Métro de Paris
france
A MF 01 train at Stalingrad
A MF 01 train at Stalingrad
Overview
Native nameMétropolitain de Paris
Owner
RATP (infrastructure)
LocaleParis metropolitan area
Transit typeRapid transit
Number of lines16 (numbered 1–14, 3bis and 7bis)
4 more under construction
Number of stations308[1]
Daily ridership4.16 million (2015)
Annual ridership1.520 billion (2015)[2]
Operation
Began operation19 July 1900 (1900-07-19)[3]
Operator(s)RATP
Number of vehicles700 trains
Technical
System length226.9 km (141.0 mi)[3]
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification750 V DC third rail

The Paris Métro (French: Métro de Paris [metʁo də paʁi]; short for Métropolitain [metʁɔpɔlitɛ̃]), operated by the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area, France. A symbol of the city, it is known for its density within the capital's territorial limits, uniform architecture and unique entrances influenced by Art Nouveau. The system is 226.9 kilometres (141.0 mi) long, mostly underground.[3] It has 308 stations of which 64 have transfers between lines.[1][4] There are 16 lines (with an additional four under construction), numbered 1 to 14, with two lines, 3bis and 7bis, named because they started out as branches of Line 3 and Line 7, respectively. Line 1, Line 4[5] and Line 14 are automated. Lines are identified on maps by number and colour, with the direction of travel indicated by the terminus.

It is the second busiest metro system in Europe, after the Moscow Metro, as well as the tenth-busiest in the world.[6] It carried 1.498 billion passengers in 2019, roughly 4.1 million passengers a day, which makes it the most used public transport system in Paris.[7] It is one of the densest metro systems in the world, with 244 stations within the 105.4 km2 (41 sq mi) of the City of Paris. Châtelet–Les Halles, with five Métro and three RER lines, is one of the world's largest metro stations.[8] However, the system generally has poor accessibility since most stations had been built underground well before ease of access was taken into consideration.

The first line opened without ceremony on 19 July 1900, during the World's Fair (Exposition Universelle).[3] The system expanded quickly until World War I and the core was complete by the 1920s; extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. The network reached saturation after World War II with new trains to allow higher traffic, but further improvements have been limited by the design of the network and, in particular, the short distances between stations. Besides the Métro, central Paris and its urban area are served by five RER lines (587 km (365 mi) with 257 stations), fourteen tramway lines (183.4 km (114.0 mi) with 271 stations),[9] eight Transilien suburban trains (1,299 km (807 mi) with 392 stations),[10] as well as three VAL lines at Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport.[11] In the late 1990s, Line 14 was put into service to relieve RER A. Line 12 reaching Mairie d'Aubervilliers in 2022[12] is the network's most recent extension. A large expansion programme (Grand Paris Express) is currently under construction with four new orbital Métro lines (15, 16, 17 and 18) around the Île-de-France region, outside the Paris city limits. Other extensions are currently under construction on Line 11 and Line 14. Further plans exist for Line 1, Line 7, Line 10, a merger of Line 3bis and Line 7bis and a new Line 19.

Naming

Métro signage

Métro is the abbreviated name of the company that originally operated most of the network: the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris S.A. ("Paris Metropolitan Railway Company Ltd."), shortened to "Le Métropolitain". It was quickly abbreviated to Métro, which became a common designation and brand name for rapid transit systems in France and in many cities elsewhere.

The Métro is operated by the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP), a public transport authority that also operates part of the RER network, light rail lines and many bus routes. The name Métro was adopted in many languages, making it the most used word for a (generally underground) urban transit system. It is possible that "Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain" was copied from the name of London's pioneering underground railway company,[13] the Metropolitan Railway, which had been in business for almost 40 years prior to the inauguration of Paris's first line.[14]

History

During the initial construction of the Métro, the tunnels were excavated in open sites and then covered.
Bastille station at the beginning of the 20th century

By 1845, Paris and the railway companies were already thinking about an urban railway system to link inner districts of the city. The railway companies and the French government wanted to extend mainline railways into a new underground network, whereas the Parisians favoured a new and independent network and feared national takeover of any system it built.[15] The disagreement lasted from 1856 to 1890. Meanwhile, the population became denser and traffic congestion grew massively. The deadlock put pressure on the authorities and gave the city the green light.

