Fighting against the Bolsheviks

After the February Revolution of 1917, Żeligowski became one of the organizers of the Polish Army in the former Russian Empire.^[1] Initially commander of an infantry regiment in the ranks of the Polish 1st Corps, he was quickly promoted and given command over a brigade.^[1] In 1918 he started the creation of a Polish unit in the area of Kuban, which eventually became the 4th Polish Rifle Division.^[1] As part of the Polish Army, his unit fought alongside the Denikin's Whites in the Russian Civil War. In October of the same year he became the Commander in Chief of all the Polish units fighting in Russia.

After the outbreak of the Polish-Bolshevik War and the defeat of Denikin, Żeligowski's unit was ordered to retreat to Romanian Bessarabia, where it took part in defence of the border against Bolshevik raids. Finally, in April 1919, the division was withdrawn to the newly established Second Polish Republic, where it was incorporated into the Polish Army and renamed to the Polish 10th Infantry Division.

During the war against the Bolshevist Russia, Żeligowski, a personal friend of Polish Marshal Józef Piłsudski, was quickly promoted to general and given the command over an operational group of his name, composed of his 10th division and additional units, mostly of partisan origin. As such, he soon became the commanding officer of the entire Lithuanian-Belarusian Front, operating in the area of Polesie and the Pinsk Marshes.^[1] During the Battle of Warsaw in 1920 his unit was attached to the 3rd Polish Army and took part in the pursuit of fleeing Bolshevik and Soviet forces at the Battle of the Niemen. Following the Battle of Warsaw, Żeligowski wrote:

"There was a paradoxical situation .. when Warsaw was defended and the war was won, we, the citizens of our homeland - Lithuania, could not even return to the house where the Zhmudin people settled, protégé of the Germans ... Having lost Lithuania - Poland lost much of its statehood. Polish politicians didn't understand that, only every soldier, even a Lithuanian citizen, understood that."^[2]

Republic of Central Lithuania

Lucjan Żeligowski, 1932

Żeligowski's family coat-of-arms, Łabędź ("Swan").

In October 1920, Żeligowski, a native of historical lands of Lithuania, was chosen to command the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry Division, composed mainly of PMO members, volunteers and partisans from the territory of modern Belarus and Lithuania. On October 8, 1920, after a staged mutiny, he "defected" with his unit and took control over the city of Vilnius and its area. The mutiny, named after him, would be remembered as the defining moment of his life. On October 12, he proclaimed independence of the said area as Republic of Central Lithuania, with Wilno as its capital. Initially a de facto military dictator, after the parliamentary elections he passed his powers to the newly elected parliament, which in turn decided to submit the area to Poland.

According to Lucjan Żeligowski's point of view:

"But not only geographically, Lithuania was the heart of the Slavs. It was morally. She, one of all the Slavic peoples, could easily talk with everyone. As with Poland, so with Russia, so with Ukraine. The mentality of the Lithuanian peoples was, as it were, created to reconcile everyone. He never had hostility, neither national, nor religious, nor cultural."^[2]

Regarding his invasion of Lithuania in October 1920, Żeligowski wrote:

On 9 October 1920, with the army, made up of the sons of Lithuania and Belarus, Vilnius was occupied not by the Polish general Żeligowski, but by the Lithuanian Żeligowski, who came as a child from Žiupronys to Vilnius for school exams and spent the night on the benches of city parks.^[3]

In the 14th-century Lithuanian Chronicles, there was written about mobilization in Ašmena, where it was mentioned that Jokūbas Želigovskis had a horse, weapon, axe, etc. In the history of a Russian uhlan regiment from 1863, it was mentioned that in the surroundings of Rūdninkai after a fierce fight, the fifteen-year-old Juozas Želigovskis was taken prisoner and letters were found by his side, where his mother encouraged him to fight.^[3]

