Bhairava
12th-century Bhairava sculpture
AffiliationShiva
Mantraॐ कालभैरवाय नमः ॥ oṁ kālabhairavāya namaḥ
WeaponTrishula, Khaṭvāṅga, Sword, Kapala, Sickle, Vajra, Noose, Pinaka bow, Pashupatastra arrow, Pestle and Damaru
DayTuesday and Sunday
Number33
MountDog
FestivalsBhairava Ashtami
ConsortBhairavi

Bhairava (Sanskrit: भैरव, lit. 'frightful'), or Kala Bhairava, is a Shaivite and Vajrayāna deity worshipped by Hindus and Buddhists. In Shaivism, he is a powerful manifestation, or avatar, of Shiva associated with annihilation.[1][2][3] In Trika system Bhairava represents Supreme Reality, synonymous to Para Brahman.[4][5] Generally in Hinduism, Bhairava is also called Dandapani ("[he who holds the] Danda in [his] hand"), as he holds a rod or Danda to punish sinners, and Svaśva, meaning "whose vehicle is a dog".[6] In Vajrayana Buddhism, he is considered a fierce emanation of boddhisatva Mañjuśrī, and also called Heruka, Vajrabhairava, and Yamantaka.[7][8]

Bhairava is worshipped throughout India, Nepal, Indonesia, Sri Lanka and Japan as well as in Tibetan Buddhism.[9][10]

Etymology

Bhairava originates from the word bhīru, which means "fearsome". Bhairava means "terribly fearsome form". It is also known as one who destroys fear or one who is beyond fear. One interpretation is that he protects his devotees from dreadful enemies, greed, lust, and anger. These enemies are dangerous as they never allow humans to seek God within. There is also another interpretation: Bha means creation, ra means sustenance and va means destruction. Therefore, Bhairava is the one who creates, sustains and dissolves the three stages of life. Therefore, he becomes the ultimate or the supreme.[11]

Hinduism

Bhairava depicted in Elephanta Caves, mid-5th century.

Legend

Mahakala Bhirava on Chaturmukha lingam, 10th century
Aakash Bhairab in Kathmandu.

The origin of Bhairava is traced back to a conversation between Brahma and Vishnu which is recounted in the Shiva Puranam.[12] In it, Vishnu inquired of Brahma, "Who is the supreme creator of the Universe?" Arrogantly, Brahma told Vishnu to worship him as Supreme Creator. One day, Brahma thought "I have five heads. Shiva also has five heads. I can do everything that Shiva does and therefore I am Shiva." Brahma became a little egotistical as a result of this. Additionally, he began to forget the work of Shiva and also started interfering in what Shiva was supposed to be doing. Consequently, Shiva threw a small hair from his head which assumed the form of Kala Bhairava and casually went to cut off one of Brahma's heads. The skull (kapala) of Brahma is held in the hands of Kala Bhairava, Brahma's ego was destroyed and he became enlightened. From then on, he became useful to himself and to the world, and deeply grateful to Shiva. In the form of the Kala Bhairava, Shiva is said to be guarding each of these Shakti Pitha (Shakti temples). Each Shakti Pitha is accompanied by a temple dedicated to Bhairava.[13][14]

There is another school of thought that states that Shiva himself created Bhairava. It states that there was once an asura named Dahurāsura, who got a boon that he could be killed only by a woman. Parvati took the form of Kali to kill him. The wrath of Kali killed the asura. After killing the asura, her wrath metamorphosed as a child. Kali fed the child with her milk. Shiva made both Kali and the child to merge with him. From this merged form of Shiva, Bhairava appeared in his eight forms (Aṣṭāṅga Bhairavas). Since Bhairava was thus created by Shiva, he is said to be one of the sons of Shiva.[15]

The Puranas also give a version of Bhairava. In this version there was a war between devas and asuras. To eradicate the asuras, Shiva created Kala Bhairava from whom Aṣṭāṅga Bhairavas were created. These Ashta Bhairavas married Ashta Matrikas. These Ashta Bhairavas and Ashta Matrikas have dreadful forms. From these Ashta Bhairavas and Ashta Matrikas, 64 Bhairavas and 64 Yoginis were created.[16]

Depiction

Dancing Bhairava, Bengal, 12th century.
Indonesian stone Bhairava, from the syncretic Hindu-Buddhist Singhasari temple in East Java, Indonesia