Prior to 1845, the urban transport network consisted primarily of a large number of omnibus lines, consolidated by the French government into a regulated system with fixed and unconflicting routes and schedules.[16] The first concrete proposal for an urban rail system in Paris was put forward by civil engineer Florence de Kérizouet. This plan called for a surface cable car system.[17] In 1855, civil engineers Edouard Brame and Eugène Flachat proposed an underground freight urban railroad, due to the high rate of accidents on surface rail lines.[17] On 19 November 1871 the General Council of the Seine commissioned a team of 40 engineers to plan an urban rail network.[18] This team proposed a network with a pattern of routes "resembling a cross enclosed in a circle" with axial routes following large boulevards. On 11 May 1872 the Council endorsed the plan, but the French government turned down the plan.[18] After this point, a serious debate occurred over whether the new system should consist of elevated lines or of mostly underground lines; this debate involved numerous parties in France, including Victor Hugo, Guy de Maupassant, and the Eiffel Society of Gustave Eiffel, and continued until 1892.[19] Eventually the underground option emerged as the preferred solution because of the high cost of buying land for rights-of-way in central Paris required for elevated lines, estimated at 70,000 francs per metre of line for a 20 meters (65 ft 7 in)-wide railroad.[20]

The last remaining hurdle was the city's concern about national interference in its urban rail system. The city commissioned renowned engineer Jean-Baptiste Berlier, who designed Paris' postal network of pneumatic tubes, to design and plan its rail system in the early 1890s.[20] Berlier recommended a special track gauge of 1,300 mm (4 ft 3+3⁄16 in) (versus the standard gauge of 1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) to protect the system from national takeover, which inflamed the issue substantially.[21] The issue was finally settled when the Minister of Public Works begrudgingly recognized the city's right to build a local system on 22 November 1895, and by the city's secret designing of the trains and tunnels to be too narrow for mainline trains, while adopting standard gauge as a compromise with the state.[21]

Fulgence Bienvenüe project

Construction of Chevaleret station, 1903
Line 2 near Jaurès station

On 20 April 1896, Paris adopted the Fulgence Bienvenüe project, which was to serve only the city proper of Paris. Many Parisians worried that extending lines to industrial suburbs would reduce the safety of the city. Paris forbade lines to the inner suburbs and, as a guarantee, Métro trains were to run on the right, as opposed to existing suburban lines, which ran on the left.

Unlike many other subway systems (such as that of London), this system was designed from the outset as a system of (initially) nine lines.[22] Such a large project required a private-public arrangement right from the outset – the city would build most of the permanent way, while a private concessionaire company would supply the trains and power stations, and lease the system (each line separately, for initially 39-year leases).[22] In July 1897, six bidders competed, and The Compagnie Generale de Traction, owned by the Belgian Baron Édouard Empain, won the contract; this company was then immediately reorganized as the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain.[22]

Construction began in November 1898.[22] The first line, Porte Maillot–Porte de Vincennes, was inaugurated on 19 July 1900 during the Paris World's Fair. Entrances to stations were designed in Art Nouveau style by Hector Guimard. Eighty-six of his entrances are still in existence.

Bienvenüe's project consisted of 10 lines, which correspond to current Lines 1 to 9. Construction was so intense that by 1920, despite a few changes from schedule, most lines had been completed. The shield method of construction was rejected in favor of the cut-and-cover method in order to speed up work.[23] Bienvenüe, a highly regarded engineer, designed a special procedure of building the tunnels to allow the swift repaving of roads, and is credited with a largely swift and relatively uneventful construction through the difficult and heterogeneous soils and rocks.[24]

Line 1 and Line 4 were conceived as central east–west and north–south lines. Two lines, ligne 2 Nord (Line 2 North) and ligne 2 Sud (Line 2 South), were also planned but Line 2 South was merged with Line 5 in 1906. Line 3 was an additional east–west line to the north of line 1 and line 5 an additional north to south line to the east of Line 4. Line 6 would run from Nation to Place d'Italie. Lines 7, 8 and 9 would connect commercial and office districts around the Opéra to residential areas in the north-east and the south-west. Bienvenüe also planned a circular line, the ligne circulaire intérieure, to connect the six mainline stations. A section opened in 1923 between Invalides and the Boulevard Saint-Germain before the plan was abandoned.

