This is a partial list of piano manufacturers. Most piano professionals have access to detailed information about these brands using a Piano Atlas to reference serial numbers, which are used to determine a piano's age using the year a piano was built. This information is often used in piano appraisals.

Active brands or companies


Company Place Country Years active Acquired by Notes

Atlas [1] Hamamatsu Japan 1943–present
Apollo[2] Hamamatsu Japan 1948–present Incorporated "SSS system" in their upright piano.
August Förster[3] Löbau Germany 1859–present

Baldwin[4] Cincinnati, OH US 1857–present Gibson Guitar Corporation Acquired in 2001. Upright models are being built in Baldwin factory in Zhongshan, China. Grand pianos are being built to Baldwin specifications by Parsons Music Group, Hong Kong.[5]
Bechstein[6] Berlin Germany 1853–present Also manufactures W. Hoffmann and Zimmerman brands.[5] It has own line of artists[7]
Becker[8] Moscow Russia 1841–present Nationalized in 1918 and renamed into the 'Red October' brand. Production stopped during Perestroika and relaunched later on under the Becker name.[8]
Beiijing HsingHai[9] Beijing China 1949–present Also manufactures the Hardman brand.[9]
Belarus Minsk Belarus 1935–present Only upright pianos of its own brand.
Blüthner[10] Leipzig Germany 1853–present Also manufactures Haessler and Irmler brands.[10] In addition, it has his own line of artists[11]
Borgato[12] Bagnolo di Lonigo, Vicenza Italy 1991–present Handcrafted concert grand pianos,
Bösendorfer[13] Vienna Austria 1828–present Yamaha Acquired in 2007.[13] It also has his own line of artists[14]

Cavendish[15] Bolton Abbey UK 2012–present

Fritz Dobbert[16] Osasco Brazil 1950–present As of 2012, only piano factory in Latin America[17]


Edelweiss[18] Cambridge UK 1975–present All upright and grand piano come by default as player pianos.[18]
Estonia[19] Tallinn Estonia 1950–present

Fazioli[20] Sacile Italy 1978–present It has his own line of artists[21]
Ferd. Thürmer[22] Bochum Germany 1834–present
Feurich[23] Leipzig Germany 1851–present Acquired in 2011.[5] The bulk of manufacturing is carried out in Hailun Piano Company factory in Ningbo, China except the upright piano 123 – Vienna made in Vienna, Austria.[24][23] In 2011, after the acquisition of the German piano manufacturing company Feurich, all Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich.[25]

In 2021 Feurich - Wendl&Lung GmbH was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH.[26] It also has own line of pianists[27]

Gebr. Schulz[28] Wiesbaden Germany 1888–present
Grotrian-Steinweg[29] Braunschweig Germany 1835–present Parsons Music Group Acquired in 2015. A majority interest in Grotrian-Steinweg was purchased by Parsons Music Group.[5][24] Also manufactures the Wilhelm Grotrian brand.[5] Besides, possesses his own line of pianists[30]

Hailun[31] Ningbo China 2002–present Also manufactures ''Cline'', ''Cunningham'' and ''Emerson'' brands and manufactures pianos for other piano companies.
John Broadwood & Sons[32] London UK 1728–present Antique upright and grand pianos.[32]

Kawai[33] Hamamatsu Japan 1927–present Also manufactures Shigeru Kawai grand pianos.[33] Own line of artists.[34]

Maene[35] Ruiselede Belgium 1938–present
Mason & Hamlin[36] Boston US 1854–present Burgett, Inc. Has changed hands and factories many times in its history. See main article. Own line of artists[37]

Parsons[38] Hong Kong China 1986–present Also manufactures Yangtze River, Schönbrunn, Barrate & Robinson, and Brodmann brands.[38][5]
Pearl River[39] Guangzhou China 1956–present Also manufactures Fandrich, Kayserburg and Ritmüller brands.[5]
Petrof[40] Hradec Králové Czech Republic 1864–present Also manufactures Ant. Petrof, Ant. Dalibor, Weinbach, Rösler, Scholze, Fibich and Akord brands.[40]
Pfeiffer[41] Stuttgart Germany 1862–present

Ravenscroft[42] Scottsdale, AZ US 2004–present
Rönisch[43] Dresden Germany 1897–present Blüthner Acquired in 2009.[5]