Normally in Shiva temples, idols of Bhairava are situated in the north, facing Western direction. He is also called Kṣhetrapāla. He appears in a standing position with four hands. His weapons are drum, pāśa (noose), trident and skull. In some forms of Bhairava, there are more than four hands. He appears with a dog. His weapons, the dog, protruding teeth, terrifying looks, and a garland with red flowers all give him a furious appearance.[17][18]

In all Shiva temples, regular puja (reverence) rituals begin with Surya and end with Bhairava. Devotees offer what is understood to be favored by Bhairava: a ghee bath (abhiṣeka), red flowers, ghee lamp, unbroken coconut, honey, boiled food, fibrous fruits etc. If a Bhairava idol is facing west, it is good; facing south is moderate; facing east is not good. The right time to pray to Bhairavi is midnight. At midnight it is said that Bhairava and his consort Bhairavi will give darśana (appearance) to their devotees. The most appropriate time is a Friday midnight. There are eight types of flowers and leaves used in archana (अर्चन) to Bhairava.[19][20]

In Kashmir Shaivism, Bhairava is the ultimate form of manifestation or pure "I" consciousness.

One of his forms is called Svarṇākarṣṇa Bhairava ; In this form, he has red or blue complexion and is clothed in golden dress. He has the moon over his head. He has four hands, one of which he holds a golden vessel. He gives wealth and prosperity. Performing pūja on Tuesdays gives quick results. In some of the ancient texts he is said to have thirty two hands, the shape of a bird, golden complexion, terrible teeth, and a human form above the hip. Worshipping him destroys enemies.[1][21]

Some forms of Bhairava are guardians of the eight cardinal points. There are 64 Bhairavas. These 64 Bhairavas are grouped under eight categories and each category is headed by one major Bhairava. The major eight Bhairavas are called Aṣṭāṅga Bhairavas. The Ashta Bhairavas control the eight directions of this universe. Each Bhairava has seven sub Bhairavas under him, totaling 64 Bhairavas. All of the Bhairavas are ruled and controlled by Maha Kala Bhairava otherwise known as Kala Bhairava, who is the supreme ruler of time of this universe as per some Śaiva tantric scriptures (āgamas). Bhairavi is the consort of Kala Bhairava.[22] The eight Bhairavas are said to represent five elements viz. ākāś, air, fire, water and earth and the other three being sun, moon and ātman. Each of the eight Bhairavas are different in appearance, have different weapons, different vāhanas (vehicles) and they bless their devotees with eight types of wealth representing Ashta Lakshmis. Continuous worship of Bhairava leads the worshipper to a true Guru. There are separate mantras to all the eight Bhairavas.[23]

Bhairava is also called upon as protector, as he guards the eight directions of the universe. In Shiva temples, when the temple is closed, the keys are placed before Bhairava. Bhairava is also described as the protector of women. He is described as the protector of the timid and in general women who are timid in nature.[24][25]

It is generally believed that worshiping Bhairava gives prosperity, success and good progeny, prevents premature death and gives solution to debts and liabilities. Different forms of Bhairava evolve only from Śiva, who is called the Mahā Bhairava.[26][27][28]

Trika System

Trika and Kashmiri Shaivism names the Absolute Reality (Para Brahman) as Bhairava. The Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra is a key Tantra text of the Trika System. Cast as a discourse between the god Bhairava and his consort Bhairavi it briefly presents 112 Tantric meditation methods or centering techniques (Dharana). The text is a chapter from the Rudrayamala Tantra, a Bhairava Agama. Bhairavi, the goddess, asks Bhairava to reveal the essence of the way to realization of the highest reality. In his answer Bhairava describes 112 ways to enter into the universal and transcendental state of consciousness. References to it appear throughout the literature of Trika, Kashmir Shaivism, indicating that it was considered to be an important text in the schools of Kashmir Shaiva philosophy and Trika.[5][4]

List of Bhairavas

"Trikala Bhairava", Eastern Ganga Dynasty, 10th century.