Nord-Sud competing network

A Nord-Sud station sign

On 31 January 1904, a second concession was granted to the Société du chemin de fer électrique souterrain Nord-Sud de Paris (Paris North-South underground electrical railway company), abbreviated to the Nord-Sud (North-South) company. It was responsible for building three proposed lines:

  • Line A would join Montmartre to Montparnasse as an additional north–south line to the west of Line 4.
  • Line B would serve the north-west of Paris by connecting Saint-Lazare station to Porte de Clichy and Porte de Saint-Ouen.
  • Line C would serve the south-west by connecting Montparnasse station to Porte de Vanves. The aim was to connect Line B with Line C, but the CMP renamed Line B as Line 13 and Line C as Line 14. Both were connected by the RATP as the current Line 13.

Line A was inaugurated on 4 November 1910, after being postponed because of floods in January that year. Line B was inaugurated on 26 February 1911. Because of the high construction costs, the construction of line C was postponed. Nord-Sud and CMP used compatible trains that could be used on both networks, but CMP trains used 600 volts third rail, and NS −600 volts overhead wire and +600 volts third rail. This was necessary because of steep gradients on NS lines. NS distinguished itself from its competitor with the high-quality decoration of its stations, the trains' extreme comfort and pretty lighting.

Nord-Sud did not become profitable and bankruptcy became unavoidable. By the end of 1930, the CMP bought Nord-Sud. Line A became Line 12 and Line B Line 13. Line C was built and renamed Line 14; that line was reorganised in 1937 with Lines 8 and 10. This partial line is now the south part of Line 13.

The last Nord-Sud train set was decommissioned on 15 May 1972.[25]

1930–1950: first inner suburbs are reached

Paris Métro network in 1939

Bienvenüe's project was nearly completed during the 1920s. Paris planned three new lines and extensions of most lines to the inner suburbs, despite the reluctance of Parisians. Bienvenüe's inner circular line having been abandoned, the already-built portion between Duroc and Odéon for the creation of a new east–west line that became Line 10, extended west to Porte de Saint-Cloud and the inner suburbs of Boulogne.

The line C planned by Nord-Sud between Montparnasse station and Porte de Vanves was built as Line 14 (different from present Line 14). It extended north in encompassing the already-built portion between Invalides and Duroc, initially planned as part of the inner circular. The over-busy Belleville funicular tramway would be replaced by a new line, Line 11, extended to Châtelet. Lines 10, 11 and 14 were thus the three new lines envisaged under this plan.

Most lines would be extended to the inner suburbs. The first to leave the city proper was Line 9, extended in 1934 to Boulogne-Billancourt; more followed in the 1930s. World War II forced authorities to abandon projects such as the extension of Line 4 and Line 12 to the northern suburbs. By 1949, eight lines had been extended: Line 1 to Neuilly-sur-Seine and Vincennes, Line 3 to Levallois-Perret, Line 5 to Pantin, Line 7 to Ivry-sur-Seine, Line 8 to Charenton, Line 9 to Boulogne-Billancourt, Line 11 to Les Lilas and Line 12 to Issy-les-Moulineaux.

World War II had a massive impact on the Métro. Services were limited and many stations closed. The risk of bombing meant the service between Place d'Italie and Étoile was transferred from Line 5 to Line 6, so that most of the elevated portions of the Métro would be on Line 6. As a result, Lines 2 and 6 now form a circle. Most stations were too shallow to be used as bomb shelters. The French Resistance used the tunnels to conduct swift assaults throughout Paris.[26]

It took a long time to recover after liberation in 1944. Many stations had not reopened by the 1960s and some closed for good. On 23 March 1948, the CMP (the underground) and the STCRP (bus and tramways) merged to form the RATP, which still operates the Métro.

