art. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  5. ↑ Christiane, Weidemann (2008). 50 women artists you should know. Larass, Petra., Klier, Melanie. Munich: Prestel. ISBN 978-3-7913-3956-6. OCLC 195744889. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved March 4, 2020.
  6. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe". MacDowell. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  7. ↑ "An unabashedly sensual approach to a genteel genre". Newsweek. 110: 74–75. November 9, 1987 – via Readers' Guide Abstracts.
  8. ↑ Avishai, Tamar. "Episode 45: Georgia O'Keeffe's Deer's Skull With Pedernal (1936)". The Lonely Palette (Podcast). Retrieved December 25, 2020.
  9. ↑ Rile, Karen (December 1, 2014). "Georgia O'Keeffe and the $44 Million Jimson Weed". JSTOR Daily. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
  10. ↑ "The Checkered Dress". National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  11. ↑ "The Checkered Dress". emuseum, Vassar. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  12. ↑ A woman on paper : Georgia O'Keeffe. 1988. p. 94.
  13. ↑ "The Checkered Dress by Hilda Belcher, clipping, undated". Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Archived from the original on July 1, 2023. Retrieved July 4, 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "Georgia O'Keeffe". Biography Channel. A&E Television Networks. August 26, 2016. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  15. ↑ "Birth Record Details". Wisconsin Historical Society. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
  16. ↑ "Birthplace of Georgia O'Keeffe". Sun Prairie, WI. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016.
  17. ↑ Wisconsin Legislature. 2013–14 Wisconsin Statutes 2013–14 S.84.1021 Georgia O'Keeffe Memorial Highway. Archived September 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  18. 1 2 3 Robinson, Roxana (1989). Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life. Hanover: University Press of New England. p. 191-193. ISBN 0-87451-906-3.
  19. 1 2 Nancy Hopkins Reily (2007). Georgia O'keeffe, a Private Friendship: Walking the Sun Prairie Land. Sunstone Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-86534-451-8.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Roberts, Norma J., ed. (1988), The American Collections, Columbus Museum of Art, p. 76, ISBN 0-8109-1811-0
  21. ↑ Canterbury, Sue (2018). Ida O'Keeffe: Escaping Georgia's Shadow. Dallas, Texas: Dallas Museum of Art. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-300-21456-7.
  22. ↑ "Colonial Williamsburg Research & Education". www.colonialwilliamsburg.org. Archived from the original on April 9, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  23. ↑ Rath, Sara; Smith, Rick (1977). Madison and Dane County. Tamarack Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-915024-13-1. Archived from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  24. ↑ Gerry Souter (2017). Georgia O'Keeffe. Parkstone International. pp. 34–35. ISBN 978-5-457-46766-8.
  25. ↑ Holland Cotter (January 5, 2017). "World War I: The Quick. The Dead. The Artists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 11, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2017.
  26. ↑ Kathaleen Roberts (November 20, 2016). "Never-before-exhibited O'Keeffe paintings show shift to abstraction". Albuquerque Journal. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 Amon Carter Museum of Western Art; Patricia A. Junker; Will Gillham (2001). An American Collection: Works from the Amon Carter Museum. Hudson Hills. p. 184. ISBN 978-1-55595-198-6.
  28. 1 2 "How UVA shaped Georgia O'Keeffe". University of Virginia. November 10, 2016. Archived from the original on January 16, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  29. ↑ Zilczer, Judith (1999). "'Light Coming on the Plains': Georgia O'Keeffe's Sunrise Series". Artibus et Historiae. 20 (40): 193–194. doi:10.2307/1483675. JSTOR 1483675.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Eleanor Tufts; National Museum of Women in the Arts; International Exhibitions Foundation (1987). American women artists, 1830–1930. International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-940979-01-7. Archived from the original on April 27, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  31. ↑ Zilczer, Judith (1999). "'Light Coming on the Plains': Georgia O'Keeffe's Sunrise Series". Artibus et Historiae. 20 (40): 191–208. doi:10.2307/1483675. JSTOR 1483675.
  32. 1 2 Sharyn Rohlfsen Udall (2000). Carr, O'Keeffe, Kahlo: Places of Their Own. Yale University Press. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-300-09186-1.
  33. ↑ Michael Abatemarco (April 29, 2016). "Birth of the abstract: Georgia O'Keeffe in Amarillo". Santa Fe New Mexican. Archived from the original on February 23, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  34. 1 2 3 Rathbone, Belinda; Shattuck, Roger; Turner, Elizabeth Hutton; Arrowsmith, Alexandra; West, Thomas (1992). Two Lives, Georgia O'Keeffe & Alfred Stieglitz: A Conversation in Paintings and Photographs. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016895-1. OCLC 974243303.