Samick[44] Incheon South Korea 1958–present Also manufactures Kohler & Campbell, Pramberger and Wm. Knabe brands.[44][5]
Sauter[45] Spaichingen Germany 1819–present
Schimmel[46] Braunschweig Germany 1885–present Pearl River Piano Group Acquired in 2016. Also manufactures Wilhelm Schimmel and Fridolin Schimmel brands.[5]
Schirmer & son[47] Lehnin Germany 1855–present T & B Piano GmbH
Seiler[48] Kitzingen Germany 1849–present Samick Acquired in 2008. Also manufactures Eduard Seiler and Johannes Seiler brands.[5]
Steingraeber & Söhne[49] Bayreuth Germany 1852–present Owns his line of artists[50]
Steinway & Sons[51] New York / Hamburg US / Germany 1853–present Also sells the Boston and Essex brands.[52] It has its own line of artists.[53]
Stuart & Sons[54] Newcastle Australia 1990–present

Walter[55] Elkhart US 1969–present Manufactures Charles R. Walter brand.[5][55]
Wilh. Steinberg[56] Eisenberg Germany 1877–present Parsons Music Group Acquired in 2013.[5][24] Own line of artists[57]

Yamaha[58] Hamamatsu Japan 1900–present Piano production started at 1900. Has its line of artists.[59]
Young Chang[60] Seoul South Korea 1956–present Hyundai Development Company Acquired in 2006.[5] Also Manufactures Weber and Albert Weber brands.[5][60]

Zanta[61] Caldogno, Vicenza Italy 1979–present

Defunct brands or companies


Company Place Country Years active Acquired by Notes

A. B. Chase Ohio US 1875–1985 Aeolian Company
A. M. McPhail[62] Boston US 1837–1960
A. Mittag Berlin Germany 1800
Adam Schaaf Chicago US 1873–1930 Also sold as Clarion and Orpheus
Aeolian Company New York City US 1868–1985 Merged with Ampico in 1932. Ampico rebranded as Aeolian in 1941.
Albert Fahr Zeitz Germany 1887–1950
Albert W. Ladd Boston US 1848–1930
Alexander Herrmann KG Sangerhausen Germany 1803–1993
Alfred Knight, Ltd. London UK 1936–2003
Allen Brook London UK
Alpheus Babcock Boston US 1810–1829
American Piano Company East Rochester, NY US 1908–1941 Aeolian Company aka. Ampico
Astin Weight Salt Lake City US 1959–1999

Baumgardt Piano Stockholm Sweden 1859
Baus Piano Company New York City US 1895–1929 Jacob Doll Piano Company Factories located at Southern Blvd. and Trinity Ave. They built a full line of upright pianos, player pianos, and grand pianos. It was acquired circa 1910; went out of business in the Great Depression
Beale Piano Sydney Australia 1893–1975
Becker Brothers New York US 1892–1940 They Also built pianos under the Bennington name, and player pianos under the Mellotone and Playernola name as well.
Behr Brothers & Co. New York US 1880–1950 Kohler & Campbell
Bell Brothers[63] Muncie, Indiana US 1915–1930
Berlin Piano and Organ Company[64] Berlin, Ontario Canada 1890–1924
Bogs & Voigt Berlin Germany 1905–1939
Boisselot & Fils Marseille France 1831–1908 The brand became Boisselot Fils & Co. in 1847, after the passing of his father Jean-Louis Boisselot.
Brinkerhoff Piano Company Chicago US 1906–1950
Brinsmead London UK 1835–1921
Brødrene Hals Oslo Norway 1847–1925
Bush & Gerts Chicago US 1884–1942 Bought by Haddorff Piano co. in 1942

Cable and Sons New York US 1852–1936
Cable Piano Company Chicago US 1880–1937 Merged with Schiller Piano Company to become The Schiller Cable Manufacturing Company
Cable-Nelson Piano Company Chicago US Founded by brother of Cable Piano Co Sold under the names Fayette S. Cable, Radcliffe, Lakeside, Sweetland, Henderson and Boller
Camp & Company New York City US 1879–1930 Kohler & Campbell
Carl Dörr Vienna Austria 1817–1920
Carl Ecke Posen Germany 1843–1930
Challen Pianos London UK 1804–1980
Chappell & Co. London UK 1811–1980 Kemble
Charles Albrecht Philadelphia and Long Island US 1789–1887 Schultz & Sons Manufacturing Corp. One of the earliest pianos made in America. The first known piano by Albrecht is located at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.[65]
Charles Stieff Baltimore US 1856–1951 Often referred to as "The poor man's Steinway"
Chas. S. Norris Boston US 1930
Chickering and Sons Boston US 1823–1983 American Piano Company Acquired in 1908
Christian Baumann Zweibrücken Germany 1740–1816
Clementi & Company London UK 1767–1929
Collard & Collard London UK 1767–1929
Cunningham Piano Company Philadelphia US 1891 Pianos are made in China by Hailun Pianos
Currier Piano Co. Boston and Marion, NC US 1823–1969 Acquisition details

