Tonya Harding
Harding at a Portland, Oregon reception shortly after the 1994 Winter Olympics
Full nameTonya Maxene Price
BornTonya Maxene Harding[1]
(1970-11-12) November 12, 1970
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Height5 ft 1 in (1.55 m)
Figure skating career
Country United States
Coach
  • Diane Rawlinson (1973–1989; 1992–1994)
  • Dody Teachman (1989–1992)
Medal record
Representing the USA
Ladies' Figure skating
World Championships
Silver medal – second place 1991 MunichLadies' singles

Tonya Maxene Price (née Harding; born November 12, 1970) is an American former figure skater, retired boxer, and reality television personality.

Born in Portland, Oregon, Harding was raised by her mother, who enrolled her in ice skating lessons at 3 years old. Harding spent much of her early life training, eventually dropping out of high school to devote her time to the sport. After climbing the ranks in the U.S. Figure Skating Championships between 1986 and 1989, Harding won the 1989 Skate America competition. She was the 1991 and 1994 U.S. champion, and 1991 World silver medalist. In 1991, she became the first American woman and the second woman in history (after Midori Ito) to successfully land a triple Axel in an international competition. Harding is a two-time Olympian and a two-time Skate America Champion.

In January 1994, Harding became embroiled in controversy when her ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, orchestrated an attack on her fellow U.S. skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. On March 16, 1994, Harding accepted a plea bargain in which she pled guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution. As a result of her involvement in the aftermath of the assault, the United States Figure Skating Association banned her for life on June 30, 1994; she was stripped of her 1994 title.

From 2003 to 2004, Harding competed as a professional boxer. Her life has been the subject of many books, films, documentaries, and academic studies. In 2014, two television documentaries were made about Harding's life and skating career (Nancy & Tonya and The Price of Gold), inspiring Steven Rogers to write the film I, Tonya in 2017, in which Harding was portrayed by Australian actress Margot Robbie. In 2018, she was a contestant on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars, finishing in third place. In 2019, she won season 16 of Worst Cooks in America: Celebrity Edition.

Early life

Ice Chalet at Portland's Lloyd Center, where Harding began skating at age four

Tonya Maxene Harding was born November 12, 1970, in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940) and Albert Harding (1933–2009).[2] During Harding's youth, her father held various odd jobs (managed apartments, drove a truck, and worked at a bait & tackle store), yet was often underemployed due to poor health.[3] She was raised in East Portland and began skating at age three, training with coach Diane Rawlinson. Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned auto mechanics from her father. LaVona struggled to support the family while working as a waitress and hand-sewed her daughter's skating costumes to save money.[4] Harding's parents divorced after 19 years of marriage in 1987, when she was 16.[5] She dropped out of David Douglas High School during her sophomore year to focus on skating; she earned a General Educational Development (GED) Certificate in 1988.[6]

Harding claimed she was frequently abused by her mother. She stated that by the time she was seven years old, physical and psychological abuse had become a regular part of her life. LaVona admitted to one instance of hitting Harding at an ice rink.[7] In January 2018, Harding's childhood friend and filmmaker, Sandra Luckow, spoke in defense of Harding's mother because she felt that the 2017 film I, Tonya stretched some truths about LaVona's character. Luckow said that although Harding's mother could be "egregious" towards her daughter, LaVona funded and appreciated Harding's skating lessons and had "a huge amount of humanity".[8]

In Harding's 2008 authorized biography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews with Harding), she said she was the victim of acquaintance rape in 1991[9] and that her half-brother, Chris Davison, molested her on several occasions when she was a child. In 1986, Harding called the police after Davison had been sexually harassing and terrorizing her. He was arrested and spent a short time in prison. Harding said her parents were in denial about Davison's behavior and told her not to press criminal charges against him. Davison was killed in an unsolved vehicular hit-and-run accident in 1988.[10][11] On May 3, 1994, during an interview with Rolonda Watts, Harding said that Davison was the only person in her life unworthy of forgiveness and "the only person I've ever hated."[12]

Skating career

Harding trained as a figure skater throughout her youth with coach Diane Rawlinson. In the mid-1980s, she began working her way up the competitive skating ladder. She placed sixth at the 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, fifth in 1987 and 1988, and third in 1989. After competing in the February 1989 Nationals Championship, Harding began training with Dody Teachman.[13] She then won the October 1989 Skate America competition, and was considered a strong contender at the February 1990 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. However, she was experiencing the flu and asthma and had a poor free skate. After the original program, she dropped from second place and finished seventh.[14] Harding's breakthrough year came in 1991 when, at the U.S. Championships, she completed her first triple Axel in competition on February 16 – the first American woman to do so.[15] She landed seven triple jumps in the long program including the Axel.[16] She won the 1991 U.S. Ladies' Singles title with the event's first 6.0 technical merit score since Janet Lynn's 1973 performance at the U.S. Championships.[17] She won the long program when seven of the nine judges gave her first place.[18] She scored eight 5.9s and one 6.0 for technical merit and six 5.9s, one 5.8, and two 5.7s for composition and style.[18] At the March 1991 World Championships, she again completed the triple Axel. Harding would finish second behind Kristi Yamaguchi and in front of Nancy Kerrigan, marking the first time one country swept the ladies' medal podium at the World Figure Skating Championships.[19]

At the September 1991 Skate America competition, Harding recorded three more firsts:

  • The first ever woman to complete a triple Axel in the short program
  • The first woman ever to successfully execute two triple Axels in a single competition
  • The first ever to complete a triple Axel in combination (with the double toe loop)

Despite these record-breaking performances, after 1991, Harding was never again able to successfully complete the triple Axel in competition; her competitive results began to decline. She and Dody Teachman had briefly parted ways in April 1991, but had reunited in June;[20] Harding was still training under Teachman for the upcoming 1992 season.[21] She placed third in the January 1992 U.S. Figure Skating Championships despite twisting her ankle during practice, and finished fourth in the February 1992 Winter Olympics. On March 1, 1992, Harding gave Teachman a summary dismissal and returned to Diane Rawlinson to be coached by her.[13][22] On March 29, Harding placed sixth in the 1992 World Championships, although she had a better placement at the November 1992 Skate Canada International event finishing fourth.[23][24]

In January 1994, Harding won the U.S. Championships, but was later stripped of her title: the USFSA disciplinary panel voted to vacate the title in June 1994, following an investigation of the attack on Nancy Kerrigan. In February 1994, Harding was permitted to remain a member of the U.S. Olympic ice skating team, despite brief legal controversy.[25][26] At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, after an issue with a broken skate lace in the long program, she was given a re-skate by the judges and finished in eighth place, behind Oksana Baiul (gold) and Nancy Kerrigan (silver).[27] Despite her USFSA ban, however, she did later compete at the professional level, placing second at the ESPN Pro Skating Championship in 1999.[28]

Competitive highlights

International
Event[29] 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94
Winter Olympics4th8th
World Championships2nd6thWD
Skate America2nd1st1st3rd
Skate Canada International4th
Nations Cup1st
NHK Trophy3rd2nd4th
Prize of Moscow News[30]1st
National
U.S. Championships[31][32]6th5th5th3rd7th1st3rd4th1st[lower-alpha 1]
U.S. Olympic Festival[32]5th3rd2nd
  1. In June 1994, Claire Ferguson, the President of the USFSA, voted to strip Harding of her 1994 title. However, the competition results were not changed and the title was left vacant rather than moving all the other competitors up one position.[33]