1960–1990: development of the RER

The Viaduc d'Austerlitz, crossing the Seine, is used by Line 5

The network grew saturated during the 1950s. Outdated technology limited the number of trains, which led the RATP to stop extending lines and concentrate on modernisation. The MP 51 prototype was built, testing both rubber-tyred metro and basic automatic driving on the voie navette. The first replacements of the older Sprague trains began with experimental articulated trains and then with mainstream rubber-tyred Métro MP 55 and MP 59, some of the latter still in service (Line 11). Thanks to newer trains and better signalling, trains ran more frequently.

The population boomed from 1950 to 1980. Car ownership became more common and suburbs grew further from the centre of Paris. The main railway stations, termini of the suburban rail lines, were overcrowded during rush hour. The short distance between Métro stations slowed the network and made it unprofitable to build extensions. The solution in the 1960s was to revive a project abandoned at the end of the 19th century: joining suburban lines to new underground portions in the city centre as the Réseau Express Régional (regional express network; RER).

Saint-Lazare station

The RER plan initially included one east–west line and two north–south lines. RATP bought two unprofitable SNCF lines—the Ligne de Saint-Germain (westbound) and the Ligne de Vincennes (eastbound) with the intention of joining them and to serve multiple districts of central Paris with new underground stations. The new line created by this merger became Line A. The Ligne de Sceaux, which served the southern suburbs and was bought by the CMP in the 1930s, would be extended north to merge with a line of the SNCF and reach the new Charles de Gaulle Airport in Roissy. This became Line B. These new lines were inaugurated in 1977 and their wild success outperformed all the most optimistic forecasts to the extent that line A is the most used urban rail line in the world with nearly 300 million journeys a year.

Because of the enormous cost of these two lines, the third planned line was abandoned and the authorities decided that later developments of the RER network would be more cheaply developed by the SNCF, alongside its continued management of other suburban lines. However, the RER developed by the SNCF would never match the success of the RATP's two RER lines. In 1979, the SNCF developed Line C by joining the suburban lines of the Gare d'Austerlitz and Gare d'Orsay, the latter being converted into a museum dedicated to impressionist paintings. During the 1980s, it developed Line D, which was the second line planned by the initial RER schedule, but serving Châtelet instead of République to reduce costs. A huge Métro-RER hub was created at Châtelet–Les Halles, becoming one of the world's largest underground stations.[27]

The same project of the 1960s also decided to merge Line 13 and Line 14 to create a quick connection between Saint-Lazare and Montparnasse as a new north–south line. Distances between stations on the lengthened line 13 differ from that on other lines in order to make it more "express" and hence to extend it farther in the suburbs. The new Line 13 was inaugurated on 9 November 1976.

1990–2010: Eole and Météor

Franklin D. Roosevelt station on Line 1, refurbished in the late 2000s

In October 1998, Line 14 was inaugurated. It was the first fully new Métro line in 63 years. Known during its conception as Météor (Métro Est-Ouest Rapide), it is one of the three fully automatic lines within the network along with Line 1 and Line 4. It was the first with platform screen doors to prevent suicides and accidents. It was conceived with extensions to the suburbs in mind, similar to the extensions of the line 13 built during the 1970s. As a result, most of the stations are at least a kilometre apart. Like the RER lines designed by the RATP, nearly all stations offer connections with multiple Métro lines. The line initially ran between Saint-Lazare and Olympiades and was subsequently extended north to Mairie de St.Ouen in 2020.

Lines 13 and 7 are the only two on the network to be split in branches. The RATP would like to get rid of those saturated branches in order to improve the network's efficiency. A project existed to attribute to line 14 one branch of each line, and to extend them further into the suburbs. This project was abandoned. In 1999, the RER Line E was inaugurated. Known during its conception as Eole (Est-Ouest Liaison Express), it is the fifth RER line. It terminates at Haussmann–Saint-Lazare, but a new project, financed by EPAD, the public authority managing the La Défense business district, should extend it west to La Défense–Grande Arche and the suburbs beyond.