The list of manifestation of Shiva:[29]

  • Batuk Bhairava
  • Abhiru
  • Akshobhya Bhairava
  • Amar
  • Ambar
  • Amritaksha
  • Asitanga Bhairava
  • Bagh Bhairava
  • Baidyanath
  • Bhadrasen
  • Bhava
  • Bhiruk
  • Bhishan
  • Bhoothnath Vetal / Betal Bhairava
  • Chakrapani
  • Chanda
  • Chandrashekhar
  • Ghanteshwar
  • Jogesh
  • Kala Bhairava
  • Kapalbhairav
  • Kapali
  • Kapilambar
  • Kramadishwar
  • Krodhish
  • Ksheer Kantak
  • Kshetrapaala Bhairava
  • Lambkarna
  • Maharudra
  • Mahodar
  • Marthanda
  • Matang Bhairava
  • Nakuleshwar
  • Nandikeshwar
  • Nimish
  • Pachali Bhairava
  • Patal Bhairava
  • Rakshaseshwar (Nayanair)
  • Rudra Mahadev
  • Ruru
  • Sambaranand
  • Samhaar Bhairava
  • Sanhar
  • Sanwart
  • Sarvanand
  • Sarvanand
  • Shai Bhairava
  • Shri Khutkuni Bhairava
  • Sthanu
  • Swarnakarshan Bhairava
  • Trayambak
  • Tripuresh
  • Trisandhyeshvara
  • Tumbeswar
  • Umananda or Bhayaanand
  • Unmatta Bhairava
  • Vakranath
  • Vakratund
  • Vamana
  • Varaha (Baraha)
  • Vatsnabh or Dandpani
  • Vikrant Bhairava
  • Vikritaksh
  • Vimocanā
  • Viśveśvara

Buddhism

Thangka Depicting Vajrabhairava, c. 1740s.

Buddhism also adopted Bhairava (Tibetan: 'Jigs byed; Chinese: Buwei) as a deity and a dharmapala or dharma protector.[30] The various buddhist forms of Bhairava (variously called Herukas, Vajrabhairava, Mahākāla and Yamantaka) are considered fierce deities and yidams (tantric meditational deity) in Tibetan Buddhism. They also have their own set of Buddhist tantras, the Vajrabhairava tantras.[31] According to Tibetan tradition, these tantras were revealed to Lalitavajra in Oddiyana in the tenth century.[32]

These texts play a particularly important role in the Sarma (new translation) traditions of Tibetan Buddhism, especially among the Gelug school where Vajrabhairava is one of the three central highest yoga tantra practices of the lineage.[33]

Bhairava - Mahakala is also popular in Mongolia as a protector deity and was also popular among the Manchus.[33]

The deity is also central to Newar Buddhism. The tantric practices associated with Bhairava focus on the transformation of anger and hatred into understanding.[34]

Worship

Kala Bhairava attended by devotees in Durbar Square, Kathmandu

Temples or shrines to Bhairava are present within or near most Jyotirlinga temples. There are also the sacred twelve shrines dedicated to Shiva which can be found all across India including the Kashi Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi and the Kal Bhairava temple, Ujjain. The Patal Bhairava and Vikrant Bhairava shrines are located in Ujjain as well.[35][36]

Gorat Kashmiris are known to worship Bhairava during Shivratri.[37] The renowned Hindu reformer, Adi Sankara composed a hymn on Kala Bhairava called "Sri Kalabhairava Ashtakam" in the city of Kashi.[38]

Observances

Bhairava Ashtami, commemorating the day Kala Bhairava appeared on earth, is celebrated on Krishna paksha Ashtami of the Margashirsha month of the Hindu calendar. It is a day filled with special prayers and rituals.[39]

Iconography

Bhairava is depicted as being ornamented with a range of twisted serpents, which serve as earrings, bracelets, anklets, and sacred thread (yajnopavita). He wears a tiger skin and a ritual apron composed of human bones.[40] Bhairava has a dog (Shvan) as his divine vahana (vehicle). Bhairavi is a fierce and terrifying aspect of the Devi who is virtually indistinguishable from Kali, with the exception of her particular identification as the consort of Bhairava.[41][42]

Bhairava himself has eight manifestations i.e. Ashta Bhairava:

  • Asithaanga Bhairava
  • Ruru Bhairava
  • Chanda Bhairava
  • Krodha Bhairava
  • Unmattha Bhairava
  • Kapaala Bhairava
  • Bheeshana Bhairava
  • Samhaara Bhairava

Kala Bhairava is conceptualized as the Guru-Nath (Teacher and Master) of the planetary deity Shani (Saturn).[43][44]

Bhairava is known as Bhairavar or Vairavar in Tamil, where he is often presented as a Grama devata or village guardian who safeguards the devotee in eight directions (ettu tikku). Known in Sinhalese as Bahirawa, he is said to protect treasures. Lord Bhairava is the main deity worshipped by the Aghora sect.[45]