Nancy Kerrigan

On January 6, 1994, one day before the U.S. Figure Skating Championship first Ladies' Singles competition, Nancy Kerrigan was attacked in a corridor after a practice session at the Detroit Cobo Arena. The aftermath of the attack was recorded on a news camera and broadcast around the world. The assailant was Shane Stant, contracted to break her right knee; he turned himself in to the FBI in Phoenix on January 14.[34] Stant and his uncle, Derrick Smith, were hired for this assault by Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and her bodyguard Shawn Eckardt.[35] After failing to find Kerrigan in Massachusetts, Stant had taken a 20-hour bus trip to Detroit.[36] Nancy Kerrigan was walking behind a curtain when Stant rushed behind her. Using both hands, he swung a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP telescopic baton at her right leg, striking above her knee. The attack was intended to seriously injure Kerrigan so that she could not compete in the Nationals (Kerrigan was the defending 1993 Champion) nor the Winter Olympics. Kerrigan's leg was not broken but severely bruised, forcing her to withdraw from the Championships and forgo competing to retain the U.S. Ladies' title.[37] On January 8, Harding won the U.S. title; she and Kerrigan were then both selected for the 1994 Olympic team.[36]

KOIN-TV interview, Eckardt and Smith arrests, USFSA comments

On January 11, Harding was interviewed for KOIN-TV in Portland, Oregon. Harding was asked whether someone she knew could have planned the attack. Harding replied, "I have definitely thought about it." Gillooly stood in her view behind the camera during the interview. The interview ended with Harding saying, "No one controls my life but me...if there's something in there that I don't like, I'm going to change it."[38][39][40] Harding also confirmed she had spoken with FBI agents in Detroit and again in Portland.[41] On January 13, Eckardt and Smith were arrested.[42][43] On January 14, the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) made a statement on whether Eckardt's arrest affected Harding's Olympic placement: "We will deal only with the facts."[44][45] Harding's and Gillooly's separate lawyers confirmed the couple were in daily contact and cooperation with law enforcement.[46] On January 15, Harding and Gillooly spoke with reporters, but declined to comment about the investigation.[47] On January 16, Harding's lawyer held a press conference in which he read a statement denying Harding's involvement in the attack on Kerrigan.[48][49] Harding left her home that evening to practice with her coaches, where she spoke with reporters and performed a triple Axel.[50][51][52]

Harding's confession

Harding's practice sessions at Clackamas Town Center, in preparation for the 1994 Winter Olympics, were attended by thousands of spectators and dozens of reporters and film crews.

On January 18, 1994, Harding was with her lawyers when she submitted to questioning by the DA and FBI.[53] She was interviewed for over ten hours. Eight hours into the interview, her lawyer read a statement declaring her separation from Gillooly: "I continue to believe that Jeff is innocent of any wrongdoing. I wish him nothing but the best."[54] Her full FBI transcript was released on February 1. The Seattle Times reported on the transcript, stating that Harding had "changed her story well into a long interview...After hours of denying any involvement in trying to cover up the plot, an FBI agent finally told [her] that he knew she had lied to him, that he would tell her exactly how she had lied to him."[55] In the transcript's final passage, Harding stated "I hope everyone understands. I'm telling on someone I really care about. I know now [Jeff] is involved. I'm sorry."[1] On January 19, Gillooly surrendered to the FBI.[56] On January 20, Diane Sawyer asked Harding on Primetime about the case. Harding said she had done nothing wrong.[57] On January 27, it was reported Gillooly had been testifying about the attack plot since January 26; possibly implicating Harding as allegedly assisting. Harding's close friend Stephanie Quintero, with whom she was living, spoke to reporters on her behalf: "[Tonya] was shocked, very hurt. She was believing in [Jeff]."[58][59][60] Harding later held a press conference to read a prepared statement. She said she was sorry Kerrigan was attacked, that she respected Kerrigan, and claimed not to have known in advance of the plot to disable her. Harding took responsibility "for failing to report things [about the assault] when I returned home from Nationals [on January 10]. Failure to immediately report this information is not a crime."[61][62] Many states' laws, including Oregon's, state that the act of concealing criminal knowledge alone is not a crime.[63]

The attack on Kerrigan received a substantial amount of publicity, and news media crews camped outside Kerrigan's home.[64] In January 1994, the story was on the covers of Sports Illustrated, Newsweek, and TIME.[65] There was now much speculation about Harding's alleged involvement in the assault plot.[66][67][68][69] Because Harding and Kerrigan would be representing the US in the February Lillehammer Olympics, speculation reached a media frenzy.[70][71] Abby Haight and J.E. Vader, reporters for The Oregonian, wrote a biography of Harding called Fire on Ice, which included excerpts of her January 18 FBI interview.[72]

Guilty pleas and sentencing of Gillooly, Eckardt, Stant, and Smith

On February 1, Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea bargain in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in the attack. In July, he was sentenced to two years in prison and publicly apologized to Kerrigan – adding "any apology coming from me rings hollow."[73] Gillooly and Eckardt pled guilty to racketeering; Stant and Smith (who drove the getaway car and funneled money) pled guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault.[74][28] Judge Donald Londer noted the attack could have injured Kerrigan more seriously.[75] Eckardt died in 2007.[76]

USFSA disciplinary panel

On February 5, the USFSA disciplinary panel stated there were reasonable grounds to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics.[77] Her admitted failure to report about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI transcripts, led to Harding being formally charged with "[making] false statements about her knowledge." The USFSA recommended that she face a disciplinary hearing. Claire Ferguson, president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before a hearing took place. If she had been suspended, she likely still would have competed at the Olympics after filing suit, seeking an injunction against the USFSA, and asserting her rights under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978.[78] The panel examined evidence including the testimonies of Stant and Smith, Harding's and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found in a Portland saloon trash bin on January 30.[79] Harding was given 30 days to respond.[80]

Harding and Connie Chung travel to Norway

News media began attending Harding's Portland practices; also filming her on February 7, running barefoot to stop a tow truck from hauling her illegally parked vehicle.[81] On February 10, Connie Chung interviewed Harding. When asked about Gillooly, Harding said: "I never did anything to hurt [Jeff]. If I ever did anything, it was to stick up for him and protect him."[82] Chung also negotiated to fly on the same airplane with Harding to Oslo, leaving on February 15. Chung admitted she would not have travelled to Norway were it not for the scandal.[83][84]

Kerrigan and Harding share ice; Harding finishes eighth

Figure skating competitions for the 1994 Winter Olympics were held in the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre, now known as the CC Amfi.

On February 17, 1994, Harding and Kerrigan shared the ice at a practice session in the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre. Approximately 400 members of the press were there to document the practice.[85] Scott Hamilton thought the sport was depicted as a "tabloid event".[86] It was noted that Nancy Kerrigan chose to wear the same skating costume at the practice session that she was wearing when Stant attacked her.[87][88] Kerrigan later confirmed that her choice of dress that day was deliberate: "Humor is good, it's empowering."[89] The tape-delayed broadcast of the February 23 Ladies' Olympic technical program is one of the most watched telecasts in the US.[90][91] On February 25, Harding finished eighth in the Olympics; a bootlace broke early in her free skate routine, and amid jeers from the crowd she was allowed to restart.[27] Nancy Kerrigan, having recovered from her injury, won silver behind Oksana Baiul from Ukraine.[27]

Guilty plea, admissions

On March 9, Judge Owen Panner granted Harding a requested stay until June on her disciplinary hearing.[92][93][94] Meanwhile, Portland authorities stated the criminal investigation would conclude by March 21 with any indictments and a grand jury report to be made at that time.[95]

On March 16, 1994, Harding pled guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense at a Multnomah County court hearing. She and her lawyer, Robert Weaver, negotiated a plea bargain ensuring no further prosecution.[96] Judge Donald Londer conducted routine questioning to make certain Harding understood her agreement, that she was entering her plea "knowingly and voluntarily". Harding told Londer she was. Her plea admissions were knowing of the assault plot after the fact, settling on a cover story with Gillooly and Eckardt on January 10, witnessing pay phone calls to Smith affirming the story on January 10 and 11, and lying to FBI with the story on January 18.[97][98][99] Law enforcement investigators had been following and videotaping the co-conspirators since January 10; they knew about the pay phone calls.[100][101] Her penalties included three years of probation, a $100,000 fine, and 500 hours community service. She agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination, and volunteered to give $50,000 to the Special Olympics Oregon (SOOR) charity.[102] Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years in prison.[103]

Harding's plea conditions imposed her U.S. Figure Skating Association resignation, necessitating her withdrawal from the 1994 Worlds (for which she was scheduled to leave on March 17).[104] District attorney Norman Frink said if Harding had not agreed to the plea, she would have faced "an indictment on all possible charges...punishment was taking away [skating] privilege."[97][105]

Response from defense and USFSA

Phil Knight, CEO of Nike, donated $25,000 toward Harding's legal fees.[106][107] She had also made approximately $600,000 from an Inside Edition deal.[108][109]

Weaver said the plea agreement was satisfactory to Harding, partly because she avoided prison: "We would have prevailed at trial."[102][110] An executive of the USFSA commented "[We] don't know if Tonya is innocent or guilty...if [she was involved before] the national championship."[111] On March 18, Claire Ferguson decided Harding's disciplinary hearing would proceed in June. The USFSA's executive committee met to discuss Harding seeking reinstatement and whether they might strip her of the 1994 National Championship title. Neither issue was decided at that time.[112]

Grand jury indictment

Harding arriving at Portland International Airport amid a crush of reporters after the 1994 Olympics.