2010 and beyond: automation

Pointe du Lac station, opened in 2011

Between 2007 and November 2011, Line 1 was converted to driverless operation. The line was operated with a combination of driver-operated trains and driverless trains until the delivery of the last of its driverless MP 05 trains in February 2013. The same conversion was ongoing for Line 4 which was completed on January 13, 2022.[28] Line 14 is also automated[29]

Several extensions to the suburbs opened in the last years. Line 8 was extended to Pointe du Lac in 2011, line 12 was extended to Aubervilliers in 2012, line 4 was extended to Mairie de Montrouge in 2013, Line 14 was extended by 5.8 km (3.6 mi) to Mairie de Saint-Ouen in December 2020, and Line 4 was extended to Bagneux in January 2022.

Accidents and incidents

Network

Paris Métro map (2013)

Since the Métro was built to comprehensively serve the city inside its walls, the stations are very close: 548 metres (1,798 ft) apart on average, from 424 metres (1,391 ft) on Line 4 [30] to 1,158 metres (3,799 ft) on the newer line 14, meaning Paris is densely networked with stations. [31] The surrounding suburbs are served by later line extensions, thus traffic from one suburb to another must pass through the city (the circular line 15, now under construction, will enable some journeys that do not need to pass through Paris). The slow average speed effectively prohibits service to the greater Paris area.

The Métro is mostly underground (197 km or 122 mi of 214 km or 133 mi). Above-ground sections consist of elevated railway viaducts within Paris (on Lines 1, 2, 5 and 6) and the suburban ends of Lines 1, 5, 8, and 13. The tunnels are relatively close to the surface due to the variable nature of the terrain, which complicates deep digging; exceptions include parts of Line 12 under the hill of Montmartre and line 2 under Ménilmontant. The tunnels follow the twists and turns of the streets above. During construction in 1900, a minimum radius of curvature of just 75 metres (246 ft) was imposed, but even this low standard was not adhered to at Bastille and Notre-Dame-de-Lorette.

Like the New York City Subway, and in contrast with the London Underground, the Paris Métro mostly uses two-way tunnels. As in most French métro and tramway systems, trains drive on the right (SNCF trains run on the left track). The tracks are 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge. Electric power is supplied by a third rail which carries 750 volts DC.

The width of the carriages, 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in), is narrower than that of newer French systems (such as the 2.9-metre or 9-foot-6-inch carriages in Lyon)[32][33] and trains on Lines 1, 4 and 14 have capacities of 600–700 passengers; this is as compared with 2,600 on the Altéo MI 2N trains of RER A. The City of Paris deliberately chose the narrow size of the Métro tunnels to prevent the running of mainline trains; the city of Paris and the French state had historically poor relations.[22] In contrast to many other historical metro systems (such as New York, Madrid, London, and Boston), all lines have tunnels and operate trains with the same dimensions. Five Paris Métro Lines (1, 4, 6, 11 and 14) run on a rubber tire system developed by the RATP in the 1950s, exported to the Montreal, Santiago, Mexico City and Lausanne metro.

The number of cars in each train varies line by line. The shortest are lines 3bis and 7bis with three-car trains. Line 11 ran with four until the summer 2023 when four-car MP 59 trains, the oldest type in service at the time, were gradually replaced by new five-car MP 14 trains (at a pace of 3 to 5 new MP 14 every Monday). Lines 1 and 4 run six-car trains. Line 14 currently runs a mix of six and 8-car trains; in the future it will only run 8 cars. All other lines run with five. Two lines, 7 and 13, have branches at the end, and trains serve every station on each line except when they are closed for renovations.