Danemann Pianos London UK 1893–1994 Also made a Waldberg brand however 'Waldberg Berlin' may be a different company
Decker Brothers New York US 1862–1900

Ed. Westermayer Berlin Germany 1863-1917?
Ehrbar Vienna Austria-Hungary
Ellington Piano Cincinnati US 1893–1930 Upright and grand pianos.
Emerson Piano Company Boston US 1849–1945
Érard Paris France 1777–1971
Ernst Kaps Dresden Germany 1858–1930
Estey Piano Company New York US 1846–1961
Euterpe Piano New York US 1820–1930

F. G. Smith New York US 1866
Falcone[66] Haverhill, MA US 1982–1993 America Sejung Corp.
Francis Connor New York US 1871–1933

G. Rösler Česká Lípa Bohemia 1878–1948 Petrof Acquired in 1993
G. Schwechten Berlin Germany 1854–1902 The name "Schwechten" is used in China by Shanghai Piano Co.
Gabler New York US 1851–1866
Gaveau Paris France 1847–1994
Gebr. Perzina Schwerin Germany 1871–1989 The Perzina name was revived as "Yantai Perzina" in China.
George Steck New York US 1857–1985 America Sejung Corp.
George Wilkinson London UK 1811–1835
Gerhard Heintzman Wesel Germany 1828-19?
Grinnell Detroit, MI US 1902–1960 In the 1990s, the Grinnell name was revived in a limited number of pianos built by Samick.
Gulbransen Chicago US 1904–1969

H. Kohl Hamburg Germany 1855–1909
Haddorf Piano Company Rockford, IL US 1902–1960 Maker of Steinbach, Clarendon & Dreher, Bush & Gerts
Haines Brothers New York US 1851–1945
Hallet, Davis & Co. Boston US 1835–1985 North American Music, Inc. The brand are made in China by Beijing Hsinghai Piano Group, Silbermann Piano Co., and Parsons Music for the importer, North American Music Inc.
Hardman Peck New York US 1842–1990 The name "Hardman" is used in China by Beiijing HsingHai.
Haynes Chicago US
Heintzman & Co. Toronto Canada 1866–1929
Hobart M. Cable La Porte, IN US 1900–1960 Ceased operations in the 1960s; brand was acquired by Story & Clark, then American Sejung
Hornung & Møller Copenhagen Denmark 1827–1972
Hupfield Dresden Germany 1880–1990

J. & C. Fischer New York US 1840–1985
J. B. Cramer & Co. London UK 1824–1964
Jesse French Piano & Organ Company Tennessee and Indiana US 1885 - 1902 Jesse French first built pianos from 1875 - 1885 for the Dorman, French & Smith company. In 1902 firm became Krell-French when Albert Krell joined. In 1905, Krell left and the firm was renamed "Jesse French & Sons." In 1955, The P. A. Stark Piano Company bought the firm.
J. G. Irmler Leipzig Germany 1818–1950 Blüthner
J. Gunther[67] Brussels Belgium 1845–1960
J. Strauss & Son Chicago US 1925
J. W. Jenkins St. Louis, MO US 1910–1964
Johann Heichele Ljubljana, Trieste Italy 1790–1813
Julius Bauer & Co. Chicago US 1857–1930

Kemble & Co. London UK 1911–2009 Yamaha
Kieselhorst Piano Company St. Louis, MO US 1879-1930 Established piano dealer that began selling pianos under its own name around 1895; unclear whether they were stencils
Kimble[68] Illinois US 1857-2023 HNI[69]
Kirschner New York US
Kohler & Campbell[70] New York US 1894–1985 Samick Acquired the name
Krakauer Brothers New York US 1869–1980
Kranich & Bach New York US 1864–1985
Kurtzmann New York US 1848–1938