  35. 1 2 Eldredge, Charles C. (1991). "Life and Legend". Georgia O'Keeffe. The library of American art. New York: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 11–19. ISBN 978-0-8109-3657-7.
  36. ↑ Eldredge, Charles C.; Schimmel, Julie; Truettner, William H., eds. (1986). Art in New Mexico, 1900–1945: Paths to Taos and Santa Fe. Washington, D.C: National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. p. 205. ISBN 978-0-89659-599-6.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Carol Kort; Liz Sonneborn (2002). A to Z of American Women in the Visual Arts. New York: Facts on File. p. 170. ISBN 0-8160-4397-3.
  38. 1 2 Birmingham Museum of Art (2010). Birmingham Museum of Art: guide to the collection. Alabama: Birmingham Museum of Art. p. 144. ISBN 978-1-904832-77-5. Archived from the original on December 18, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Blue and Green Music". Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on January 12, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  40. 1 2 Rosenfeld, Paul (October 1922). "The Paintings of Georgia O'Keeffe". Vanity Fair. pp. 56, 112, 114.
  41. 1 2 Kristy Puchko (April 21, 2015). "15 Things You Should Know About Georgia O'Keeffe". Mental Floss. Archived from the original on January 31, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  42. ↑ Liese Spencer (December 31, 2015). "From Georgia O'Keeffe to War and Peace: Unmissable Arts Events in 2016". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  43. ↑ Laura Cumming (April 7, 2012). "The 10 best flower paintings in pictures". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  44. ↑ Barbara Buhler Lynes; Jonathan Weinberg; Georgia O'Keeffe Museum (2011). Shared Intelligence: American Painting and the Photograph. Univ of California Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-520-26906-4.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Robert Torchia (September 29, 2016). "O'Keeffe, Georgia: Biography". National Gallery of Art. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
  46. ↑ "Manhattan Residences of Georgia O'Keeffe and Patricia Highsmith Published". NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  47. 1 2 "Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986): East River from the Thirtieth Story of the Shelton Hotel, 1928". New Britain Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  48. 1 2 "Important Art by Georgia O'Keeffe: Radiator Building – Night, New York". The Art Story. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  49. ↑ "Radiator Building – Night, New York". Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on October 18, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  50. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe: New York Street with Moon, 1925". Museo Thyssen-Bornemisz. Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  51. ↑ "The Shelton with Sunspots, N.Y., 1926". Art Institute of Chicago. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
  52. ↑ Hunter Drohojowska-Philp (November 17, 2005). Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. W. W. Norton. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-393-32741-0.
  53. 1 2 Vivien Green Fryd (2003). Art and the Crisis of Marriage: Edward Hopper and Georgia O'Keeffe. University of Chicago Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-226-26654-1.
  54. ↑ Hunter Drohojowska-Philp (2005). Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. W. W. Norton. p. 282. ISBN 978-0-393-32741-0.
  55. ↑ Drohojowska-Philp, Hunter (2004). Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. pp. 294–296. ISBN 978-0-393-32741-0.
  56. 1 2 3 Maurer, Rachel. "The D. H. Lawrence Ranch". University of New Mexico. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. Retrieved September 15, 2009.
  57. ↑ Richmond-Moll, Jeffrey. "Georgia O'Keeffe, Black Cross with Stars and Blue" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2019.
  58. ↑ Messinger, Lisa (October 2004). "Georgia O'Keeffe (1887–1986)". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Archived from the original on July 12, 2023. Retrieved May 29, 2023.
  59. ↑ "The Lawrence Tree". Wadsworth Athenaeum. Hartford, Connecticut. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  60. ↑ Eleanor Tufts; National Museum of Women in the Arts; International Exhibitions Foundation (1987). American women artists, 1830–1930. International Exhibitions Foundation for the National Museum of Women in the Arts. p. 83. ISBN 978-0-940979-01-7. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Rotating O'Keeffe exhibit". Fort Worth, Texas: National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame. 2010. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012.
  62. 1 2 3 "Summer Days". Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  63. ↑ Norris, Kathleen, Wagner M., Anne, Peters, Sarah Whitaker (1999). "Georgia O'Keeffe. Summer Days. 1936". In Venn, Beth (ed.). Frames of Reference: Looking at American art, 1900-1950. Works from the Whitney Museum of American Art. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 203–211. ISBN 978-0-520-21888-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  64. ↑ "Summer Days". Whitney Museum of American Art. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  65. ↑ Saville, Jennifer (1990), Georgia O'Keeffe: Paintings of Hawai'i, Honolulu: Honolulu Academy of Arts, p. 13
  66. ↑ Jennings, Patricia & Maria Ausherman, Georgia O'Keeffe's Hawai'i, Koa Books, Kihei, Hawaii, 2011, p. 3
  67. ↑ Papanikolas, Theresa, Georgia O'Keeffe and Ansel Adams, The Hawai'I Pictures, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2013
  68. ↑ Severson, Don R. (2002), Finding Paradise: Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, p. 119
  69. 1 2 Tony Perrottet (November 30, 2012), O'Keeffe's Hawaii Archived December 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine New York Times.