Map

Opening hours

The first train leaves each terminus at 5:30 a.m. On some lines additional trains start from an intermediate station. The last train, often called the "balai" (broom) because it sweeps up remaining passengers, arrives at the terminus at 1:15 a.m., except on Fridays (since 7 December 2007),[34] Saturdays and on nights before a holiday, when the service ends at 2:15 a.m.

On New Year's Eve, Fête de la Musique, Nuit Blanche and other events, some stations on Lines 1, 4, 6, 9 and 14 remain open all night.

Tickets

Ticket t+ in paper form

Tickets are sold at staffed counters and at automated machines in the station foyer. Entrance to platforms is by automated gate, opened by smart cards and paper tickets. Gates return tickets for passengers to retain for the duration of the journey. There is normally no system to collect or check tickets at the end of the journey, and tickets can be inspected at any point. The exit from all stations is clearly marked as to the point beyond which possession of a ticket is no longer required.

Ticket t+

The standard ticket for a single trip is the Ticket t+. It is valid for a multi-transfer journey within 90 minutes from the first validation. It can be used on the Métro, buses and trams, and in zone 1 of the RER. It allows unlimited transfers between the same mode of transport (i.e. Métro to Métro, bus to bus and tram to tram), between bus and tram, and between Métro and RER zone 1. The ticket is available in paper form, or can be loaded onto a Navigo Easy pass. As of 2023, it costs €2.10 per ticket, and is also available as a pack of ten tickets (a carnet) for €19.10 in paper form or €16.90 on Navigo Easy.[35]

Other tickets

Daily, weekly, and monthly passes are available for users of a Navigo card, an RFID-based contactless smart card.

Paris Visite is a paper ticket aimed at visitors offering unlimited trips for a duration of one, two, three or five days, for zones 1–3 covering the centre of Paris, or zones 1–5 covering the whole of the network including the RER to the airports, Versailles and Disneyland Paris.

Facilities

On 26 June 2012 it was announced that the Métro would get Wi-Fi in most stations. Access provided would be free, with a premium paid alternative offer proposed for a faster internet connection.[36] As of 2020, the entire RATP network was connected with 4G service, including within tunnels.[37] Line 1, Line 4 and Line 14 – as well as congested stations on Line 13 – have platform edge doors ('porte palière') separating the tracks from the platform.

Accessibility

The vast majority of Métro stations are not accessible to all.[38][39] The 13 stations of Line 14 (which first opened in 1998) are fully accessible, and extensions of lines since 1992 have included lifts.[40] By 2025, 23 stations on the Métro will be accessible, following extensions to existing lines.[41] In future, the new Grand Paris Express lines will be fully accessible.[42][43]

The Law on Equal Rights and Opportunities, Participation and Citizenship of Persons with Disabilities of 2005 does not require the Métro to be made accessible.[39][44] RATP states that it would cost between 4 and 6 billion euros to retrofit the network, and it would be impossible to do at certain stations.[45] [39] As of 2022, there are no plans to retrofit existing stations with lifts.[46][44] RATP notes that buses and trams in Paris are fully accessible, and many RER & Transilien stations are accessible.[47]

Technical specifications

The Métro has 226.9 kilometres (141.0 mi) of track[3] and 308 stations,[1] 64 connecting between lines. These figures do not include the RER network. The average distance between stations is 562 m (1,844 ft). Trains stop at all stations.[48] Lines do not share tracks, even at interchange (transfer) stations.[33]

Trains average 20 km/h (12.4 mph) with a maximum of 70 km/h (43 mph) on all but the automated driverless trains of Line 14, which average 40 km/h (25 mph) and reach 80 km/h (50 mph). An average interstation trip takes 58 seconds.[49] Trains travel on the right. The track is standard gauge but the loading gauge is smaller than the mainline SNCF network. Power is from a lateral third rail, 750 V DC, except on the rubber-tyred lines where the current is from guide bars.[33]

The loading gauge is small compared to those of newer metro systems (but comparable to that of early European metros), with capacities of between about 560 and 720 passengers per train on Lines 1–14. Many other metro systems (such as those of New York and London) adopted expanded tunnel dimensions for their newer lines (or used tunnels of multiple sizes almost from the outset, in the case of Boston), at the cost of operating incompatible fleets of rolling stock. Paris built all lines to the same dimensions as its original lines. Before the introduction of rubber-tire lines in the 1950s, this common shared size theoretically allowed any Métro rolling stock to operate on any line, but in practice each line was assigned a regular roster of trains.

