Kawasaki
川崎市 | |
|---|---|
| Kawasaki City | |
 Kawasaki Daishi, Tama River, Lazona Kawasaki Plaza, Musashi-Kosugi area, Todoroki Athletics Stadium, Keihin industrial area | |
 Flag  Seal | |
 Location of Kawasaki in Kanagawa Prefecture | |
  Kawasaki | |
| Coordinates: 35°31′N 139°42′E / 35.517°N 139.700°E | |
| Country | Japan |
| Region | Kantō |
| Prefecture | Kanagawa Prefecture |
| First official recorded | late 4th century |
| City Settled | July 1, 1924 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Norihiko Fukuda |
| Area | |
| • Total | 143.01 km2 (55.22 sq mi) |
| Population (January 1, 2020) | |
| • Total | 1,531,646 |
| • Density | 11,000/km2 (28,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+9 (Japan Standard Time) |
| - Tree | Camellia |
| - Flower | Azalea |
| Phone number | 044-200-2111 |
| Address | 1 Miyamoto-chō, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa-ken 210-8577 |
| Website | www |
Kawasaki (川崎市, Kawasaki-shi), [kawasaki] ⓘ; is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, one of the main cities of the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihin Industrial Area. It is the second most populated city in Kanagawa Prefecture after Yokohama, and the eighth most populated city in Japan (including the Tokyo Metropolitan Area).[1]
As of October 1, 2017, the city has an estimated population of 1,503,690, with 716,470 households,[1] and a population density of 10,000 persons per km2. Kawasaki is the only city in Japan with more than one million inhabitants that is not a prefectural capital. The total area is 142.70 km2 (55.10 sq mi).
History
Prehistoric and Ancient era
Archaeological evidence from the Japanese Paleolithic and Jōmon period can only be found in the northwest Tama Hills. The course of the Tama and the coast of the Bay of Tokyo have also changed in historical times, so that large parts of the urban area are geologically young.
Classical era
Nara period to the Sengoku period
With the introduction of the Ritsuryō legal system, the area came to the Musashi Province in the 7th century. In the Nara period, the center of the Tachibana district was probably in the area of today's Takatsu district. Since the Heian period, the domain of the Inage clan has expanded here. Around the Heiken-ji Buddhist temple (better known as Kawasaki-Daishi), founded in 1128, a monzen-machi, a busy district for the supply of pilgrims, soon emerged. Between the Kamakura period and Sengoku period, smaller feudal lords ruled the area until it finally came under the control of the Later Hōjō clan.
Early Modern
In 1611, Koizumi Jidayū had Nikaryō Yōsui built, a canal system on the right bank of the Tama for irrigating the fields, which in some cases still runs through the densely built-up city. On the long-distance Kaidō roads Tōkaidō and Nakaharakaidō built by Edo-Bakufu, stations were built in the area of what would later become Kawasaki, which increased its importance. The Kawasaki station (Kawasaki-juku, near today's Kawasaki station) on the Tōkaidō was not officially recognized until 1623 as the last of the 53 Tōkaidō stations. The Bakufu let the bridges over the Tama collapse and there were ferry connections to nearby Edo in several places in today's Kawasaki, which laid the foundation for the development of the city.
- Gallery
Old building in the "Kura-zukuri" style on Oyama Kaido street
Rokugō no Watashi in the 1860s photographed by Felice Beato
Ferry Boat Crossing the Rokugo River
Modern
The rapid urbanization of the area, which continues to this day, began in the Meiji and Taishō eras. In 1872, Kawasaki Station was established on the Tōkaidō Main Line which was Japan's first railway line. In 1889, the city (machi) Kawasaki in the district (gun) Tachibana was created according to the Japanese municipal system introduced the year before. In 1912 the border between Kanagawa and Tokyo prefectures was established as the Tama River. On July 1, 1924, the independent city (shi-) of Kawasaki with 48,394 inhabitants was formed through a merger with the city of Daishi (formerly Daishigawara) and the village of Miyuki.[2]
World War II
As part of World War II, the city was bombed three times by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) between April 1945 and July 1945. The most serious attack was an area bombing with Napalm bombs on April 15, 1945. The attacks destroyed around 35% of the urban area and claimed 1,520 dead and 8,759 injured. The attacks burned down 9.3 km2 of the city (see Bombing of Tokyo).
