Kamviri
کامويري Kâmviri
Native toAfghanistan, Pakistan
RegionBashgal Valley, and Southern Chitral District, Langorbat, Badrugal and the Urtsun Valley
Native speakers
20,000 (2011)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3xvi
Glottologkamv1242
Linguasphere58-ACB-ad

Kamviri (کامويري Kâmviri) is a dialect of the Kamkata-vari language spoken by 5,000 to 10,000 of the Kom people of Afghanistan and Pakistan. There are slight dialectal differences of the Kamviri speakers of Pakistan. The most used alternative names are Kati, Kamozi, Shekhani or Bashgali.

Name

The name derives from Kom [ˈkom], the ethnonym of the Kom people (pronounced in Kata-vari as Kum [ˈkum]), with the suffix viri [viˈɾi] "language, speech". Cognates of the ethnonym in other Nuristani languages include Prasuni Kâ̄ma [kaːˈmɘ] (borrowed from Kamkata-vari) and Waigali Kam [ˈkɘm].

Phonology

The inventory as described by Richard Strand.[2] In addition, there is stress.

The neutral articulatory posture, as in the reduced vowel /a/, consists of the tip of the tongue behind the lower teeth and a raised tongue root is linked with a raised larynx, producing a characteristic pitch for unstressed vowels of about an octave above the pitch of a relaxed larynx.

Consonants

Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Retroflex Post-
Alveolar		 Velar
Plosive voiceless p t ʈ k
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Affricate voiceless t͡s t͡ʂ t͡ʃ
voiced d͡z d͡ʐ d͡ʒ
Fricative voiceless (f) s ʂ ʃ (x)
voiced v z ʐ ʒ ɣ
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
Tap ɾ (ɽ)
Approximant lateral l
central ɻ j
  • Sounds [f, x, q, ɢ, ħ, ʕ, h, ʔ] are found in loanwords.
  • Between vowels, /s, ʂ, ʃ/ voice to [z, ʐ, ʒ].
  • /v/ can also be heard as bilabial [β] or a labial approximant [w].
  • For most speakers, and especially in Kombřom, /ʈ/ becomes a retroflex flap [ɽ].
  • /k/ becomes a velar tap [ɡ̆].

One suffix /ti/ voices to [di] for most speakers.

[ʈɭ, ɖɭ] are phonetic affricates.

Nasals voice a following obstruent.

Laminal consonants change a following /a/ from [ɨ] to [i].

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i y (ɨ ⟨a⟩) u
Mid e ə ⟨a⟩ o
Low a ⟨â⟩ (ɔ)

⟨a⟩ is [ː] after another vowel, [i] after a laminal consonant and after /ik, ek, iɡ, eɡ/. For some speakers, it is [u] after /uk, yk, uɡ, yɡ/. Otherwise it is [ə] or [ɨ].

Vocabulary

Pronouns

Person Nominative Accusative Genitive
1st sg. õć, õ ī̃ ĩ
pl. imo imō imo
2nd sg. tü tū tu
pl. šo šō šo

Numbers

  1. ev
  2. dü
  3. tre
  4. što
  5. puč
  6. ṣu
  7. sut
  8. uṣṭ
  9. nu
  10. duć

References

  1. ↑ Kamviri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ The Sound System of kâmvʹiri

Bibliography

  • The Kom. Retrieved July 2, 2006, from Richard F. Strand: Nuristan, Hidden Land of the Hindu-Kush .
  • Strand, Richard F. (1973). Notes on the Nūristāni and Dardic Languages. Journal of the American Oriental Society.
  • Strand, Richard F. (2022). "Ethnolinguistic and Genetic Clues to Nûristânî Origins". International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction. 19: 267–353.
Kamviri dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator


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