On March 21, 1994, a Portland grand jury issued an indictment stating there was evidence Harding participated in the attack plot. The indictment concluded more than two months of investigation and witness testimonies from Diane Rawlinson; Harding's choreographer Erika Bakacs; freelance figure skating writer Vera Marano; and Eckardt's college instructor and classmates.[113][97][114][115] It stated there was evidence Harding fraudulently used USFSA-provided skating monies to finance the assault. It also read that Harding, Gillooly, Eckardt, Smith, and Stant agreed to "knowingly cause physical injury ... by means of a dangerous weapon." The grand jury said the evidence implied Harding was "involved from the beginning or very close." She was not charged in the indictment due to the terms of her March 16 plea agreement.[93][116]

USFSA disciplinary panel meeting in June

On June 29, the USFSA disciplinary panel met for nine hours over two days to consider Harding's alleged role in the attack.[117] On June 30, chairman William Hybl stated,

"By a preponderance of the evidence, the panel did conclude that she had prior knowledge and was involved prior to the incident. This is based on civil standards, not criminal standards ... bank records, phone records – the way they came together to establish a case."

The panel decided that pertinent FBI reports, court documents, and Harding's March 16 plea agreement presented

"a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behaviour."[92]

Harding did not attend or participate in the two-day hearing. Weaver said the decision disappointed her but was not a surprise, and that she had not decided on an appeal.[33][118] Harding was stripped of her 1994 U.S. Championship title and banned for life from participating in USFSA events as either a skater or coach. The USFSA has no authority over professional skating events, but Harding was persona non grata on the pro circuit. Few skaters and promoters would work with her, and she did not benefit from the ensuing boom in professional skating after the scandal.[119]

Later interviews

Shortly before the 1998 Winter Olympics, the CBS and Fox news divisions re-examined the scandal for two televised special reports.[120][121] Harry Smith hosted the CBS special. He reported that Harding still held to her statement from her press conference given on January 27, 1994: "I had no prior knowledge of the planned assault on Nancy Kerrigan." Smith then interviewed Kerrigan, asking how she responded to that statement. Kerrigan referred to transcripts she had read from Harding's FBI interview on January 18, 1994. After reading through the interrogation of that day, she concluded that "[Tonya] knew more than she admits."[122][123][114][124] The Fox special report was called Breaking the Ice: The Women of '94 Revisited, hosted by James Brown with interviews of Harding, Gillooly, and Kerrigan.[125] Gillooly (granted a name change to Jeff Stone in 1995) said that Harding's avoiding prison did not anger him, and that he felt his own punishment was just. Stone reflected on Harding's position of "limited involvement" in Kerrigan's attack and speculated that a "guilty conscience" still troubled her. Brown then mediated a joint interview with both Kerrigan and Harding present. The two former competitors shared sincere desires for happy families and general well-wishes. Kerrigan said that she hoped Harding could learn from past mistakes and "find happiness".[126] Harding said she was grateful to personally express remorse to Kerrigan again.[127]

In Harding's 2008 biography, The Tonya Tapes (transcribed by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews), she stated that she wanted to call the FBI in 1994 to reveal what she knew, but decided not to when Gillooly allegedly threatened her with death following a gunpoint gang rape by him and two other men she did not know. Gillooly responded with surprise that "groundless claims" against him could be published and specifically contended her gang rape accusation to be "utterly ridiculous".[128] In 2013, Deadspin sought Gillooly for an interview and he again defended himself against the gunpoint gang rape allegation. He expressed regret that Harding is often "remembered for what I talked her into doing," meaning allegedly plotting to injure Kerrigan.[129][124][130][34][1][131] Gillooly admitted that his past "stupidity" was part of Harding's 1994 ruin and maintained that he still considered her a great figure skater. He also said "I've had it easy, compared to poor Tonya...she tends to be the butt of the joke. It's kind of sad to me."[132]

In 2014, Nancy Kerrigan addressed the scandal during a brief interview with sportscaster Bob Costas: "Whatever apology Tonya has given, I accept it. It's time for all us – I've always wished [Tonya] well – she has her own family, I have my family. It's time to make that our focus and move on with our lives."[133]

Later career

Harding in 2006

On February 15, 1994, an explicit 1991 videotape clip of Harding topless was shown on A Current Affair; three still frames from this clip were also published in The Sun (a British tabloid newspaper).[134][135] The New York Post reported that Gillooly had supplied the videotaped fragment for an undisclosed sum of money.[136]

On July 26, 1994, Penthouse announced that its September issue would feature different stills of Harding and Gillooly having sex from the same extended videotape.[137] This 35-minute sex tape would also be copied and marketed exclusively by Penthouse.[138] Both Gillooly and Harding used the same agent to negotiate equal payment on the Penthouse sale.[139]

On June 22, 1994, in Portland, Oregon, Harding appeared on an AAA professional wrestling show as the manager for wrestling stable Los Gringos Locos. The night's performance included Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero.[140] A promotional musical event was unsuccessful when Harding and her band, the Golden Blades, were booed off the stage at their only performance, in 1995 in Portland.[141][142]

In 1994, Harding was cast in Breakaway, an action film, alongside Teri Fruichantie and Joseph "Joe" Estévez. The plot centered on Harding being unwittingly involved in an organized crime syndicate's attempt to violently recover $300,000 of stolen money. The film was released in 1996.[143]

Harding has also appeared on television, on the game show The Weakest Link: "15 Minutes of Fame Edition" in 2002 along with Kato Kaelin,[144] and in March 2008 became a commentator for TruTV's truTV Presents: World's Dumbest....[145]

Since leaving skating and boxing, Harding has worked as a welder, a painter at a metal fabrication company, and a hardware sales clerk at Sears.[146] In 2017, she stated that she worked as a painter and deck builder.[147] She lives in Vancouver, Washington.[148]

In August 2019, Harding was seen in a television commercial in the United States promoting Direct Auto Insurance.[149]

Boxing career

Tonya Harding
Other namesBad Girl
Statistics
Weight(s)
Height5 ft 1 in (155 cm)
StanceOrthodox
Boxing record
Total fights6
Wins3
Wins by KO0
Losses3

In 2002, Harding boxed against Paula Jones on the Fox Network Celebrity Boxing event, winning the fight. On February 22, 2003, she made her official women's professional boxing debut, losing a four-round split decision against Samantha Browning on the undercard of Mike Tyson vs. Clifford Etienne. Harding's boxing career came about amid rumors that she was having financial difficulties and needed to fight in the ring to earn money.[150] She did another celebrity boxing match, on The Man Show, and won against co-host Doug Stanhope. Stanhope later claimed on his podcast that the fight was fixed because Harding refused to "fight a man".[151]

On March 23, 2004, it was reported that she cancelled a planned boxing match against Tracy Carlton in Oakland, California, because of an alleged death threat against her.[152]

On June 24, 2004, she was defeated by Amy Johnson in a match held in Edmonton, Alberta. Fans reportedly booed Harding as she entered the ring and cheered wildly for Johnson when she won in the third round.[153]

Her boxing career was cut short by her asthma.[154] Her overall record was three wins and three losses.[155]

Professional boxing record

6 fights 3 wins 3 losses
By knockout 0 2
By decision 3 1
No. Result Record Opponent Type Round, time Date Location
6 Loss 3–3 Amy Johnson TKO 3 (4), 1:04 June 25, 2004 Shaw Conference Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
5 Loss 3–2 Melissa Yanas TKO 1 (4), 1:13 August 2, 2003 Silver City Cabaret, Dallas, Texas, U.S.
4 Win 3–1 Emily Gosa UD 4 June 13, 2003 Chinook Winds Casino, Lincoln City, Oregon, U.S.
3 Win 2–1 Alejandra Lopez UD 4 March 28, 2003 Creek Nation Gaming Center, Tulsa, Oklahoma, U.S.
2 Win 1–1 Shannon Birmingham UD 4 March 15, 2003 Grand Casino, Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.
1 Loss 0–1 Samantha Browning SD 4 February 22, 2003 The Pyramid, Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.

