Kaarkaathaar
ReligionsHinduism
LanguagesTamil
CountryIndia
Populated statesTamil Nadu
RegionSouth India

Kaarkaathaar is a subcaste of Vellalar Hindu caste in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[1]

Etymology

Kaarkaathaar, (kar 'rain', and kathar, 'protector' in Tamil), signifying 'protector of rain'.[2]

History

In the years that immediately followed the Sangam age (from third to sixth century CE), the Tamil lands were ruled by a dynasty called Kalabhras.[3] Scholar and historian M. Raghava Iyengar identifies the Kalabhras with the Kalappalar section of the Vellalar and equates king Achyuta Vikranta with Achyuta Kalappala the father of Meykandar who hailed from the Kaarukaathar community.[4][5] Buddhadatta, the Pali writer who stayed in the Chola kingdom and authored Buddhist manuals refers (in the Nigamanagātha of Vinayavinicchaya, verse 3179) to his patron Achyuta Vikranta who was then (fifth century CE) ruling the Chola kingdom as Kalamba-kula nandane meaning the favourite of the Kalamba family.[6] In Pali language as in Tamil, the word Kalamba or Kalambam (in Tamil) means the Kadamba tree, the sacred totemic symbol that is associated with Tamil god Murugan.[7][8]

According to tradition, the Karkathar migrated from the Gangetic plains and over time spread over the entire macro region of present-day Tamil Nadu. According to satakams, the Pandya country was settled by these people after they had resided in the Chola country. According to historian Burton Stein, this theory is purely mythical.[9]

Historian Usha R. Vijailakshmi observes that Verse 34 of the Karmandala Satakam connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karakatha Vellalas of southern Karnataka, as follows:[10]

Gangeya Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader.

The names Bhupālar, Dhanapālar, and Gopālar[10] refer to the three subdivisions of Vaishyas. They derive from word-elements associated with each occupational sub-group. For the agriculturists, bhu is used. This refers to the earth, as with the Hindu goddess who represents earth, Bhūmi, (Sanskrit: भूमि). For the merchants, dhana signifies wealth or material goods (Sanskrit: धन्य, dhánya, 'riches') and for the cattle-herders, the element go, signifying cow (Sanskrit: गो, 'cow, domestic bovine') is employed.[11]

According to anthropologist Nicholas B. Dirks, the Pudukottai region was sparsely populated until the early Chola period. But with the beginning of the Chola era, there is strong evidence of increasing agrarian settlement, the growth of villages, institutions, the construction and expansion of temples.[12] According to the Tekkattur manuscript, the Karkathar were initially divided into Kanāttars and Kōnāttars, each of which had many exogamous sub-divisions. Kōnādu or the land of the king (Chola country) mostly consisted of the regions north of the river Vellar except for the western part of the state where it included certain regions south of the river as well. Kanādu, literally meaning the land of the forests was included in the Pandya country. The manuscript goes on to describe the decline in the position of the Karkathar after the initial golden age due to the fighting between the two branches over various issues such as land, rights to the water of the river Vellar, temples etc. and the subsequent settlement and dominance of the Maravars in the region who were initially imported from Ramnad by both branches. The copper plate inscriptions held by every Maravar community in the region indicates that the Kōnāttu vellalar were victorious in the end.[13]

According to historian Arokiaswami, the Irukkuvels of Kodumbalur who were the main allies of the Cholas from an early period were all Vellalars. According to Dirks, the local sources like palm leaf manuscripts, copper plate inscriptions and many of the origin stories also indicate that there was a relationship between the Irukkuvel family of chieftains and the Karkathar vellalar community and he says, that the Irukkuvel titles such as Vēlār as in Madurantaka Irukkuvēlār, Śembiyan Irukkuvēlār, etc. proves that the Irukkuvels were indeed Vellalar.[14][15] Stein disputes Arokiaswami's claim that the Irukkuvels were Vellalar.[14]

As founders of Saivite Mutts

Gnanasambandhar, the founder of the Saivite mutt Dharmapuram Adheenam that historically managed temples like the Thyagaraja temple at Thiruvarur hailed from this community.[16]

Distribution

Areas of Karkathar population have included:

Notable people

  • Meykanda Devar, the son of Achyuta Kalappaalar and the author of the Saivite scripture Sivagnana bodham hailed from this community.[4]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Karkathar". karkathar.com. Retrieved 25 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Rajannan, Busnagi (1992). Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu. India: Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). p. 340. ISBN 978-8-19002-880-6. Rulers of the clouds
  3. ↑ D. Devakunjari (1979). Madurai Through the Ages From the Earliest Times to 1801 A.D. Publisher: Society for Archaeological, Historical, and Epigraphical Research. p. 72.
  4. 1 2 Rajeshwari Ghose (1996). The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. 258.
  5. ↑ N. Subrahmanian (1993). Social and Cultural History of Tamilnad: To A.D. 1336. Ennes. p. 67.
  6. ↑ K. A. NILAKANTA SASTRI, M.A., Emeritus Professor of Indian History and Archaeology, University of Madras. Professor of Indology. University of Mysore. (1955). The Colas, Second Edition. G. S. Press, Madras. p. 108.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Thomas Oberlies, Richard Pischel (2001). Pāli, A Grammar of the Language of the Theravāda Tipiṭaka. Walter de Gruyter. p. 88.
  8. ↑ K. R. Srinivasan (1979). Temples of South India. National Book Trust. p. 8.
  9. ↑ Stein (1980), p. 320
  10. 1 2 Vijailakshmi, Usha R. (2010). KARMANDALA SATAKAM: POLITICO-SOCIO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF MEDIEVAL TAMIL LITERATURE ON THE VELLALA COMMUNITY OF SOUTH KARNATAKA. India: Indian History Congress. p. 430.:"The work connects the origin of the Gangas to the origin of the Karkatha Vellalas of Karnataka. Gangeya Murthaka pala was born to Lord Shiva and he had two wives; the first wife had 54 sons & the second wife had 52 sons. Out of these Bhupalar, (one who practiced Agriculture) gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders, Dhanapalar, who was into trade, gave birth to 35 Vellala leaders Gopalar, (one who herded cattle) and one Agamurthi gave birth to 1 Vellala leader."
  11. ↑ Rajannan, Busnagi (1992). Salem Cyclopedia: A Cultural and Historical Dictionary of Salem District, Tamil Nadu. India: Institute of Kongu Studies (Salem, India). p. 340. ISBN 978-8-19002-880-6. VELLALAR , Kongu. They are variously referred to as Bupaalan , Buvaisya, Dhevar, Gangavamsam, Rayar and most commonly vivasayee and kudiyaanavar.
  12. ↑ Dirks (1993), p. 139
  13. ↑ Dirks (1993), p. 140
  14. 1 2 Dirks (1993), p. 149
  15. ↑ Volume 6 of A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States, page 47, 49
  16. ↑ Rajeshwari Ghose (1996). The Tyagaraja Cult in Tamilnadu: A Study in Conflict and Accommodation. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 255, 257, 258.
  17. ↑ Mathur (1994), p. 153
  18. ↑ Baliga (1967), p. 121

Bibliography

Further reading

  • People of India: A - G. Vol. 4.
  • Social science and social concern: felicitation volume in honour of Professor B.K. Roy Burman.
  • Raghavan, M. D. Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction.
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