Nineteenth-century composer and pianist Clara Schumann

Owing to sexist attitudes, women composers of Western classical music are disproportionately absent from music textbooks and concert programs that constitute the patriarchical Western canon, even though many women have composed music.[lower-alpha 1]

The reasons for women's absence are various. The musicologist Marcia Citron writing in 1990 noted that many works of musical history and anthologies of music had very few, or sometimes no, references to and examples of music written by women.[1] Among the reasons for historical under-representation of women composers Citron has adduced problems of access to musical education[2] and to the male hierarchy of the musical establishment (performers, conductors, impresarios etc.);[3] condescending attitudes of male reviewers, and their association of women composers with "salon music" rather than music of the concert platform;[4] and denial of female creativity in the arts by philosophers such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Immanuel Kant.[5] All this needs to be considered in the perspective of restrictions against women's advancement in cultural, economic and political spheres over a long historical period.[6]

Such discrimination against women composers can be considered in the context of general societal attitudes about gender or perceived roles of men and women, many musicologists and critics have come to incorporate gender studies in assessing the history and practice of the art.

Some notable Western composers include: Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179), a German Benedictine abbess, writer, composer, philosopher, Christian mystic, visionary, and polymath; Fanny Mendelssohn (1805–1847); Clara Schumann (1819–1896); Ethel Smyth (1858–1944); Amy Beach (1867–1944); Rebecca Clarke (1886–1979); Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983); Lili Boulanger (1893–1918); Sofia Gubaidulina (1931–); and Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023).

Women composers are also listed alphabetically at List of women composers by name.

Before 16th century

Illumination from Hildegard's Scivias (1151) showing her receiving a vision and dictating to teacher Volmar

16th century

17th century

1701–1750

Princess Anna Amalia of Prussia

1751–1800

1801–1850

1851–1875

1876–1900

Portrait of Nora Holt by Carl Van Vechten

1900s

1910s

1920s

1930s

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

Unknown

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Print sources include the Norton/Grove Dictionary of Women Composers, edited by Julie Anne Sadie and Rhian Samuel (New York; London: W. W. Norton, c.1995), Barbara Garvey Jackson, "Say Can You Deny Me": A Guide to Surviving Music by Women from the 16th Through the 18th Centuries (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1994), and Aaron I. Cohen, International Encyclopedia of Women Composers (New York: Books & Music, 1987).

References

  1. ↑ Citron (1990), 102–103.
  2. ↑ Citron (1990), 105–106.
  3. ↑ Citron (1990), 106–107.
  4. ↑ Citron (1990), 108–110.
  5. ↑ Citron (1990), 111–112.
  6. ↑ Citron (1990), 112–113.
  7. ↑ Partington, Angela (11 March 2003). "One enchanted evening". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 2020-11-10.

Sources

Further reading

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