Other appearances

Automobile racing land speed record

On August 12, 2009, Harding set a new land speed record for a vintage gas coupe with a speed of 97.177 mph (156.391 km/h; 43.442 m/s) driving a 1931 Ford Model A, named Lickity-Split, on the Bonneville Salt Flats.[156][157][158] Her setting of that record was featured on an episode of TruTV Presents: World's Dumbest... that focused on "Record Breakers".

Dancing with the Stars

On April 13, 2018, Harding was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars. Her professional partner was Sasha Farber.[159] Harding and Farber ended up finishing in third place.[160]

Tonya Harding - Dancing with the Stars (season 26)
Week Dance Music Judges' scores[lower-alpha 1] Total score Result
1 Foxtrot "When You Believe" — Whitney Houston & Mariah Carey 8 8 7 23 Safe
2 Quickstep "Redneck Woman" — Gretchen Wilson 8 8 8 33[lower-alpha 2] Safe
Freestyle
(Team 1950s Tennis)
"...Baby One More Time" — The Baseballs 8 8 8 33[lower-alpha 3]
3 Rumba "See You Again" — Tyler Ward 8 8 8 33[lower-alpha 4] Safe
Cha-cha-cha
(Dance-off)
"Dance" — DNCE Winner 2[lower-alpha 5]
4 Viennese waltz "The Time of My Life" — David Cook 8 9 9 26 Third place
Freestyle "I Will Survive " — The Pussycat Dolls 10 10 10 30
  1. Individual judges' scores are listed in the following order: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli.
  2. Tonya also received a score of 9 from guest judge Rashad Jennings.
  3. Tonya's team also received a score of 9 from guest judge Rashad Jennings.
  4. Tonya also received a score of 9 from guest judge David Ross.
  5. Tonya received two bonus points for winning this dance-off.

Worst Cooks in America

In August 2018, Harding was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete in the fifth celebrity edition of Food Network's Worst Cooks in America, set to broadcast in April 2019. Harding, learning under Chef Anne Burrell, ultimately won the competition. The US$25,000 prize went to her chosen charity of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.[161]

Personal life

Harding is the only child of Albert Gordon Harding and LaVona Golden, who had been married three times before and had four other children. The two divorced in 1987. Harding had a tumultuous relationship with her mother, alleging both physical and emotional abuse. She cites one occasion where her mother threw a knife at her, leaving a permanent scar on her arm.[162]

Harding began a relationship with 17-year-old Jeff Gillooly in September 1986 when she was 15. They moved into a home together in 1988 when he worked in distribution at the Oregon Liquor Control Commission.[163][164] They married on March 18, 1990, when she was 19 and he was 22. In January 1992, Harding told Terry Richard of The Oregonian, "Jeff always put food on the table and a roof over my head. He paid for my skating for a couple of years. If it hadn't been for him during that time, I wouldn't have been skating."[165] They divorced on August 28, 1993.[1] During the autumn of 1993, Gillooly was working part-time managing Harding's career and taking real estate classes.[166][167] Harding and Gillooly had been continuing to see each other since early October 1993 and were sharing a rented chalet[168] in Beavercreek, Oregon until January 18, 1994.[56]

Harding married Michael Smith in 1995; they divorced in 1996.[169] On October 29, 1996, Harding received media attention after using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to help revive an 81-year-old woman who collapsed at a bar in Portland while playing video poker.[170]

On February 22, 2000, Harding attacked her then-boyfriend Darren Silver, repeatedly punching him in the face and throwing a hubcap at his head. The attack left Silver with a bloodied face and Harding was arrested. She initially pled not guilty to misdemeanor charges, but in a May trial in Clark County District Court admitted to attacking Silver and was sentenced to three days in jail, 10 days of community service, and a suspended jail sentence of 167 days.[171][172]

She married 42-year-old Joseph Price on June 23, 2010, when she was 39 years old. She gave birth to a son named Gordon on February 19, 2011.[173]

Harding stated on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on February 26, 2018, that she is still active in skating and practices three times a week. She performed several jumps and spins on the show. She trains with her former coach Dody Teachman.[174]

Cultural effects

Harding's life, career, and role in the 1994 attack have been widely referenced in popular culture, including a 2007 primary campaign speech by then-Democratic Presidential nominee Barack Obama in which he said, "Folks said there's no way Obama has a chance unless he goes and kneecaps the person ahead of us, does a Tonya Harding."[175] In 2014, Matt Harkins and Viviana Olen created the Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding Museum in their Brooklyn apartment, collecting and archiving memorabilia related to Nancy Kerrigan and Harding.[176] A contemporaneous Vogue article noted that Harding had developed a "cult following" through the years.[177]