A feature is the use of rubber-tired trains on five lines: this technique was developed by RATP and entered service in 1951.[50] The technology was exported to many networks around the world (including Montreal, Mexico City and Santiago). Lines 1, 4, 6, 11 and 14 have special adaptations to accommodate rubber-tyred trains. Trains are composed of 3 to 8 cars depending on the line, the most common being 5 cars, but all trains on the same line have the same number of cars.

The Métro is designed to provide local, point-to-point service in Paris proper and service into the city from some close suburbs. Stations within Paris are very close together to form a grid structure, ensuring that every point in the city is close to a Métro station (less than 500 metres or 1,640 feet), but this makes the service slow 20 km/h (12 mph), except on Line 14 where the stations are farther apart and the trains travel faster. The low speed virtually precludes feasible service to farther suburbs, which are serviced by the RER.

The Paris Métro runs mostly underground; surface sections include sections on viaducts in Paris (Lines 1, 2, 5, and 6) and at the surface in the suburbs (Lines 1, 5, 8, and 13). In most cases, both tracks are laid in a single tunnel. Almost all lines follow roads, having been built by the cut-and-cover method near the surface (the earliest by hand). Line 1 follows the straight course of the Champs-Elysées and on other lines, some stations (Liège, Commerce) have platforms that do not align: the street above is too narrow to fit both platforms opposite each other. Many lines have very sharp curves. The specifications established in 1900 required a very low minimum curve radius by railway standards, but even this was often not fully respected, for example near Bastille and Notre Dame de Lorette. Parts of the network are built at depth, in particular a section of Line 12 under Montmartre, the sections under the Seine, and all of Line 14.

Lines 7 and 13 have two terminal branches, while line 7bis runs in a unidirectional loop at one end. One end of lines 2 and 5 each and both ends of line 6 have their terminus station on a balloon loop. One end of lines 3bis and 7bis each have their trains essentially operate this way, but instead reverse. One end of lines 2, 3bis, and 4 have trains run out of service on a balloon loop before reentering service. All other termini have trains continue a certain distance beyond the terminal, before proceeding back to the station on a different platform headed the other way.

Rolling stock

The rolling stock has steel wheels (MF for matériel fer) and rubber-tyred trains (MP for matériel pneu). The different versions of each kind are specified by year of design. Some trains have suffixes to differentiate between them - CC (Conduite Conducteur) for trains driven by a driver and CA (Conduite Automatique) for trains that are automatically driven.

  • No longer in service
    • M1: in service from 1900 until 1931.
    • Sprague-Thomson: in service from 1908 until 1983.
    • MA 51: in service on lines 10 and 13 until 1994.
    • MP 55: in service on Line 11 from 1956 until 1999, replaced by the MP 59.
    • Zébulon a prototype MF 67, used for training operators between 1968 and 2010. It never saw passenger service.
  • Not yet in service
    • MF 19: intended to replace the MF 67, MF 77 and MF 88 stocks on Lines 3, 3bis, 7, 7bis, 8, 10, 12 and 13.