Lakeside Piano Company Chicago, IL US Bought by Cable-Nelson
Lauter Piano Co. Newark, NJ US 1862–1930
Lesage Piano Company[71] Quebec Canada 1884–1911 Willis & Co. Acquired in 1907
Lester Piano Company[72] Lester, PA US 1888–1960 Also manufactured brands Channing, Alden, Bellaire, Schubert and Leonard
Loud Brothers Philadelphia US 1822–1837
Lindeman & Sons New York US 1836–2003
Ludwig & Co. St. Louis, MO US 1889–1933

M. Schulz Piano Co. Chicago US 1869–1930 Company manufactured and sold pianos under the names of M. Schulz, Walworth, Bradford, Irving, and Maynard, and Aria Divina. They were also sold under the names Brinkerhoff (from teens until about 1950s) and Schriver & Sons.
Marshall & Wendell New York US 1875–1953
Mason & Risch Ontario Canada 1871–1972
Mathushek Piano Co. New York US 1852–1879
Mehlin & Sons New York US 1853–1960
Melville Clark DeKalb, IL US 1900–1940 Baldwin Piano Company Purchased by Baldwin in 1919
Mendelssohn Toronto Canada 1870–1960
Monington & Weston London UK 1858–1975
Moore and Moore London UK 1900–1920
Muir, Wood and Company[73] Edinburgh Scotland 1798–1818 Wood, Small and Company Wood, Small and Company was formed at John Muir's Death in 1818
Murdoch, McKillop & Co Edinburgh Scotland 1903

Newman Brothers Chicago US 1880–1930
Nordheimer Toronto Canada 1844–1960
Normandie East Rochester, NY USA 1912? [74]

P. A. Starck Piano Chicago US 1891–1965
Pape Paris France 1817–1875
Petzold Paris France 1806
Pirsson New York US 1822–1855
Pleyel et Cie[75] Paris France 1807–2013 At the end of 2013, the company announced it would cease manufacturing pianos in France[76]

R. Lipp & Sohn Stuttgart Germany 1831–1998
R. Görs & Kallmann Berlin Germany 1877–1990
R. S. Williams & Sons[77] Toronto Canada 1856–1931 Manufactured mandolins, banjos, melodeons, organs and pianos
Raudenbush & Sons St. Paul, MN US 1883–1935
Reed & Sons Chicago US 1842–1920
Robert Wornum & Sons London UK 1811–1900
Rud. Ibach Sohn Düsseldorf Germany 1794–2007

Schiedmayer Stuttgart Germany 1809–2008 Piano production stopped in 1980
Schiller Piano Company[78] Oregon, IL US 1890–1936 Cable Company
Schweighofer Vienna Austria 1792–1938
Sears, Roebuck & Company[79] Chicago US 1900–1930 Also manufactured/sold brands Beckwith, American Home, Maywood, Beverley, and Caldwell
Sezemsky Chicago US 1886–1901
Sherman, Clay & Co. San Francisco US 1853–2013
Shondorff Woodbridge, CT US 1850–1938 National Piano Manufacturing Company
Shoninger & Son New York US 1850–1965
Simpson & Son Piano Co. Albuquerque, NM US 1940–1990 Simpson & Son was the only piano manufacturer west of the Mississippi during that time. They specialized in custom spinet upright pianos.
Sohmer & Co. New York US 1872–1996
Søren Jensen Copenhagen Denmark 1893–1921 sponagle
Starr Piano Company Richmond, IN US 1872–1950 Originally named the Trayser Piano Company, after one of its founders, George Trayser. They also produced a more affordable, yet exceptional quality, piano line, the "Richmond Piano Company", which was sold alongside theirs in showrooms. Also known for founding Gennett Records.
Steger & Sons Chicago US 1879–1959 "Steger & Sons is one of the few American manufacturers to survive the Great Depression without being absorbed into a larger conglomerate. "[80]
Steinbach & Dreher Rockford, IL US 1902–1960 Actually made by Haddorff Piano company.
Sterling Piano Company Derby, CT US 1866–1967 Founded in 1845 as The Sterling Organ Company by Charles A. Sterling, the company merged with the Winter Piano Company after the Great Depression. They also produced the cheaper, but reputable, Huntington Piano.
Story & Clark Chicago US 1884–1993
Straube Piano Company Downers Grove, IL, US (1895–1904)
Hammond, IN, US (1904–1940)
Chicago Heights, IL, US (1940–1942)
Rockford, IL		 US (1942–1949) 1895–1949 C.G. Conn Manufactured Straube, Hammond, Gilmore, and Woodward; receiver's sale in 1934; bankruptcy in 1937 – remaining assets, including name and patents continued in 1937 in the newly formed Indiana corporation, Straube Pianos Inc.
Strich & Zeidler[81][82] New York City US 1889–1930 Also manufactured Homer brand
Stuyvesant New York US 1886–1930