Contemporary period
Shōwa era (1945–1989)
On April 15, 1945, large parts of the area around the train station and the industrial area at the port were destroyed by air raids. Since the 1950s, residential areas for commuters have been created in the northeastern part of the city, which are connected directly to the centers of Tokyo by new railway lines. On April 1, 1972, Kawasaki became a decree-designated city (seirei shitei toshi) with 5 districts. 1973[2] the population exceeded the million mark. In 1982 the new districts of Miyamae and Asao were created by splitting off from the districts of Takatsu and Tama. In the course of deindustrialization, industrial areas have recently been increasingly converted into residential areas (mostly Multi-family residential), so that a further increase in population density can be expected.
Geography
Climate
According, to the Köppen Climate Classification, it is a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).
| Climate data for Kawasaki (1991-2021 for everything apart from Sun Hours which is 1999-2019) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) |
9.4 (48.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
16.9 (62.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
20.8 (69.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11.1 (52.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.8 (40.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
8.8 (47.8) |
13.6 (56.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
21.4 (70.5) |
25.1 (77.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
17.9 (64.2) |
12.6 (54.7) |
7.5 (45.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.3 (41.5) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.3 (59.5) |
19.2 (66.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
24.2 (75.6) |
21.0 (69.8) |
15.5 (59.9) |
9.8 (49.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
12.7 (54.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 75 (3.0) |
79 (3.1) |
125 (4.9) |
117 (4.6) |
132 (5.2) |
165 (6.5) |
137 (5.4) |
112 (4.4) |
189 (7.4) |
206 (8.1) |
106 (4.2) |
65 (2.6) |
1,508 (59.4) |
| Average precipitation days | 5 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 7 | 5 | 97 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 66 | 68 | 68 | 73 | 77 | 83 | 84 | 81 | 80 | 77 | 75 | 69 | 75 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.2 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.4 | 9.2 | 8.8 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 6.8 | 7.9 |
| Source: [3] | |||||||||||||
Location
Kawasaki is located on the right bank of the Tama River, which flows into the Tokyo Bay here. The city lies like a narrow band between Tokyo in the northeast and Yokohama in the southwest. The city connects the two major cities and is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the largest and most densely populated urban areas in the world.
The eastern area along the coast of Tokyo Bay is a densely populated industrial zone, part of the Keihin Industrial Zone. In contrast, the western districts in the Tama Hills consist largely of residential areas for commuters in the Tokyo / Yokohama region.
Wards
Kawasaki has seven wards (ku):
| Name | Color | Map of Kawasaki | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rōmaji | Kanji | |||
| 1 | Asao-ku | 麻生区 | Leaf green | |
| 2 | Kawasaki-ku (administrative center) |
川崎区 | Lime green | |
| 3 | Miyamae-ku | 宮前区 | Orange | |
| 4 | Nakahara-ku | 中原区 | Blue | |
| 5 | Saiwai-ku | 幸区 | Teal | |
| 6 | Takatsu-ku | 高津区 | Purple | |
| 7 | Tama-ku | 多摩区 | Pink | |
Adjacent cities and towns
In the northeast, Kawasaki borders the Special wards of Tokyo (starting at Tokyo Bay) Ōta and Setagaya, in the northwest the cities (-shi) belonging to Tokyo Prefecture (-shi) Komae, Chofu, Machida, Inagi, Tama enclose the place. The opposite southwest side is entirely occupied by the districts of Tsurumi, Kōhoku, Tsuzuki and Aoba in the city of Yokohama. With the completion of the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line, the city of Kisarazu, located on the opposite side of the Tokyo Bay in Chiba Prefecture, also became a neighbor in December 1997.