Representation in other media

  • Sharp Edges (1986), Sandra Luckow's senior-thesis project for her film studies major. Luckow was Harding's childhood friend, and the documentary followed Harding and her coaches to Uniondale, New York as she competed in the February 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. The film featured interviews with Harding, her mother, and coaches.[178]
  • Spunk: The Tonya Harding Story (1994), Comedy Central five-minute short film parody summarizing the scandal, estimated to have aired on February 25, 1994. Tina Yothers portrayed Harding.
  • Tonya & Nancy: The Inside Story (1994), NBC TV film based on public domain material, premiered on April 30, 1994; written by previous Edgar Award winner Phil Penningroth. Alexandra Powers portrayed Harding and Heather Langenkamp portrayed Nancy Kerrigan. It featured fourth wall-breaking by having Dennis Boutsikaris play the film's screenwriter: "We imprisoned [Tonya and Nancy] in images we use to sell newspapers, soup, and TV movies. They're victims of those that the media serve."[179]
  • National Lampoon's Attack of the 5'2" Women (1994),[180] a Showtime TV film, released on August 21, 1994; directed by the U.S. Writers Guild Award-winning comedian Julie Brown. Brown spoofed Harding by portraying her in "Tonya: The Battle of Wounded Knee," which Brown also wrote. Her original song, "Queen of the Ice," was nominated for a CableACE Award.
  • In Living Color (1994 sketches), Carol Rosenthal portrayed Harding in "Tonya Harding for The Club"; aired on February 3.
  • "The Understudy": 1995 Seinfeld episode, alluded to Harding with Jerry Seinfeld's Broadway performer girlfriend. She has a problem with her boot laces (as Harding encountered in the Olympics). Jerry's girlfriend performed because the lead actress had an injury supposedly caused by hitman, George Costanza; originally aired on May 18, 1995.[181]
  • Harding and her role in the 1994 scandal were referenced in several songs, including "Headline News" by "Weird Al" Yankovic;[182] "Queen of the Ice" by Julie Brown;[180] "Breakin' Knees Is Hard to Do" by Capitol Steps;[183] "5 Fingas of Death" by Diamond D; "Tonya's Twirls" by Loudon Wainwright III;[184] "Aunt Dot" by Lil' Kim; "Strange Clouds" by B.o.B; "Put Some Keys On That" by Lil Wayne;[185] "Tonya Harding" by Sufjan Stevens;[186] "Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea" by Fall Out Boy;[187] "Tonya" by Brockhampton;[188] and "If Self-Destruction was an Olympic Event, I'd be Tonya Harding" by Suicideboys[189]
  • Tonya & Nancy: The Rock Opera (2006), playwright Elizabeth Searle collaborated with composer Abigail Al-Doory in May 2006 to create a chamber opera, directed by Meron Langsner. The dark comedy premiered in Portland, Oregon in 2008. It was also produced in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago. Searle said that she thought elements of the 1994 scandal reflected "life in America," and that she hoped the show would convey public sympathy towards Kerrigan, Gillooly, and Harding.[190][191]
  • The Price of Gold (2014) documentary directed by Nanette Burstein, part of ESPN's 30 for 30 series, aired on January 16, 2014. It explored some specifics of the 1994 criminal investigation. Kerrigan could not be interviewed for the film because of her contractual obligation to NBC's Nancy & Tonya (2014) documentary. Burstein said her film was "predominantly about Tonya".[192] Burstein later said she thought Harding was jealous of Kerrigan[193] and that "[Tonya] was an unreliable interview subject. A lot of things she said had to be left out because I didn't think they were truthful."[194]
  • Nancy & Tonya (2014), NBC documentary narrated by Olympics correspondent Mary Carillo (former tennis professional – 1977 French Open Grand Slam Mixed Doubles winner), aired on February 23, 2014. It included interviews, brief biographies of Nancy Kerrigan & Tonya Harding, and close observations of their lives and careers before 1994.[195]
  • I, Tonya, 2017 biographical black comedy film directed by Craig Gillespie with Margot Robbie playing Harding, receiving mostly positive reviews.[196] Screenwriter Steven Rogers said he neither knew nor cared about Harding's alleged part in Nancy Kerrigan's attack, that the film was really about "things we tell ourselves...how we change the narrative, and then want that to be the narrative."[197][198] Gillespie was nominated for a Best Director AACTA; he said he believed Harding was guilty, but debated to what degree. Gillespie also said he wanted the film to convey "why [Tonya] is the way she is."[199] Allison Janney played Harding's mother, LaVona, and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Regarding Harding's alleged role in Kerrigan's attack, Janney said "I know [Tonya was] complicit, but...I have a lot more empathy for her than I did."[200] Janney also said, "I think LaVona was actually a very smart woman...knowing her daughter needed to be told she couldn't do it in order to do it was LaVona's way of saying, 'I was there to inspire her.'"[201]
  • Tonya Harding, 2017 song by musician Sufjan Stevens. The song was submitted by Stevens for the soundtrack of I, Tonya, but it was not used. [202] However, the song was not made specifically for the biopic, and Stevens said he had planned to write a song about Harding since 1991. [203]

Academic assessment

In 1995, the book Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle was published, containing numerous essays analyzing Harding's public image.[204] For example, Abigail Feder wrote that there existed "overdetermined femininity in Ladies' Figure Skating...femininity and athleticism are mutually exclusive concepts in American culture."[205] Sam Stoloff wrote that, during the scandal, the media placed more emphasis on Harding's class than her gender. He noted how she was subjected to a "litany of vaguely pejorative or mocking expressions" associated with "low class" cultural attributes, sometimes due to Harding's personal interests and hobbies. Stoloff theorized that Harding represented an American social class that required interpretation ("the class Other") as he referenced the anthropological tone of Susan Orlean's 1994 essay "Figures in a Mall", written for The New Yorker.[206][168]