Temples

Reflection of blue sky on mask of Shwet Bhairava at Basantapur, Kathmandu, Nepal

Bhairava is an important deity of the Newars. All the traditional settlements of Newars have at least one temple of Bhairava. Most of the temples of Bhairava in Nepal are maintained by Newar priests. There are several Bhairava temples in the Kathmandu valley.[46]

In south Karnataka, Lord Sri Kalabhairaveshwara is present as Kshetra Palaka in Sri Adichunchanagiri Hills.[47]

Kala Bhairava temples can also be found around Shaktipeeths. It is said that Shiva allocated the job of guarding each of the 52 Shaktipeeths to one Bhairava. There are said to be 52 forms of Bhairava, which are considered a manifestation of Shiva himself. Traditionally, Kala Bhairava is the Grama devata in the rural villages of Maharashtra, where he is referred to as "Bhairava/Bhairavnath" and "Bairavar". In Karnataka, Lord Bhairava is the supreme God for the Hindu community commonly referred to as Vokkaligas (Gowdas). Especially in the Jogi Vokkaliga, he is considered the caretaker and punisher.[48] Shri Kala Bhairava Nath Swami Temple of Madhya Pradesh is also popular.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Kramrisch, Stella (1994). The Presence of Śiva. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 471. ISBN 0691019304
  2. ↑ Gopal, Madan (1990). Gautam, K.S. (ed.). India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 76.
  3. ↑ "Bhairava: The Wrathful". Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
  4. 1 2 Singh, J. (2002). Vijnanabhairava, Or Divine Consciousness: A Treasury of 112 Types of Yoga. Tantra Series. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 1. ISBN 978-81-208-0820-1.
  5. 1 2 Wallis, Christopher D. (15 August 2013). Tantra Illuminated: The Philosophy, History, and Practice of a Timeless Tradition. Mattamayura Press. ISBN 978-0-9897613-6-9.
  6. ↑ Sehgal, Sunil (1999). Encyclopaedia of Hinduism: C-G, Volume 2. Sarup & Sons. pp. 491–492. ISBN 978-81-7625-064-1.
  7. ↑ Whalen-Bridge, John; Storhoff, Gary (2009). The Emergence of Buddhist American Literature. State University of New York Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-4384-2659-4.
  8. ↑ Davidson, Ronald M. (2003) Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. Columbia University Press. p. 211. ISBN 0231126190
  9. ↑ Johnson, W. J (1 January 2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ACREF/9780198610250.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19861-025-0. OCLC 244416793. OL 23224406M. Wikidata Q55879169. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  10. ↑ Elizabeth Chalier-Visuvalingam (28 May 2013), Bhairava, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/OBO/9780195399318-0019, Wikidata Q55919026 (subscription or UK public library membership required)
  11. ↑ Hiltebeitel
  12. ↑ The Śiva Purana, Śatarudra Samhita, chapter 8, The Śiva Purana, part III (English translation), Motilal banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, reprint edition (2002), pp. 1097–1103.
  13. ↑ Johnson W. J. (1 January 2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ACREF/9780198610250.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19861-025-0. OCLC 244416793. OL 23224406M. Wikidata Q55879169.
  14. ↑ Chalier-Visuvalingam, Elizabeth. "Bhairava's Royal Brahmanicide: The Problem of the Mahābrāhmaṇa", pp. 157–229 in Hiltebeitel
  15. ↑ Lorenzen, David. "New Data on the Kāpālikas", pp. 231–238 in Hiltebeitel
  16. ↑ Masilamani-Meyer, Eveline. "The Changing Face of Kāttavarāyan", pp. 69–103 in Hiltebeitel
  17. ↑ Shulman, David Dean. "Outcaste, Guardian, and Trickster: Notes on the Myth of Kāttavarāyan", pp. 35–67 in Hiltebeitel
  18. ↑ Sontheimer, Gunther Dietz. "Between Ghost and God: A Folk Deity of the Deccan", pp. 299–337 in Hiltebeitel
  19. ↑ Visuvalingam, Sunthar. "The Transgressive Sacrality of the Dīkṣita: Sacrifice, Criminality, and Bhakti in the Hindu Tradition", pp. 427–462 in Hiltebeitel
  20. ↑ Doniger O'Flaherty, Wendy. Siva: The Erotic Ascetic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981