Sweetland Piano Company Chicago, IL US Bought by Cable-Nelson
Th. Mann & Co. Bielefeld Germany 1836–1942
Thomas Goggan & Brother Galveston, TX US 1866–1915
Timothy Gilbert Boston US 1829–1868

Uebel & Lechleiter Heilbronn Germany 1872–1987
United Piano Makers New York US 1860–1880

Vose & Sons Boston US 1851–1985 Aeolian Company

W. Ritmüller & Sohn Göttingen Germany 1795–1933 Pearl River Piano Group in China use the brand name "Ritmüller" for their pianos
W. W. Kimball and Company Chicago US 1857–1996 see Kimball International
Weber Piano Company[71][83] New York US 1852–1985 Young Chang Young Chang acquired the Weber name in 1985.[5]
Weber (Ontario)[71] Kingston, ON Canada 1865–1961 Lesage Piano Company
Welmar Pianos London UK 1925–2003
Wendl & Lung[84] Vienna Austria 1910–2021 Wendl & Lung piano models were renamed Feurich. The company was renamed Feurich Pianoforte GmbH in 2021.
Wertheim Piano Melbourne Australia 1908–1935
Whaley-Royce Toronto Canada 1888–1969
Wilhelm Spaethe Gera Germany 1858–1920
Willis & Co.[85] Montreal Canada 1889–1979 Acquired Lesage Piano Company in 1907. Also manufactured Newcombe
Winter & Co. New York City US 1899–1959 Aeolian American Founded in 1899 as Heller & Co.; purchased by Julius Winter and renamed in 1901. Merged with Aeolian American in 1959 to form Aeolian Company.
Wm. Knabe & Co. Baltimore US 1837–1982 Samick Acquired the name in 2001
Wolfframm Dresden Germany 1872–1930 Started out under brand name Apollo
Wood, Small and Company[86] Edinburgh Scotland 1818–1829 Successive firms were Wood and Company, J. Muir Wood Company, and Small, Bruce and Company. Continued until Andrew Wood's Death in 1829
Wurlitzer Cincinnati, OH US 1856–1988 Baldwin Piano Company Also sold under the names Apollo, De Kalb, Julius Bauer, Farney, Kingston, Kurtzman, Merrium. Schaff Bros. and Underwood.