In writer Sarah Marshall's 2014 essay entitled "Remote Control: Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan, and the Spectacles of Female Power and Pain", she noted the pervasive role of the media in the 1994 scandal: "Somehow, in the scandal's aftermath, the form of the Tonya-bash was able to alchemize even the most chilling details of Tonya's life into tabloid gold." Marshall also examined the role of Harding's "tomboy" persona in the context of figure skating. She theorized that Harding was rejected by the figure skating ethos because she did not conform – as Marshall believed many figure skaters, including Nancy Kerrigan, did – to appearing as "beautiful without being sexual, strong without being intimidating, and vulnerable without being weak."[207]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Janofsky, Michael (February 7, 1994). "Always Tonya: As Cool as Ice But Troubled". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2017.
  2. "Albert Gordon Harding". Headlight-Herald. Tillamook, Oregon. April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on May 13, 2018. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
  3. Rothman, Lily (December 8, 2017). "Tonya Harding's World might have been Nothing Like Nancy Kerrigan's". Time. New York City. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  4. Plummer, William; Reed, Susan (January 24, 1994). "Poisoned Ice". People. Vol. 41, no. 3. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  5. Prouse & Harding 2008, p. 40. "[My parents] divorced in 1987. They separated in February, and then their divorce was final sometime in the summer."
  6. Prouse & Harding 2008, pp. 13, 42, 44, 46, 65.
  7. "Tonya Harding's Skating Scandal". Oprah.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  8. Russian, Ale (January 27, 2018). "Harding's Mom Really a Monster? Here's What Skater's Childhood Friend Has to Say". People. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  9. Prouse & Harding 2008, pp. 125, 132. "I was separated from Jeff [at the] time in '91. I never told anybody because I knew the person. It was a friend of mine."
  10. Prouse & Harding 2008, pp. 57–62. "[The police] ended up arresting [Davison]...And my mother and father came home and said I was [lying about the harassment]."
  11. "Not Your Average Ice Queen". Sports Illustrated. New York City. January 13, 1992. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018. LaVona used the money she got in tips to pay for Tonya's lessons – $25 a week at first
  12. Rolonda Watts' Interview with Tonya Harding on YouTube. Rolonda (1994–1997). May 1994 Excerpt of Rolonda Watts asking about Chris Davison's death and his abuse of Harding from 16:52
  13. 1 2 Hersh, Phil (March 4, 1992). "Skater Changes Coaches, Again". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  14. Prouse & Harding 2008, pp. 96–98.
  15. Janofsky, Michael (March 12, 1991). "A Triple Axel With Rippling Effects". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
  16. Lubarsky, Jared (March 10, 1991). "Power Skating". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  17. Janofsky, Micheal (February 17, 1991). "Harding Takes Singles Title". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
  18. 1 2 Brennan, Christine (February 17, 1991). "Harding's Seven Triples Nail U.S. Title, Put Skating World in a Whirl". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
  19. Janofsky, Michael (March 17, 1991). "Skating Sweep for the U.S. Women". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 19, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018.
  20. "Not Your Average Ice Queen". Sports Illustrated. January 13, 1992. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  21. Harvey, R (January 5, 1992). "On Thin Ice: Figure Skating Has Taken a Back Seat for Harding Since National Title". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  22. Hersh, Phil (March 8, 1992). "Adulation On Hold For Tonya Harding". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  23. Haight, Vader (1994), p.35
  24. Hersh, Phil (November 7, 1993). "Threat Adds to Harding's List of Woes". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
  25. Longman, Jere (February 5, 1994). "I.O.C. Official Says Harding Should Skate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  26. Hersh, Phil (February 13, 1994). "Settlement Means Harding Will Skate". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  27. 1 2 3 "Tonya Harding finishes 8th". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on April 28, 2018. Retrieved May 1, 2018.
  28. 1 2 Muldoon, Katy (January 6, 2014). "20 years later: highlights in a timeline". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 11, 2018. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
  29. "Skate Canada Results Book Volume 2: 1974–current" (PDF). Skate Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
  30. "Prize of Moscow News". Pirouette – Abonnement magazine enfants de 5 à 8 ans (in French). Fleurus Presse. 1988.
  31. Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. pp. 9, 63. ISBN 9780525575313. When Harding was fifteen years old she had a tumultuous year. She went to the national championships for the first time and finished a strong sixth – Competing in her second national championship in 1987, Harding finished fifth in Tacoma, Washington
  32. 1 2 Coffey, Frank; Layden, Joe (1994). "Appendix B". Thin Ice: The Complete, Uncensored Story of Tonya Harding. Pinnacle Books. pp. 48, 112. ISBN 9780786044979. Retrieved July 27, 2018. As a skater, Harding showed scant improvement...finishing fifth in the senior nationals in both 1987 and 1988, an Olympic year. For the first time in her career, there was some doubt as to whether she would ever fulfill her immense promise – Tonya Harding's Competitive Highlights: 1985 Olympic Festival – 5th; 1988 National Senior – 5th
  33. 1 2 "U.S. title is taken back from Harding". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 1, 1994. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved September 28, 2010.
  34. 1 2 Swift, E. M. (February 14, 1994). "Anatomy of a Plot". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  35. "Nancy & Tonya". NBC SportsWorld (documentary). 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Tonya telling a reporter "Shawn is my bodyguard" while he walks beside her on January 10, 1994 - time code ca 0:29:14
  36. 1 2 Treaster, Joseph B. (January 23, 1994). "Traveling Far and Lying Low to Get Nancy Kerrigan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2018.
  37. Longman, Jere (January 7, 1994). "Kerrigan Attacked After Practice; Assailant Flees". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  38. Bruscas, Angelo; Clever, Dick (January 13, 1994). "Husband, bodyguard implicated in attack – Police 'close' to arrest in Kerrigan case" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 12. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  39. Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 99. ISBN 9780525575313. Retrieved August 12, 2018 via Google Books. [Harding said] I just wish people would see that, you know, I'm out there trying just as much as everybody else is, and it's just really sad. It's sad that there's that kind of people out there." And she once again expressed her fierce determination. "No one controls my life but me.
  40. Ann Schatz's 1994 interview with Tonya Harding at KOIN. KOIN 6. January 11, 1994. Event occurs at 0:56 via YouTube. Excerpt of Tonya Harding claiming that she doesn't know how Nancy Kerrigan came to be attacked starts at 0m56s .
  41. Long, James; Hogan, Dave; Haight, Abby (January 12, 1994). "FBI investigating Tonya Harding's husband as part of alleged plot to sideline figure skater Nancy Kerrigan". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  42. Long, James; Hogan, Dave (January 14, 1994). "Sheriff's deputies arrest Tonya Harding's bodyguard & another man". The Oregonian. Portland, OR. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  43. Egan, Timothy (January 14, 1994). "Police in Oregon make arrests in assault on Olympic skater". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  44. "Harding keeps Olympic spot – for now" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 13. Associated Press. January 14, 1994. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  45. Brennan, Christine; Walsh, Edward (January 14, 1994). "Rival's bodyguard, one other arrested in assault". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  46. Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. Crown. p. 100. ISBN 9780525575313. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. On Thursday, January 13, Dennis Rawlinson, Harding's lawyer (and husband of Tonya's coach), said that she would have plenty to say. The next day, a statement was issued: "Tonya Harding and Jeff Gillooly are meeting today with their lawyers ... [They] have cooperated with law enforcement"
  47. Wilstein, Steve (January 16, 1994). "Harding chances called 'grim' – New witness says skater knew of plot" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 15. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  48. Wilstein, Steve (January 17, 1994). "Harding says she's innocent – 'Tonya is shocked and angry'" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 16. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  49. Swift, E.M. (January 24, 1994). "On Thin Ice". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  50. Tonya Harding saga part 7. Hard Copy. Paramount Domestic Television. January 1994. Event occurs at 5:17 via YouTube. report showing footage of Harding speaking with reporters on January 15, 1994; cut to footage of Harding training with her coaches late on January 16 performing a triple Axel from 5m17s .
  51. "Harding's ex-husband faces arrest" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 17. Associated Press. January 18, 1994. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  52. "Pieces falling together in Kerrigan attack case". The Journal Times. Associated Press. January 18, 1994. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  53. "Officials question Harding" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 18. Associated Press. January 19, 1994. Archived from the original on August 14, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  54. Adams, Jane Meredith (January 21, 1994). "Harding's Controlling Force". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 8, 2018. Retrieved July 8, 2018.
  55. "The Plot According to Jeff Gillooly – Statements to FBI Allege Conspiracy Involving Harding". The Seattle Times. S.T. News Services. February 2, 1994. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  56. 1 2 Brennan, Christine (January 20, 1994). "Rival Skater's Ex-Husband Charged in Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  57. McGrory, Mary (January 25, 1994). "Figuring Out Tonya Harding". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  58. Baum, Bob (January 27, 1994). "'Walls are closing in' on skater (1)" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 26. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  59. Baum, Bob (January 27, 1994). "'Walls are closing in' on skater (2)" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 26. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  60. King, Patricia (February 20, 1994). "Harding: 'I Know The People Who Love Me'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  61. Howard, Johnette (January 28, 1994). "Harding Admits Knowing of Plot After the Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  62. "Harding's Statement Text". The Washington Post. January 28, 1994. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  63. Schochet, Yossi (July 3, 2013). "Concealing an Offence". Blog. YossiTheCriminalLawyer.com. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018. In the U.S. almost every State has rejected criminal prosecution for misprision of felony, primarily for policy reasons, as it encroaches on civil liberties. An exception is the state of South Carolina.