  21. ↑ Parry, Jonathan (1982). "Sacrificial death and the necrophagous ascetic". Death and the Regeneration of Life. Cambridge University Press. pp. 74–110. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511607646.004. ISBN 978-0-521-24875-4.
  22. ↑ "Kala Bhairava Ashtakam – Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia". www.hindupedia.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  23. ↑ Parry, J.P. (1981). "Death and cosmogony in Kashi". Contributions to Indian Sociology. 15 (1–2): 337–365. doi:10.1177/006996678101500118. S2CID 143517233.
  24. ↑ Erndl, Kathleen M. "Rapist or Bodyguard, Demon or Devotee: Images of Bhairo in the Mythology and Cult of Vaiṣṇo Devī", pp. 239–25 in Hiltebeitel
  25. ↑ Sukul, Kubernath (1977). Vārānasī Vaibhava. Patna, India: Bihar Rastrabhasa Parisad
  26. ↑ Lorenzen, David (1972). The Kāpālikas and Kālāmukhas: Two Lost Śaiva Sects. Delhi: Thomson
  27. ↑ Eck, Diana L. (1983) Banaras: City of Light. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  28. ↑ Parry, J.P. (1980). "Ghosts, Greed and Sin: The Occupational Identity of the Benares Funeral Priests". Man. 15 (1): 88–111. doi:10.2307/2802004. JSTOR 2802004.
  29. ↑ "Shaktipeeth Bhairava". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  30. ↑ Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013). "Bhairava". The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ. ISBN 978-1-4008-4805-8. OCLC 859536678.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  31. ↑ Siklós, Bulcsu (1996) The Vajrabhairava tantras: Tibetan and Mongolian versions, English translation and annotations, Institute of Buddhist Studies.
  32. ↑ Kapstein, Matthew (2009) Buddhism Between Tibet and China. Wisdom Publicationsv. p. 307. ISBN 0861715810
  33. 1 2 Skorupski, Tadeusz. The Buddhist Forum. Vol. 4. pp. 186–187.
  34. ↑ Huntington, John C. and Bangdel, Dina (2003) The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art. Serindia Pubns. p. 468. ISBN 1932476016
  35. ↑ Bansal, Sunita Pant (2008). Hindu Pilgrimage: A Journey Through the Holy Places of Hindus All Over India. Pustak Mahal. ISBN 978-81-223-0997-3.
  36. ↑ Diana L. Eck (1982). Banaras: City of Light. Taylor & Francis. pp. 192–3. ISBN 0-7102-0236-9.
  37. ↑ Ul Hassan, Syed Siraj (1920). The Castes and Tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's Dominions, Vol. 1. Asian Educational Services. p. 482. ISBN 81-206-0488-1.
  38. ↑ "Hindu Bhakti". hindubhakti.blogspot.com. 27 August 2011. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  39. ↑ Dwivedi, Bhojraj (2006). Religious Basis Of Hindu Beliefs. Diamond Pocket Books. p. 172. ISBN 81-288-1239-4.
  40. ↑ Bhairava statuette Archived 30 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine in copper from 15th–16th century Nepal, in collection of Smithsonian Institution. Accessed August 11, 2007.
  41. ↑ Christ, Carol P. (1989). "Symbols of Goddess and God in Feminist Theology", in Carl Olson (Ed.) The Book of the Goddess: Past and Present. New York: Crossroads. ISBN 1577662733
  42. ↑ Dalmiya, Vrinda (2000). "Loving Paradoxes: A Feminist Reclamation of the Goddess Kali". Hypatia. 15 (1): 125–150. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2000.tb01082.x. JSTOR 3810514. S2CID 143596725.
  43. ↑ பைரவரைப் போற்றும் தேவாரப் பதிகம்
  44. ↑ பைரவர்
  45. ↑ Harper, Katherine Anne, and Brown, Robert L. (Eds) (2002). The Roots of Tantra. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  46. ↑ Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael, eds. (2012). "Hindus in Nepal". Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-1-135-18979-2.
  47. ↑ "Bhairav Temple – Lord Bhairo Baba". shaligramrudraksha.com. Archived from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  48. ↑ Chalier-Visuvalingam, Elizabeth & Sunthar Visuvalingam (2006). Bhairava in Banaras: Negotiating Sacred Space and Religious Identity. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz.

Cited sources

  • Hiltebeitel, Alf, ed. (1989). Criminal Gods and Demon Devotees: Essays on the Guardians of Popular Hinduism. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-88706-982-7.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bhairava.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.