Water
Two rivers cross the urban area. The Tama unites with the tributaries Misawa, Yamashita, Gotanda, Nikaryō main river and Hirase; Katahira, Asao, Shimpukuji, Arima, E, Shibu and Yagami flow into the Tsurumi.
The land on the coast of the city is crossed by a network of canals (Tama Canal, Suehiro Canal, Chidori Canal, Yakō Canal, Daishi Canal, Mizue Canal, Shiohama Canal, Iriesaki Canal, Asano Canal, Ikegami Canal, Minami-Watarida Canal, Tanabe Canal, Shiraishi Canal and the Sakai Canal). In addition, the historic Nikaryō Yōsui canal still exists in the hinterland.
Demographics
Per Japanese census data,[4] the population of Kawasaki has seen sustained growth over the past 70 years.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1940 | 300,777 | — |
| 1945 | 252,923 | −15.9% |
| 1950 | 319,226 | +26.2% |
| 1960 | 445,520 | +39.6% |
| 1965 | 632,975 | +42.1% |
| 1970 | 854,866 | +35.1% |
| 1975 | 973,497 | +13.9% |
| 1980 | 1,014,951 | +4.3% |
| 1985 | 1,088,624 | +7.3% |
| 1990 | 1,173,603 | +7.8% |
| 1995 | 1,202,820 | +2.5% |
| 2000 | 1,249,905 | +3.9% |
| 2005 | 1,327,011 | +6.2% |
| 2010 | 1,425,678 | +7.4% |
| 2015 | 1,475,213 | +3.5% |
| 2020 | 1,538,262 | +4.3% |
Politics and government
Kawasaki is governed by Mayor Norihiko Fukuda, an independent elected on 27 October 2013.[5] The city assembly has 63 elected members. Mayor Fukuda was re-elected to a second term in office on 22 October 2017 with support from LDP and Kōmeitō against former municipal MP Akiko Yoshizawa and KPJ-supported former primary school teacher Hirokazu Ichiko.[6][7]
The 60-member city parliament of Kawasaki was re-elected in the unified elections in April 2019. The LDP remained the strongest with 19 seats.[8]
Kawasaki was in June 2008 the second Japanese "government-designated city" (seirei shitei toshi) after Hiroshima, which allowed foreigners to participate in municipal referendums.[9]
In the 105-member prefectural parliament of Kanagawa, the districts of Kawasaki used as constituencies together choose 18 deputies.[10]
For the House of Representatives (Japan), Kawasaki comprises the constituencies Kanagawa 9 (in the west), 10 (in the east) and 18 (in the middle). In the 2017 election, these went unchanged to Liberal Democrats Kazunori Tanaka and Daishirō Yamagiwa and ex-Democrat Hirofumi Ryū for the Kibō no Tō (Party of Hope, later to the Mirai Nippon faction).
Elections
List of mayors of Kawasaki (from 1924)
| # | Name | Entered office | Left office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Taisuke Ishii (石井泰助) | October 18, 1924 | March 2, 1929 |
| 2 | Kahei Shundo (春藤嘉平) | March 11, 1929 | November 11, 1930 |
| 3 | Fumisuke Kudara (百済文輔) | August 22, 1931 | June 27, 1932 |
| 4 | Shigeharu Nakaya (中屋重治) | August 13, 1932 | March 27, 1935 |
| 5 | Ichiro Shibatsuji (芝辻一郎) | September 14, 1935 | September 13, 1939 |
| 6 | Hachiro Murai (村井八郎) | May 13, 1940 | May 12, 1944 |
| 7 | Kiyoo Ebe (江辺清夫) | May 23, 1944 | June 10, 1946 |
| 8-14 | Fujitaro Kanasashi (金刺不二太郎) | August 1, 1946 | April 29, 1971 |
| 15-19 | Saburo Itoh (伊藤三郎) | April 30, 1971 | October 18, 1989 |
| 20-22 | Kiyoshi Takahashi (高橋清) | November 20, 1989 | November 18, 2001 |
| 23-25 | Takao Abe (阿部孝夫) | November 19, 2001 | November 18, 2013 |
| 26-27 | Norihiko Fukuda (福田紀彦) | November 19, 2013 | Present |
Sports
Facilities
Baseball
- Kawasaki Stadium: Located in Kawasaki-ku. Opened in 1952, and was used as a home field for professional baseball teams (see below) from 1954 to 1991. The stands were taken down in 2001, and is currently used for American football games and other events in addition to baseball.