  64. Hamilton, William (January 15, 1994). "Three Held in Assault on Kerrigan". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  65. Martin, Adam; McDonald, Mary G. (2012). "Covering women's sport? An analysis of Sports Illustrated covers from 1987–2009" (PDF). Graduate Journal of Sport, Exercise & Physical Education Research. 1: 91. ISSN 2046-9357. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 8, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  66. Smolowe, Jill (January 31, 1994). "What Did Tonya Know?". Time. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
  67. Balzar, John (February 4, 1994). "Commentary: Story Is So Big It's Right Out of Dumpster". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  68. Vecsey, George (March 17, 1994). "Harding's Guilty Plea Anticlimactic". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  69. Miner, Colin (January 29, 2018). "Tonya Harding's Prosecutor Talks About The Case, 'I, Tonya'". Patch Media. Hale Global. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  70. Glauber, Bill (January 16, 1994). "A harsh light falls on skater's hard life". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  71. Brennan, Christine (February 23, 1994). "All Eyes on Ice for Harding-Kerrigan Showdown". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  72. Bogage, Jacob (January 8, 2018). "'As crazy as it was': Reporters recall the Tonya Harding-Nancy Kerrigan feeding frenzy". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 9, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  73. "Gillooly Sentenced to 2 Years in Jail". The New York Times. Associated Press. July 14, 1994. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  74. "Kerrigan Attacker & Accomplice Sent to Jail". The New York Times. May 17, 1994. Archived from the original on September 15, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  75. "Gillooly sentenced in Kerrigan attack". United Press International (UPI). July 13, 1994. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  76. "Former guard dead". Chicago Tribune. December 17, 2007. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 18, 2019.
  77. "Harding's Disciplinary Charges". Scribd. February 5, 1994. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  78. Longman, Jere (January 28, 1994). "Harding to Get Olympic Spot but Inquiry Continues". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  79. Crossman, Matt (December 19, 2013). "Harding-Kerrigan 20 Years Later: Remembering the Stunning Attack". The Evidence in the Dumpster. Bleacher Report, Inc. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  80. Longman, Jere (February 6, 1994). "Harding Ordered To Appear At Hearing". New York Times. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  81. Kovaleski, Serge F. (February 9, 1994). "Portland: City Under Seige [sic]". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 25, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  82. Benoit, William L.; Hanczor, Robert S. (Fall 1994). "The Tonya Harding controversy: An analysis of image restoration strategies" (TIFF). Communication Quarterly. Burlington, Vermont: Routledge. 42 (4): 424. doi:10.1080/01463379409369947. Archived from the original on September 8, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2018.
  83. Rosen, Karen (February 16, 1994). "Tonya hitting town – Kerrigan won't be in hugging mood" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 46. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  84. Sandomir, Richard (February 22, 1994). "Thirty Seconds Over Lillehammer on Air Tonya". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  85. Brennan, Christine (February 18, 1994). "Harding, Kerrigan Practice Together Under Scrutiny". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  86. Hamilton, Scott; Benet, Lorenzo (1999). Landing It: My Life On and Off the Ice. New York City: Kensington Books. p. 255. ISBN 1-57566-466-6.
  87. Longman, Jere (February 18, 1994). "For Practice, a Two-Ring Circus in One Rink". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  88. "Tension on ice – Kerrigan, Harding quietly share Olympic practice space" (TIFF). Santa Cruz Sentinel. Vol. 137, no. 48. Associated Press. February 18, 1994. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  89. "Nancy & Tonya". NBC SportsWorld (documentary). 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Nancy Kerrigan explaining her decision to wear the same white skating costume on February 17, 1994 – time code ca 0:43:16
  90. "Top 100 TV Shows of All Time". Variety. August 6, 2000. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009. Retrieved July 26, 2018.
  91. Sandomir, Richard (February 24, 1994). "Winter Olympics Ratings On Record Pace for CBS". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  92. 1 2 "USFSA's decision regarding Tonya Harding". Scribd. June 30, 1994. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  93. 1 2 Howard, Johnette (March 22, 1994). "Jury: Harding in on Plot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 1, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  94. "Clear Path for Harding". The New York Times. March 11, 1994. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  95. Spolar, Christine (February 15, 1994). "Thousands Watch Harding's Final Portland Workout". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 21, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  96. Howard, Johnette (March 17, 1994). "Harding Admits Guilt in Plea Bargain, Avoids Prison". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  97. 1 2 3 Long, James; Hogan, Dave (March 17, 1994). "Harding found guilty of hindering investigation". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  98. Buckley, Stephen (February 2, 1994). "Gillooly Pleads Guilty, Says Harding Approved Plot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  99. "Attorney: 'What Did Tonya Know And When?'". Orlando Sentinel. February 2, 1994. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  100. Brennan, Christine (January 23, 1994). "Tonya Harding Remains the Public Enigma". Chronology of Kerrigan Attack. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 27, 2015. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  101. Janofsky, Michael (February 1, 1994). "Lawyer for Skater's Ex-Husband Says He Has Tied Her to Attack". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  102. 1 2 Longman, Jere (March 20, 1994). "Harding Deal Handed Something to Both Sides". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  103. Balzar, John (March 17, 1994). "Harding Pleads Guilty to Obstructing Justice. Olympian resigns". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 16, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  104. Janofsky, Michael (March 17, 1994). "Judge Accepts Harding Plea In Conspiracy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  105. Frink, Norm (February 24, 2018). "'I, Tonya'? Well, I prosecuted. And Tonya Harding was guilty as charged". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  106. Asher, Mark (February 2, 1994). "Nike Steps Up With $25,000 for Harding's Defense". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  107. Starr, Mark (February 13, 1994). "On The Ropes". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  108. Longman, Jere (March 19, 1994). "Harding Learns Limits of a Felon's Life". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  109. Adler, J. (February 20, 1994). "A Deal For Tonya". Newsweek. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  110. Janofsky, Michael (March 18, 1994). "Harding Plea Bargain Is Called a Time-Saver". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  111. Longman, Jere (March 17, 1994). "Skating Group Is Angry; Kerrigan Is Silent". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  112. Longman, Jere (March 18, 1994). "Skating Association Schedules Hearing in June on Harding". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  113. Brennan, Christine (January 21, 1994). "Bodyguard says Harding knew of plot". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 27, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  114. 1 2 Bruscas, Angelo (February 4, 1994). "Records Indicate Harding Lied About Phone Calls". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018 via Deseret News.
  115. Balzar, John (February 2, 1994). "Ex-Spouse Pleads Guilty & Implicates Harding". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 26, 2018. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
  116. "Indictment says Harding involved in Kerrigan plot". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. March 22, 1994. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  117. "Harding Punishment Under Consideration". New York Times. June 30, 1994. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
  118. Brennan, Christine (July 1, 1994). "Harding stripped of title; banned for life". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 15, 2018. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
  119. Hamilton, Scott; Benet, Lorenzo (1999). Landing It: My Life On and Off the Ice. Kensington Books. ISBN 1-57566-466-6.
  120. Sandomir, Richard (February 17, 1998). "TV Sports: CBS Provides Entertaining Moments". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  121. Dubow, Josh (February 5, 1998). "Nancy & Tonya, Together". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  122. 3Axel1996 (February 1998). "Fluff Pieces, Set No. 15 – 1998 Nagano, Figure Skating". CBS News via YouTube →Nancy Kerrigan recalling Harding's FBI transcripts{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  123. 3Axel1996 (February 1998). "Fluff Pieces, Set No. 16 - 1998 Nagano, Figure Skating". CBS News via YouTube →Nancy Kerrigan recalling Harding's FBI transcripts{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  124. 1 2 Buckley, Stephen (February 5, 1994). "A Case of He Said, She Said". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  125. Bracht, Mel (February 5, 1998). "Fox Relives Figure Skating Feud Tonight". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
  126. Shapiro, Leonard (February 8, 1998). "For Openers, Many Eyes were Closed". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  127. Robb, Sharon (February 6, 1998). "Harding's Apology Rejected". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
  128. Celizic, Mike (May 15, 2008). "Tonya Harding reveals her side of 'roller-coaster life'". Today.com. Archived from the original on September 1, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
  129. Treaster, Joseph B. (February 2, 1994). "What Gillooly Says, and What Harding Says". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
  130. Howard, Johnette (January 29, 1994). "Phone Records Could Link Harding to Attack". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  131. Sullivan, Randall (July 14, 1994). "The Tonya Harding Fall". Rolling Stone. No. 686/687. p. 80. Retrieved October 22, 2021 via Scribd. Jeff saw [Tonya] for the first time in six days on...Jan. 25...loading their furniture into the bed of the blue Ford pickup. Tonya told him, "I just want you to know that I really do appreciate you taking the blame for all this," Jeff recalled, then asked for a hug. The FBI already had enough to arrest her, Jeff warned. They couldn't prove anything, Tonya replied. She said, "Good luck," Jeff recalled, squeezed his hand, gave him a wink and left. It was the last time he saw her.
  132. Nelson, Amy K. (December 13, 2013). "Finding Gillooly". Deadspin. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved June 21, 2018.
