| Lummi | |
|---|---|
| Xwlemi | |
| Region | Pacific Northwest |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | lumm1243 |
Lummi (Xwlemi Chosen, IPA: [xʷləmi tʃɔsən]) is a dialect of the North Straits Salish language traditionally spoken by the Lummi people of northwest Washington, in the United States. Although traditionally referred to as a language, it is mutually intelligible with the other dialects of North Straits.
Lummi language is still spoken on the Lummi reservation and is taught at Ferndale High School,[1] Lummi Nation School, Vista Middle School, Horizon Middle School, Skyline and Eagleridge Elementary Schools,[2] and the Northwest Indian College.
Phonology
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| central | sibilant | lateral | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
plain | p | t | t͡s | t͡ʃ | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | ||
| ejective | pʼ | tʼ | t͡sʼ | t͡ɬʼ | t͡ʃʼ | kʷʼ | qʼ | qʷʼ | |||
| Fricative | s | ɬ | ʃ | xʷ | χ | χʷ | h | ||||
| Sonorant | plain | m | n | l | j | ŋ | w | ||||
| glottalized | ˀm | ˀn | ˀj | ˀŋ | ˀw | ||||||
- /ts/ phonemically occurs only rarely within vocabulary.[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid/Open | æ | ə | ɔ |
- Vowel sounds /æ, ɔ/ may also be heard as more mid or open as [ɛ, ɒ].[4]
References
- ↑ Ferndale Native American Education. Archived 2017-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Native American Education - Ferndale School District". Archived from the original on 2021-07-29.
- ↑ Charles, Al; Demers, Richard A.; Bowman, Elizabeth (1978). Introduction to the Lummi language.
- ↑ Montler, Timothy (1999). Language and Dialect Variation in Straits Salishan. Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter, 1999): Indiana University. pp. 462–502.
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Further reading
- Gibbs, George (1863). Alphabetical Vocabularies of the Clallam and Lummi. Cramoisy Press. Available online through the Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection or at Internet Archive
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