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  72. 1 2 Victor J. Danilov (2013). Famous Americans: A Directory of Museums, Historic Sites, and Memorials. Scarecrow Press. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-8108-9186-9. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  73. ↑ Kilian, Michael (August 1, 2002). "Santa Fe exhibit paints a different picture of O'Keeffe". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010. Retrieved October 10, 2010. ... her place, through the eyes and lens of her close and longtime friend, photographer Todd Webb (1905–2000), who produced a glorious collection of photos of her and her surroundings at her Ghost Ranch and Abiquiú houses between 1955 and 1981.
  74. ↑ Zimmer, William (December 31, 2000). "Art; Exploring the Affinities Among Painting, Music and Dance". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2010. O'Keeffe's prickly personality is legendary, but with Webb she displays the kind of quietness and calm she wanted to embody.
  75. 1 2 Porter's photograph, Eroded Clay and Rock Flakes, Black Place, New Mexico, July 20, 1953, on cartermuseum.org, in the Amon Carter Museum Eliot Porter Collection Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved June 16, 2010
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  77. ↑ Nancy Hopkins Reily (2009). Georgia O'Keeffe, a Private Friendship: Walking the Abiquiu and Ghost Ranch land. Sunstone Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-86534-452-5. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
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  82. 1 2 Lynes, Barbara Buhler (Fall 2006). "Visiting Georgia O'Keeffe". American Art. 20 (3): 2–7. doi:10.1086/511089. JSTOR 511089. S2CID 191326344. Retrieved November 22, 2023. From 1972 to 1976–77, O'Keeffe continued to work in oil, pastel, and watercolor, but only with assistance. She could work unassisted in charcoal and pencil, however, and did so until 1984.
  83. ↑ "Biography". The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved November 22, 2023. O'Keeffe painted her last unassisted oil painting in 1972
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  97. ↑ Tessler, Nira (2015). Flowers and Towers: Politics of Identity in the Art of the American 'New Woman'. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-8623-9.
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  101. ↑ Whelan, Richard (1995). Alfred Stieglitz : a biography (1st ed.). Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 0-316-93404-6. OCLC 31516122.
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  105. ↑ Abrams, Dennis. O'Keeffe, Georgia. 2009. Georgia O'Keeffe. Infobase Publishing, p. 97
  106. ↑ A similar remark is registered in "Her Story and Her Work" Archived October 29, 2011, at the Wayback Machine by Bill Long, 6/29/07.: "I painted it often enough thinking that, if I did so, God would give it to me."
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  109. ↑ Hunter Drohojowska-Philp (2005). Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. W. W. Norton. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-393-32741-0. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  110. ↑ 100 Most Important Women of the 20th century. Ladies' Home Journal Books. 1998. p. 140. ISBN 9780696208232.
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  118. ↑ Burke 2020, p. 320.
  119. ↑ Foerstner, Abigail (July 28, 1991). "O'Keeffe was no saint, tell-all book reveals". Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
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  121. ↑ Dennis Abrams; Georgia O'Keeffe (2009). Georgia O'Keeffe. Infobase Publishing. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-4381-2827-6. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  122. 1 2 Burke 2020, p. 202.
  123. ↑ Burke 2020, pp. 202, 206.
  124. 1 2 3 4 Chernick, Karen (April 7, 2020). "Kahlo and O'Keeffe: the formative friendship between two artistic giants". CNN. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  125. ↑ Kettler, Sara (July 14, 2020). "Behind Frida Kahlo's Real and Rumored Affairs With Men and Women". Biography. Archived from the original on October 22, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2022.
  126. ↑ Jonathan Stewart (2014). Walking Away From The Land: Change At The Crest Of A Continent. Xlibris Corporation. p. 319. ISBN 978-1-4931-8090-5. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  127. ↑ Jules Heller; Nancy Heller (1995). North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary. Garland. p. 416. ISBN 978-0-8240-6049-7. Archived from the original on December 16, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
  128. ↑ Sterling J Nesbitt1, and Mark A Norell (May 7, 2006). "Extreme convergence in the body plans of an early suchian (Archosauria) and ornithomimid dinosaurs (Theropoda)". Proc Biol Sci. The Royal Society. 273 (1590): 1045–1048. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3426. PMC 1560254. PMID 16600879.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  129. ↑ Susan King (July 14, 1991). "Focus : Georgia on Her Mind : Jane Alexander's Fascination With Artist O'Keeffe Leads to PBS' 'Playhouse'". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  130. ↑ "Stamp Series". United States Postal Service. Archived from the original on August 10, 2013. Retrieved September 2, 2013.