  133. "Nancy & Tonya". NBC SportsWorld (documentary). 2014. Archived from the original on July 7, 2018. Costas spoke on air with Kerrigan after Nancy & Tonya (2014) played on NBC. Costas asked Kerrigan about the Breaking the Ice (1998) meeting with Harding and whether Kerrigan felt any sense of closure – time code ca 1:01:16
  134. Longman, Jere (February 17, 1994). "Olympics; Harding Arrives & Greets Kerrigan". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  135. Preston, Mike (February 19, 1994). "Missing ceremonies USOC's idea, Harding says". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  136. "Harding Met By Cameras, Fans At Sea-Tac". The Seattle Times. February 15, 1994. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  137. "Tonya, The X-rated Video". Time. July 26, 1994. Archived from the original on July 5, 2018. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
  138. "Penthouse to market Harding video". United Press International (UPI). July 26, 1994. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  139. "Tonya Harding's Original 1994 Contract with Penthouse". LiveAuctioneers. August 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 23, 2018. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
  140. Guerrero 2005, pp. 100–1.
  141. "Stage Fright". People. Vol. 44, no. 12. September 18, 1995. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  142. "Tonya Harding Debuts As Singer In Portland Concert For MDA". The Seattle Times. August 30, 1995. Archived from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  143. "Breakaway (1996)". December 28, 1996 via IMDb.
  144. Johnson, Hayes (2002). The Best of Times: The Boom and Bust Years of America (ebook). Boston,. Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 594. ISBN 978-0-156-02701-4.
  145. "truTV Presents: World's Dumbest". TV.com. Archived from the original on November 29, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  146. Brodesser-Akner, Taffy (January 10, 2018). "Tonya Harding Would Like Her Apology Now". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  147. Gillespie, Craig (dir.) (2017). I, Tonya. Neon Films.
  148. Herron, Elise (January 11, 2018). "Tonya Harding Moved Away From Oregon, Maybe Because People Threw Rats In Her Mailbox". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on July 29, 2018. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  149. "Tonya Harding Joins Direct Auto Insurance". directauto.com. Retrieved March 10, 2021.
  150. Wilner, Barry (February 21, 2003). "Tonya Harding Loses in Pro Boxing Debut". Midland Daily News. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 24, 2017.
  151. "Ep. #22: Comedian Andy Andrist – Pt.2". The Doug Stanhope Podcast. Archived from the original on August 8, 2016. Retrieved June 5, 2017.
  152. Chapin, Dwight (March 23, 2004). "Why Harding wasn't in bout / Manager cites death threats, skills of foe". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2017.
  153. "Harding takes pounding". News24.com. June 26, 2004. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
  154. Fitzpatrick, Dave (November 16, 2004). "Tonya: Boxing on Ice". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
  155. "Tonya Harding". BoxRec. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
  156. "Speed Week Results Wednesday August 12, 2009". Southern California Timing Association and Bonneville Nationals Inc. August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009.
  157. Eggers, Kerry (October 19, 2009). "Life of Tonya". Portland Tribune. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2018.
  158. "What's New?: Tonya sets record at Bonnevill Salt Flats". Charliesweb.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  159. Thorbecke, Catherine (April 13, 2018). "Adam Rippon, Tonya Harding and more superstar athletes to face-off in Dancing With the Stars season 26". ABC News. Retrieved April 13, 2018.
  160. Brendish, Lynda (May 22, 2018). "'DWTS' Reveals Official Runner-Up". ETonline.com. Archived from the original on June 5, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
  161. Turnquist, Kristi (June 3, 2019). "Tonya Harding wins 'Worst Cooks in America: Celebrity Edition': 'This time I'll say it was me, I did it'". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on June 7, 2019.
  162. "What Happened To Tonya Harding's Dad? Al Harding Was A Big Influence On His Daughter". Bustle. January 11, 2018. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  163. Prouse & Harding 2008, pp. 101–103.
  164. Haight, Abby; Vader, J.E. (1994). Fire on Ice. New York City: Three Rivers Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780525575313.
  165. Haight, Vader (1994), p.28
  166. Longman, Jere (January 14, 1994). "Figure Skating; Bitter Rivals Are Also Fighting for Big Dollars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  167. Kaufman, Michelle (January 13, 1994). "The Turbulent Life Of Tonya Harding". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on July 13, 2018. Retrieved July 30, 2018.
  168. 1 2 Orlean, Susan (February 21, 1994). "Figures in a Mall – People who say Harding lives in Portland have missed the point. She comes from a place that's tougher and more intractable". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
  169. "Tonya Harding Biography". Biography.com. New York City: A&E Television Networks. September 4, 2019. Archived from the original on October 24, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
  170. "Harding Helps to Save Woman's Life". The New York Times. Associated Press. October 29, 1996. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved April 19, 2013.
  171. "ESPN.com - SKATING - Harding pleads innocent to assault charge". ESPN. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
  172. "Harding pleads guilty to hitting boyfriend". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. May 18, 2000. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  173. Fleeman, M (February 2011). "Harding welcomes son". People. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
  174. Rakowski, Cat; Valiente, Alexa (January 2018). "Tonya Harding on her continued love for figure skating & what her life is like today". ABC News. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  175. Lester, Paul (March 4, 2009). "Tonya Harding bitter & thankful over Obama's 'kneecap' comment". The Guardian. Archived from the original on September 6, 2013. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
  176. Ritchie, L. Carol (April 19, 2015). "Like 'Dynasty' On Ice: Nancy Kerrigan & Tonya Harding Museum". NPR. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
  177. Bobb, Brooke (December 8, 2017). "I, Tonya's Costume Designer on Why She Didn't Want to Take a Cheap Shot at '90s Fashion". Vogue. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
  178. Gleiberman, Owen (July 4, 2018). "Film Review: The 1986 Tonya Harding Documentary 'Sharp Edges'". Variety. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  179. Loynd, Ray (April 29, 1994). "Tonya & Nancy: The Inside Story". Variety. Archived from the original on February 4, 2018. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  180. 1 2 Brown, Julie (2014). National Lampoon's Attack of the 5 Ft. 2 In. Women (1994). Imagination Productions. Retrieved July 18, 2018 via Vimeo.
  181. Lavery, David; Dunne, Sara L. (2006). Seinfeld, Master of Its Domain. New York City: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826418036. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved April 9, 2009.
  182. Carlozo, Lou (August 2, 1997). "Yankovic Still Weird, Still a Master of Parody". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  183. "Musical Sendups; Stop, in the Name of Parody!". The New York Times. March 13, 1994. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  184. "January 19, 1996 (Early Show) The Bottom Line, NYC". Loudon Wainwright III. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
  185. Solomon, Dan (February 12, 2012). "Tonya Harding : A Rap History". Noisey. Vice. Archived from the original on February 5, 2018. Retrieved February 5, 2018.
  186. Monroe, Jazz (December 6, 2017). "Sufjan Releases New Song 'Tonya Harding'". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  187. "Fall Out Boy – Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea". genius.com. Archived from the original on January 22, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
  188. "Tonya; Brockhampton; lyrics". Archived from the original on July 20, 2018. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
  189. "$uicideboy$". theWestNews.com. August 13, 2021.
  190. Mellinger, Sam (December 22, 2007). "No escape from past for Harding". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  191. Kennedy, Pagan (January 13, 2008). "Q&A with Elizabeth Searle". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on August 13, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
  192. Weber, Lindsey (February 5, 2018). "Director Nanette Burstein on her Tonya Harding documentary". SBS (Australian channel). Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  193. Donnelly, Billy (2014). "Director Nanette Burstein Revisits Tonya Harding & Nancy Kerrigan". Get In Media. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  194. "20 years on from the ice skating assault that shocked the world". Daily Mirror. January 19, 2014. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
  195. Deitsch, Richard (February 21, 2014). "Nancy Kerrigan opens up about 'the whack heard 'round the world'". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on July 12, 2018. Retrieved July 12, 2018.
  196. Berkshire, Geoff (November 3, 2017). "How 'I, Tonya' screenwriter Steven Rogers reinvented himself". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  197. Williams, Janice (December 7, 2017). "Ice Skater's Life Serves as 'Cautionary Tale' says 'I, Tonya' Screenwriter". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  198. Miller, Julie (December 6, 2017). "Surreal Story of How Tonya Harding Inspired Awards Season's Scrappiest Contender". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  199. Gray, Peter (January 25, 2018). "Craig Gillespie on Filming I, Tonya". The Iris. Iris.theAUreview.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  200. Liebman, Lisa (December 13, 2017). "Allison Janney Explains Her Performance in 'I, Tonya'". Vice. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 8, 2018.
  201. Jacobs, Matthew (September 11, 2017). "Allison Janney's New Favorite Co-Star". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  202. Willman, Chris (December 9, 2017). "'I, Tonya' Filmmakers Rejected Indie Rock Darling Sufjan Stevens' 'Tonya Harding' Song". Variety. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  203. "Tonya Harding". Asthmatic Kitty Records. December 5, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  204. Baughman 2013, pp. i–v.
  205. Feder, Abigail M. (1995). "A Radiant Smile from the Lovely Lady – Overdetermined Femininity in 'Ladies' Figure Skating". In Baughman, Cynthia (ed.). Women On Ice: Feminist Responses to the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 9781135770686. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  206. Stoloff, Sam (2000) [1995]. "Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan, & the Bodily Figuration of Social Class". In Birrell, Susan; McDonald, Mary G. (eds.). Reading Sport: Critical Essays on Power and Representation. Boston, Massachusetts: Northeastern University Press. pp. 234–250. ISBN 1555534309. OCLC 43036842. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  207. Marshall, Sarah (January 1, 2014). "Remote Control: Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan, and the Spectacles of Female Power & Pain". The Believer. Archived from the original on August 5, 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2017.

Works cited

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.