So I was not an accidental out-of-nowhere in Lithuania, but my family has a long tradition and served in the Fatherland's defence. My dream was to live with my countrymen in the Vilnius region. I did not divide them into Poles, Belarusians and Samogitians. As a Lithuanian, I never stopped being Polish. These two concepts are intertwined. They complement each other. I am talking about all this in order to prove that it was all more than a Polish general's seizure of Vilnius.^[3]

Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Józef Piłsudski's confederation plans by Polish ally.^[4]

Later life

After the annexation of Central Lithuania to Poland, Żeligowski continued his service in the Polish Army. Promoted to three-star general in 1923, he served as an army inspector, or a commander of a military district of the capital city of Warsaw. In 1925 he also became the Polish Minister of Military Affairs. Ousted by Piłsudski's coup d'état (the May Coup), he was soon returned to the post. He retired the following year and settled in his family manor in Andrzejewo near Vilnius.

In 1930 he published a book containing his memoirs of the Polish-Bolshevik War named War of 1920: Memories and thoughts (Wojna w roku 1920. Wspomnienia i rozważania). He also wrote numerous articles on the conflicts of early 20th century for a variety of Polish newspapers. In 1935 he was elected a member of parliament and remained in the Sejm until the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Published works

• Lucjan Żeligowski, Wojna w roku 1920: Wspomnienia I Rozwazania, Warszawa: Wydawn. Ministerstwa * Obrony Narodowej, 1990.
• Lucjan Żeligowski, O ideę słowiańską. London: F. Mildner & Sons, 1941.
• Lucjan Żeligowski, Zapomniane prawdy. London: F. Mildner & Sons, 1941.

English

• Palij, Michael (1995), The Ukrainian-Polish Defensive Alliance, 1919-1921: An Aspect of the Ukrainian Revolution, 1919–1921, Toronto, Ontario: Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press / University of Toronto, ISBN 1-895571-05-7
• Snyder, Timothy D. (2003), The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999, New Haven & London: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-09569-4

Polish

• Fabisz, Dariusz (2007), Generał Lucjan Żeligowski 1865-1947. Działalność wojskowa i polityczna, Warsaw: DiG
• Hołówko, Tadeusz (28 October 1920), "Robotnik" [The Dispute Over Vilnius], Spór o Wilno, Robotnik, p. 1
• Kawalec, Tadeusz (1993), Historia IV-ej Dywizji Strzelców Generała Żeligowskiego w zarysie [History of 4th Rifleman Division of General Żeligowski in brief], Gryf, OCLC 32178695
• Kicman, Wojciech (February 1988), "Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny", Jeszcze w sprawie gen. broni L. Żeligowskiego, Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny, no. 124, pp. 319–335
• Kryska-Karski, Tadeusz; Żurakowski, Stanisław (1991) [London, Nakładem autorów, 1976], Generałowie Polski niepodległej [Generals of Polish Independence], Warsaw: Editions Spotkania, OCLC 24935744
• Lukowski, Grzegorz; Stolarski, Rafal E. (1994), Walka o Wilno : z dziejów samoobrony Litwy i Białorusi, 1918-1919 [Battle for Vilnius: History of Lithuanian and Belarus self-defense], Warsaw: Oficyna Wydawnicza Audiutor, ISBN 83-900085-0-5
• Łossowski, Piotr (1995), Konflikt polsko-litewski 1918-1920 [Polish–Lithuanian Conflict 1918-1920], Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza, ISBN 83-05-12769-9
• Marczyk, Wiesław (April 1987), "Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny", Generał broni Lucjan Żeligowski, Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny, no. 122, pp. 44–53
• Sawczynski, Adam (1959), Polska w obronie swoich granic. Wojna z bolszewikami; w dziele zbiorowym Polska niepodlegla i druga wojna swiatowa (1918-1945), London: Orbis
• Sosnkowski, Kazimierz (1988) [London 1943], Rzepniewski, Andrzej (ed.), Cieniom września (I ed.), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo MON, p. 72, ISBN 83-11-07627-8