  131. ↑ "Modern Art in America 1913–1931, Forever". USPS. Archived from the original on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 8, 2015.
  132. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe". Lifetime Television's. Archived from the original on August 30, 2009.
  133. ↑ Vincent Terrace (2010). The Year in Television, 2009: A Catalog of New and Continuing Series, Miniseries, Specials and TV Movies. McFarland. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7864-5644-4. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  134. ↑ "Auction Results: American Art". Sotheby's. November 20, 2014. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
  135. ↑ "Jimson Weed/White Flower No. 1, 1932 by Georgia O'Keeffe". www.georgiaokeeffe.net. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  136. ↑ Grasso 2017, p. 3.
  137. ↑ Grasso 2017, p. 23.
  138. ↑ Grasso 2017, p. 52.
  139. ↑ Grasso 2017, p. 4.
  140. ↑ Grasso 2017, p. 104.
  141. ↑ Hunter Drohojowska-Philp (2005). Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. W.W. Norton. pp. 4–5. ISBN 978-0-393-32741-0. Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
  142. ↑ Alexandra Lange (June 23, 2017). "Jane Jacobs, Georgia O'Keeffe, and the Power of the Marimekko Dress". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on June 29, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  143. ↑ "Mary Beth Edelson". The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project. Archived from the original on January 11, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  144. ↑ "Mary Beth Adelson". Database of Women Artists (Clara). Washington, D.C.: National Museum of Women in the Arts. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2014.
  145. ↑ Georgia O'Keeffe Place Setting, Brooklyn Museum, archived from the original on June 20, 2015, retrieved June 5, 2015.
  146. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe". Brooklyn Museum. Archived from the original on January 21, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  147. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe at Tate Modern Review". Design Curial. October 10, 2016. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2017.
  148. ↑ "Georgia O'Keeffe". Education, Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012. Retrieved January 20, 2017.

References

  • Burke, Carolyn (2020). Foursome. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-9848-9970-5.
  • Eisler, Benita (1992). O'Keeffe and Stieglitz: An American Romance (Paperback reprint ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0140170944.
  • Grasso, Linda (2017). Equal under the Sky: Georgia O'Keeffe and Twentieth-Century Feminism. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0826358813.

Further reading

  • Eldredge, Charles C. (1991). Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. ISBN 978-0-8109-3657-7.
  • Haskell, Barbara, ed. (2009). Georgia O'Keeffe: Abstraction. Whitney Museum of American Art. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-14817-6.
  • Hogrefe, Jeffrey (1994). O'Keeffe: The Life of an American Legend. New York: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-56545-4.
  • Lisle, Laurie (1986). Portrait of an Artist. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0-671-60040-2.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler (1999). Georgia O'Keeffe: Catalogue Raisonné. Washington, D.C.: National Gallery of Art. ISBN 978-0-300-08176-3.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler; Poling-Kempes, Lesley; Turner, Frederick W. (2004). Georgia O'Keeffe and New Mexico: A Sense of Place (3rd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11659-4.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler (2007). Georgia O'Keeffe Museum Collections. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-0-8109-0957-1.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler; Phillips, Sandra S. (2008). Georgia O'Keeffe and Ansel Adams: Natural Affinities. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-11832-3.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler; Weinberg, Jonathan, eds. (2011). Shared Intelligence: American Painting and The Photograph. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-26906-4.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler (2012). Georgia O'Keeffe and Her Houses: Ghost Ranch and Abiquiu. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN 978-1-4197-0394-2.
  • Lynes, Barbara Buhler (2012). Georgia O'Keeffe: Life & Work. Skira. ISBN 978-88-572-1232-6.
  • Merrill, C. S. (2010). Weekends with O'Keeffe. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-4928-6.
  • Messinger, Lisa Mintz (2001). Georgia O'Keeffe. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-20340-7.
  • Montgomery, Elizabeth (1993). Georgia O'Keeffe. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-0-88029-951-0.
  • Orford, Emily-Jane Hills (2008). The Creative Spirit: Stories of 20th Century Artists. Ottawa: Baico Publishing. ISBN 978-1-897449-18-9.
  • Patten, Christine Taylor; Cardona-Hine, Alvaro (1992). Miss O'Keeffe. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-8263-1322-5.
  • Peters, Sarah W. (1991). Becoming O'Keeffe. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-1-55859-362-6.
  • Pyle, Kathleen (2007). Modernism and the Feminine Voice: O'Keeffe and the Women of the Stieglitz Circle. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24189-3.
  • Winter, Jeanette (1998). My Name Is Georgia: A Portrait. San Diego, New York, London: First Voyager Books. ISBN 0-15-201649-X.
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