- Kawasaki Todoroki Baseball Stadium: Located in Nakahara-ku. Maximum capacity of 5,000 people. Used for preliminary rounds of high school baseball and American football games.
Field athletics & football
- Todoroki Athletics Stadium: Located in Nakahara-ku. Maximum capacity of 25,000 people. Opened in 1964, the stadium underwent several renovations before becoming the home field for the Kawasaki Frontale. Also used frequently for track & field competitions.
Indoor facilities
- Kawasaki Prefectural Gymnasium: Located in Kawasaki-ku. Opened in 1956, and is used for Puroresu matches. 20 minutes walking distance from Kawasaki Station's east entrance.
- Kawasaki Todoroki Arena: Located in Nakahara-ku. International field athletics and volleyball matches are held here, in addition to various musical concerts, and becoming the home for the Kawasaki Brave Thunders.
Cycling & horseracing
- Velodrome: Kawasaki Velodrome[11]
- Kawasaki Keiba[12]
Economy
Fujitsu's Main Branch is located in Nakahara-ku.[13] It was formerly Fujitsu's headquarters.[14]
Kawasaki has several factories and development bases of the companies of heavy industry (e.g., JFE Group, Nippon Oil Corporation) and high technology (Fujitsu, NEC Corporation, Toshiba, Dell Japan and Sigma Corporation[15]).
Culture and sights
Temples and shrines
- Kawasaki Daishi (Heiken-ji). A Buddhist temple in the Kawasaki district. It is the second most visited temple in the Kantō region
- Mikawari Fudō shrine
- Shinkō Temple (Shinkō-ji) in the spring and autumn garden (Shunjū-en)
- Kotohira Shrine (Kotohira-jinja)
- Takaishi Shrine (Takaishi-jinja)
- Jōraku Temple (Jōraku-ji)
- Tenshōkō daijin shrine (Tenshōkō daijin)
- Kanayama Shrine: Site of the annual Kanamara Matsuri (Festival Of The Steel Phallus).
Museums and galleries
- Nihon Minka-en Open Air Museum (Tama District): with minka traditional farmhouses from different regions of Japan.
- Railway and bus museum
- Toshiba Museum
- Kawasaki City Museum
- Taro Okamoto Museum of Art
- Fujiko F. Fujio Museum: also known as Doraemon museum, opened on September 3, 2011, in Tama-ku Ward.[16][17]
Music
- Myūza Kawasaki Symphonic Hall - home of the Tokyo Symphony Orchestra
- CLUB CITTA
- Yomiuri-Land EAST (Open Air Music Theater)
Recreational facilities
- Kawasaki Racecourse
- Keirin cycle track Kawasaki
- Kawasaki Marien (leisure center)
- Yomiuri Land
Parks
- Ikuta green space (Ikuta ryokuchi)
- Todoroki Ryokuchi: athletic park
- Yumemigasaki Zoo (Yumemigasaki dōbutsu kōen)
Regular events
- Daruma market in Shimo-Asao
- Tamagawa fireworks display
- Sannō festival at the Inage shrine
- Shin-Yuri art festival
- Kawasaki Citizens' Festival
- Kawasaki fantasy night
- Kawasaki Robot Congress
- In Unity
- Kanamara Matsuri
Places of interest
- Nakagawa stable: stable of professional sumo wrestler
- Kawasaki Warehouse: An amusement arcade whose aesthetic is inspired by the Kowloon Walled City.[18]
- Koreatown: eastern Kawasaki has the second largest concentration of Koreans in Japan, after Osaka. In 1997 it became the first municipality to allow non-Japanese nationals to take civil service employment.
