Qırmızı Qəsəbə
Красная Слобода
העיר האדומה‎
Municipality
Six Dome Synagogue
Six Dome Synagogue
Location of the village of Qırmızı Qəsəbə within the Republic of Azerbaijan
Location of the village of Qırmızı Qəsəbə within the Republic of Azerbaijan
Qırmızı Qəsəbə
Coordinates: 41°22′25″N 48°30′38″E / 41.37361°N 48.51056°E / 41.37361; 48.51056
Country Azerbaijan
DistrictQuba
Population
 (2010)[1]
 • Total3,598
Time zoneUTC+4:00 (AZT)

Qırmızı Qəsəbə (Azerbaijani pronunciation: [ɡɯɾmɯˈzɯ ɡæsæˈbæ]), translated as "Red Town" (Russian: Красная Слобода, romanized: Krasnaya Sloboda; Hebrew: העיר האדומה‎, ha-'Ir ha-'Adumá), is a village and municipality in the Quba District of Azerbaijan. As of 2010, it had a population of 3,598, mostly Jews. It is widely believed to be the world's only population centre exclusively made up of Jewish people outside of Israel and the United States,[2][3][4] and is likewise considered to be the last surviving shtetl.[5][6]

Located across the Qudyal river from the city of Quba, it is the principal settlement of Azerbaijan's Caucasus Jewish population;[7] the most widely spoken language in the village is Judeo-Tat.

The names of the municipality in Azerbaijani, Russian, and Hebrew all translate to "Red Town" or "Red Village" supposedly in reference to the red tiles used on the buildings.[8] Other sources attribute the name of Qırmızı Qəsəbə to the protected status that it received during World War II, when its residents were shielded from potential persecution in light of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union.[9]

History

View of Qırmızı Qəsəbə from the bridge
Inside a renovated "Giləki" (Hilaki) Synagogue[10]
Street in Red Town

Jews in Quba and Azerbaijan

The first Jewish settlement in the area was named "Kulgat" on the left bank of the Gudjalchay, just a few kilometers from present day Qırmızı Qəsəbə. The old gravestones in the Kulgat area and other evidence that had been partially destroyed during the attacks of Nadir Shah in the early 18th century prove that the Jews had lived here.

Jewish town across from Quba

While the highland Jews had been in the area around Quba since at least the 13th century, the formal creation of Krasnaya Sloboda is traced back to the 18th century. In 1742 the Khan of Quba, Huseynali Khan, gave the Jews permission to set up a community free of persecution across the river from the city of Quba.[11] Originally referred to as Yevreyskaya Sloboda "Jewish Settlement", the name was changed to Krasnaya Sloboda "Red Settlement" under Soviet rule.

The massive settlement in the Red Town began in 1731. After the death of Huseynali Khan in 1758, his son Fatali Khan was the ruler of the Quba Khanate. Fatali Khan, highly appreciating the loyalty, wisdom, and industriousness of the Mountain Jews, gave them a great opportunity for engaging in agriculture, gardening, trade, and crafts. Favorable living conditions created for Jews in Quba caused the relocation of Jews from other villages, such as Qusar, Uçgün, Şuduq, Griz, and even from Baku, Iran, Turkey and other places to Quba.

The Jews who moved here had previously lived in nine disparate settlements. Jews from Gilan moved to the settlement in the 1780s. The Gilaki settlement of the Gilani Jews located in the center of the Red settlement. People coming from Baku and Quba lived in the settlement of Mizrahi (Hebrew: "East"). Migration from different locations influenced the diversity of employment. For example, Jews moving from mountainous regions were engaged in various agricultural fields, and people who immigrated from Iran were engaged in trade.

Finally, Mountain Jews who escaped attacks and persecutions joined the shelter of heading Husseynanli Khan in Quba. The Quba Khanate, in development during the rule of Hussein Khan (1722–1758) and his son Fatali Khan (1758–1789), consist of the northern lands of Azerbaijan to Lankaran. Since 1722, Mountain Jews have settled in the territory of Gudyalchay.[12]

Among Russian Jews, the town once was known as "little Jerusalem".[6]

The town has had an influx of financial support from relatives living in Israel and features a new synagogue, the Bet Knesset.[13] However, after Azerbaijan's independence in 1991, many residents emigrated to Israel, the United States, and Europe, and the population dropped from the roughly 18,000 that lived there during the communist era.[14]

Demographics

Initially spread throughout the mountainous region, the Jewish population of the highlands became increasingly centered around Quba.[9]

In 1881, 213,138 Jewish people were officially registered in 34 settlements of the Caucasus. Over the past hundred years, along with Mountain Jews, Jews from other ethnolinguistic groups or such defined by their region of origin also lived in Azerbaijan: Ashkenazi Jews, Krymchaks, Kurdish Jews, and Georgian Jews. However, since the 19th century, the majority of the Jewish population of the republic consists of Mountain Jews.[15][16]

Jewish religious practices

Two synagogues exist in Qırmızı Qəsəbə: the Six Dome Synagogue which was built in 1888 and renovated in 2000,[17] and "Giləki" (Hilaki) synagogue which was built in 1896 and renovated recently.[10]

Residents speak in three languages: Judeo-Tat, spoken by Mountain Jews in daily life, Russian and Azeri. One of the two schools here is taught in Azeri or Russian.[8]

Notable residents

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ "Azerbaïdjan". populationdata.net.
  2. ↑ Barkat, Amiram (29 September 2006). "The Village People". Haaretz. Retrieved 1 April 2018. Tucked away in the mountains of Azerbaijan is the world's only wholly Jewish town outside of Israel
  3. ↑ Gould, Kevin (July 14, 2011). "It's an all-Jewish town, but no, it's not in Israel". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  4. ↑ "Hasidic Jews in upstate New York". The Economist. November 2, 2017. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Eating with the Mountain Jews of Azerbaijan". Food52.com. 10 January 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  6. 1 2 "Jewish shtetl in Azerbaijan survives amid Muslim majority". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  7. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 124. ISBN 978-1610690188.
  8. 1 2 "Azerbaijan's Jewish enclave".
  9. 1 2 "Krasnaya Sloboda (Qırmızı QƏsƏbƏ)". AtlasObscura.com. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  10. 1 2 "Qırmızı qəsəbə "Giləki" sinaqoqu". scwra.gov.az. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  11. ↑ "Jerusalem of the Caucasus". Visions of Azerbaijan Magazine. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
  12. ↑ "Krasnaya Sloboda". azerb.com.
  13. ↑ "It's an all-Jewish town, but no, it's not in Israel". www.thejc.com.
  14. ↑ Roland S. Süssmann (Spring 2007). "Journey into the Unreal". www.shalom-magazine.com. Shalom: The European Jewish Times. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  15. ↑ "Krasnaya Sloboda – unique settlement of Jews in Azerbaijan". azernews.az. 2 June 2014.
  16. ↑ "Azerbaijan Virtual Jewish History Tour". jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  17. ↑ "Qırmızı qəsəbə "Altı günbəz" sinaqoqu". scwra.gov.az. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  18. ↑ "God Nisanov WJC Vice-President". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  19. ↑ "German Zakharyaev: "I overcome obstacles and sadness in life over praying to God"". Jewish Business News. 24 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2017.

Sources

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