Zimmermann Seifhennersdorf Germany 1884–2011 C. Bechstein Acquired in 1992

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Atlas Malaysia Distributor". Atlas Malaysia. 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  2. ↑ "APOLLO | TOYO PIANO MFG.Co., LTD". toyoapollo.com. Retrieved 2021-04-02.
  3. ↑ August Forster website
  4. ↑ Baldwin website
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "Piano Buying Guide | The Successor To The Piano Book | Piano Buyer". PianoBuyer. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  6. ↑ C. Bechstein website
  7. ↑ BECHSTEIN Pianists
  8. 1 2 "Becker Piano". Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  9. 1 2 "北京星海钢琴集团有限公司-官方网站". www.xhpiano.com. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  10. 1 2 Blüthner website
  11. ↑ The Blüthner Artists and Friends
  12. ↑ Borgato website
  13. 1 2 Bösendorfer website
  14. ↑ Bösendorfer Artists & Friends
  15. ↑ Cavendish Pianos website
  16. ↑ Fritz Dobbert Pianos website
  17. ↑ Somos os únicos da América Alatina
  18. 1 2 Edelweiss Pianos website
  19. ↑ Estonia website
  20. ↑ Fazioli website
  21. ↑ REFERENCES
  22. ↑ Ferd. Thürmer website
  23. 1 2 Feurich website
  24. 1 2 3 Berlin, Derek Scally in. "Facing the music: how China is buying Germany's piano industry". The Irish Times. Retrieved 2020-12-03.
  25. ↑ "WENDL & LUNG". BestPricePiano. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  26. ↑ "Impressum". Klaviergalerie (in German). Retrieved 2021-03-15.
  27. ↑ ARTISTS Feurich
  28. ↑ "Piano-Schulz Wiesbaden - Über Uns". www.piano-schulz.de. Retrieved 2021-05-06.
  29. ↑ Grotrian-Steinweg website
  30. ↑ Grotrian Artists
  31. ↑ "Official Hailun Piano Co Website". hailunpianoco.com. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  32. 1 2 Broadwood and Sons website
  33. 1 2 Kawai website
  34. ↑ Kawai featured artists
  35. ↑ Maene website
  36. ↑ Mason & Hamlin
  37. ↑ MASON & HAMLIN ARTISTS
  38. 1 2 "柏斯音乐集团 Parsons Music Corporation". www1.parsonsmusic.com. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
  39. ↑ Pearl River website
  40. 1 2 Petrof website
  41. ↑ "Pfeiffer Pianos - Home". www.pfeiffer-pianos.com. Retrieved 2020-11-17.
  42. ↑ "Ravenscroft Pianos". www.ravenscroftpianos.com. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  43. ↑ Rönisch website
  44. 1 2 Samick website
  45. ↑ "Sauter Piano Manufaktur". www.sauter-pianos.de. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  46. ↑ website
  47. ↑ "Firmengeschichte". SCHIRMER PIANO (in German). Retrieved 2023-09-16.
  48. ↑ "Seiler Pianos". Seiler Pianos Com (in German). Retrieved 2020-11-16.
  49. ↑ "Steingraeber & Söhne - the premium manufacturer for upright and grand pianos". Steingraeber. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  50. ↑ Artists and Friends from A to Z Steingraeber
  51. ↑ Steinway and Sons website
  52. ↑ Boston | Essex website
  53. ↑ STEINWAY ARTISTS Solo artists
  54. ↑ Stuart and Sons piano website
  55. 1 2 "Charles R. Walter Piano Company - Grand Pianos - Studio Pianos - Console Pianos". www.walterpiano.com. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
  56. ↑ "首页 Wilh. Steinberg". www.wilhsteinberg.de. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  57. ↑ MEET STEINBERG'S FAMILY AND FRIENDS
  58. ↑ Yamaha Pianos website
  59. ↑ Yamaha artists
  60. 1 2 Young Chang Piano America website
  61. ↑ ZANTA Pianos website
  62. ↑ "Antique Piano Shop, McPhail". 4 September 2017.
  63. ↑ "Bell Brothers Piano Company store window (circa 1920-1950)". dmr.bsu.edu. Ball State University. Retrieved 2022-01-27.
  64. ↑ "Online Collections Database". waterloo.pastperfectonline.com. Retrieved 2022-08-01.
  65. ↑ Bob Pierce, Larry Ashley Pierce Piano Atlas, 10th Edition, September 26, 1996
  66. ↑ "Falcone, The Handmade American Piano".
  67. ↑ "Antique Piano Shop, Gunther". 31 August 2017.
  68. ↑
  69. ↑ https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/HNI_Corporation
  70. ↑ Kohler & Campbell website
  71. 1 2 3 "Antique Piano Shop, Weber". September 2017.
  72. ↑ "Lester Piano Company". Archived from the original on 2012-06-06.
  73. ↑ Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, US: Taylor & Francis. p. 243.
  74. ↑ stamped inside our piano
  75. ↑ Pleyel website
  76. ↑ "Chopin's Favorite Piano Factory Plays Its Final Chord". NPR.org. Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  77. ↑ "R.S. Williams & Sons". The Canadian Encyclopedia, by Helmut Kallmann, Carl Morey, and Florence Hayes, February 7, 2006
  78. ↑ Novak, Alice (29 November 2012), NRHP Nomination: Oregon Commercial Historic District (PDF), Illinois Historic Preservation Agency, archived from the original (PDF) on 20 November 2015
  79. ↑ The Antique Piano Shop. "Sears, Roebuck & Company". Retrieved 14 December 2012.
  80. ↑ "Steger & Sons". antiquepianoshop.com. 4 September 2017.
  81. ↑ "Antique Piano Shop, Strich & Zeidler". 4 September 2017.
  82. ↑ Dolge, Alfred (1913). Pianos and Their Makers: Development of the piano industry in America Since the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, 1876; Volume II. Covina Publishing Company.
  83. ↑ Weber pianos website
  84. ↑ "Wendl & Lung". Wendl & Lung. Retrieved 2021-02-08.
  85. ↑ "The Canadian Encyclopedia, Willis & Company Ltd". Archived from the original on October 17, 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2012.
  86. ↑ Palmieri, Robert (2003). The Piano: An Encyclopedia. New York City, NY, US: Taylor & Francis. p. 435.
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