Transportation
Railway stations
- ■ East Japan Railway Company
- ■ Tōkaidō Main Line
- - Kawasaki -
- ■ Keihin-Tōhoku Line
- - Kawasaki -
- ■ Nambu Line
- Main Line : Kawasaki - Shitte - Yakō (Yakō Station is in Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama) - Kashimada - Hirama - Mukaigawara - Musashi-Kosugi - Musashi-Nakahara - Musashi-Shinjō - Musashi-Mizonokuchi - Tsudayama - Kuji - Shukugawara - Noborito - Nakanoshima - Inadazutsumi -
- Branch Line : Shitte - Hatchōnawate - Kawasaki-Shinmachi - Hama-Kawasaki
- ■ Tsurumi Line
- Main Line : - Musashi-Shiraishi - Hama-Kawasaki - Shōwa - Ōgimachi
- Ōkawa Branch : - Ōkawa
- ■ Yokosuka Line, Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
- - Musashi-Kosugi - Shin-Kawasaki -
- ■ Odakyu Electric Railway
- ■ Odakyū Line
- - Noborito - Mukōgaoka-Yūen - Ikuta - Yomiuri-Land-mae - Yurigaoka - Shin-Yurigaoka - Kakio
- ■ Tama Line
- Shin-Yurigaoka - Satsukidai - Kurihira - Kurokawa - Haruhino -
- ■ Keio Corporation
- ■ Sagamihara Line
- - Keiō-Inadazutsumi - Keiō-Yomiuri-Land - Inagi (Keiō-Yomiuri-Land Station and Inagi Station are in Inagi, Tokyo.) - Wakabadai
- ■ Keikyu Corporation
- ■ Keikyū Main Line
- - Hatchōnawate - Keikyū Kawasaki -
- ■ Daishi Line
- Keikyū Kawasaki - Minatochō - Suzukichō - Kawasaki-Daishi - Higashi-Monzen - Daishibashi - Kojimashinden
- ■ Tokyu Corporation
- ■ Tōyoko Line
- - Shin-Maruko - Musashi-Kosugi - Motosumiyoshi -
- ■ Meguro Line
- - Shin-Maruko - Musashi-Kosugi - Motosumiyoshi -
- ■ Den-en-toshi Line
- - Futako-Shinchi - Takatsu - Mizonokuchi - Kajigaya - Miyazakidai - Miyamaedaira - Saginuma -
- ■ Ōimachi Line
- - Futako-Shinchi - Takatsu - Mizonokuchi
Highways
- Expressway
- Tōmei Expressway is a north-south expressway running from Tokyo to Nagoya and in central area. Tōmei-Kawasaki Interchange is served from Kawasaki.
- Daisan Keihin Road is a north-south expressway running from Tokyo to Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama and in central area. Keihin-Kawasaki Interchange is served from Kawasaki.
- Shuto Expressway Route K1 (Yokohane Route) is a north-south expressway running from Shuto Expressway Route 1 to Shuto Expressway Route K3 (Kariba Route) and in southern area. Daishi Interchange, Hama-Kawasaki Interchange, and Asada Interchange are served from Kawasaki.
- Bayshore Route is a north-south expressway running from Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama to Ichikawa, Chiba and in southern area. Ukishima Interchange and Higashi-Ōgishima Interchange are served from Kawasaki.
- Shuto Expressway Route K6 (Kawasaki Route) is an expressway in southern area. Daishi Interchange, Tonomachi Interchange, and Ukishima Interchange are served from Kawasaki.
- Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line is an expressway across Tokyo Bay from Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki to Kisarazu, Chiba. Ukishima Interchange is served from Kawasaki.
- National Route
- National Route 1 and 15 are north-south highways running in southern area. Due to elongated territory from east to west, these highways run short length in Kawasaki.
- Japan National Route 246 is a north-south highways running in central area. It also runs short length in Kawasaki.
- Japan National Route 132 is short highway running in southern area. It bounds National Route 15 and port of kawasaki.
- Japan National Route 357 is an industrial highway in southern area. It runs only in Higashi-Ōgishima Island in Kawasaki.
- Japan National Route 409 is a highway running from Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki to Narita, Chiba. It bounds central area and downtown area in Kawasaki.
International relations
Twin cities
Kawasaki is twinned with the following cities in Japan and worldwide.
Domestic friendship cities
Fujimi, Nagano (since April 22, 1993)
Naha, Okinawa (since May 20, 1996)
Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (since July 9, 1992)
International
Baltimore, Maryland, United States (since June 14, 1979)[19]
Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province, Vietnam (since September 15, 2012)
Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea (since October 21, 1996)
Lübeck, Germany (since May 12, 1992)- Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States (since June 20, 1993)
Rijeka, Croatia (since June 23, 1977)
Salzburg, Austria (since April 17, 1992)
Sheffield, United Kingdom (since July 30, 1990)
Shenyang, Liaoning, China, since (August 18, 1981).svg.png.webp)
Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (since May 18, 1988)
Friendship ports
- Da Nang, Vietnam, since January 24, 1994
Notable people from Kawasaki
- Koji Doi, professional wrestler
- Tomohiro Ishii, professional wrestler
- Osamu Kido, professional wrestler
- Kaoru Mitoma, footballer
- Michael Nakazawa, professional wrestler
- Hajime Ohara, professional wrestler
- Natsuki Taiyo, professional wrestler
- Kazuhiro Tamura, professional wrestler
- Ao Tanaka, footballer
- Natsuko Tora, professional wrestler
References
- 1 2 "Population News of Major Cities". Statistical Information Division, Policy Bureau, City of Yokohama. September 1, 2015. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- 1 2 Stadt Kawasaki: Profil, 8. HISTORY einfach (Zeittafel zur Stadtgeschichte)
- ↑ "Kawasaki climate: Weather Kawasaki & temperature by month". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved January 5, 2024.
- ↑ Kawasaki population statistics (1995-2020)
- ↑ "Suga downplays LDP loss in Kawasaki poll". October 28, 2013.
- ↑ 【川崎市長選】川崎市長選 現職の福田紀彦氏当確. October 22, 2017.
- ↑ "Kobe, Kawasaki mayors re-elected - The Mainichi". Archived from the original on October 24, 2017.
- ↑ 統一地方選2019 川崎市議選 各党議席. NHK Senkyo Web (in Japanese). April 8, 2019.
- ↑ http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20080620a4.html
- ↑ Präfektur Kanagawa, Präfekturparlament: Abgeordnete nach Wahlkreis, retrieved 22 May 2019.
- ↑ Kawasaki Keirin
- ↑ "Kawasaki Keiba". Archived from the original on September 16, 2007. Retrieved September 5, 2007.
- ↑ "Contact." Fujitsu. Retrieved on February 4, 2009.
- ↑ "Company Profile." Fujitsu. January 19, 1998. Retrieved on May 19, 2009.
- ↑ "Company Summary." Sigma Corporation. Retrieved on September 28, 2015.
- ↑ "fujiko-museum". fujiko-museum. Archived from the original on 18 September 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ↑ "Anime star Doraemon to have own museum". The Independent. August 29, 2011. Archived from the original on December 7, 2012.
- ↑ "Arcade brings Kowloon Walled City back from the dead ... in Japan". South China Morning Post. October 1, 2013.
- ↑ "Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs - Sister Cities Program". Archived from the original on August 7, 2008. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
External links
Kawasaki travel guide from Wikivoyage
Geographic data related to Kawasaki, Kanagawa at OpenStreetMap- Official website
(in Japanese)