Lines

Paris Métro lines
Line Opened Last
extension		 Stations
served		 Length Average
interstation		 Journeys made
(2017)		 Termini Rolling
stock		 Conduction
system
Paris Métro Line 1 Line 1 1900 1992 25 16.6 km / 10.3 miles 692 metres (2,270 ft) 181.2 million La Défense
Château de Vincennes		 MP 05 Automatic
(SAET)
Paris Métro Line 2 Line 2 1900 1903 25 12.3 km / 7.7 miles 513 metres (1,683 ft) 105.2 million Porte Dauphine
Nation		 MF 01 Conductor
(PA)
Paris Métro Line 3 Line 3 1904 1971 25 11.7 km / 7.3 miles 488 metres (1,601 ft) 101.4 million Pont de Levallois–Bécon
Gallieni		 MF 67 Conductor
(OCTYS)
Paris Métro Line 3bis Line 3bis 1971 — 4 1.3 km / 0.8 miles 433 metres (1,421 ft) Porte des Lilas
Gambetta		 MF 67 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 4 Line 4 1908 2022 29 13.9 km / 8.6 miles 496 metres (1,627 ft) 155.9 million Porte de Clignancourt
Bagneux–Lucie Aubrac		 MP 89CC
MP 89CA
MP 05
MP 14CA		 Automatic
(SAET)
Paris Métro Line 5 Line 5 1906 1985 22 14.6 km / 9.1 miles 695 metres (2,280 ft) 110.9 million Bobigny–Pablo Picasso
Place d'Italie		 MF 01 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 6 Line 6 1909 1942 28 13.7 km / 8.5 miles 507 metres (1,663 ft) 114.3 million Charles de Gaulle–Étoile
Nation		 MP 73
MP 89CC		 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 7 Line 7 1910 1987 38 22.5 km / 14.0 miles 608 metres (1,995 ft) 135.1 million La Courneuve–8 mai 1945
Villejuif–Louis Aragon
Mairie d'Ivry		 MF 77 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 7bis Line 7bis 1967 — 8 3.1 km / 1.9 miles 443 metres (1,453 ft) Louis Blanc
Pré-Saint-Gervais		 MF 88 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 8 Line 8 1913 2011 38 23.4 km / 13.8 miles 632 metres (2,073 ft) 105.5 million Balard
Pointe du Lac		 MF 77 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 9 Line 9 1922 1937 37 19.6 km / 12.2 miles 544 metres (1,785 ft) 137.9 million Pont de Sèvres
Mairie de Montreuil		 MF 01 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 10 Line 10 1923 1981 23 11.7 km / 7.3 miles 532 metres (1,745 ft) 45.3 million Boulogne–Pont de Saint-Cloud
Gare d'Austerlitz		 MF 67 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 11 Line 11 1935 1937 13 6.3 km / 3.9 miles 525 metres (1,722 ft) 47.1 million Châtelet
Mairie des Lilas		 MP 59
MP 14CC		 Conductor
Paris Métro Line 12 Line 12 1910[51] 2022 31 17.2 km / 10.5 miles 546 metres (1,791 ft) 84.3 million Mairie d'Aubervilliers
Mairie d'Issy		 MF 67 Conductor
(PA)
Paris Métro Line 13 Line 13 1911[51] 2008 32 24.3 km / 15.0 miles 784 metres (2,572 ft) 131.4 million Châtillon–Montrouge
Saint-Denis–Université
Les Courtilles		 MF 77 Conductor
(OURAGAN)
Paris Métro Line 14 Line 14 1998 2020 13 13.9 km / 8.6 miles 1,158 metres (3,799 ft) 83.3 million Mairie de Saint-Ouen
Olympiades		 MP 05
MP 14CA		 Automatic
(SAET)

Planned lines

Planned Paris Métro lines
Line Planned
opening		 Planned
completion[52]		 Stations
served		 Length Average
interstation		 Termini Rolling
stock		 Conduction
system
Paris Métro Line 15 Line 15 2025 2030 36 75 km / 47 miles 2,083 metres (6,834 ft) Noisy–Champs
Champigny Centre		 MR6V Automatic
Paris Métro Line 16 Line 16 2026 2028 10 25 km / 16 miles[53] 2,778 metres (9,114 ft) Noisy–Champs
Saint-Denis Pleyel		 MR3V Automatic
Paris Métro Line 17 Line 17 2026 2030 9 25 km / 16 miles[53] 3,125 metres (10,253 ft) Le Mesnil-Amelot
Saint-Denis Pleyel		 MR3V Automatic
Paris Métro Line 18 Line 18 2026 2030 13 50 km / 31 miles 4,167 metres (13,671 ft) Orly Airport
Versailles-Chantiers		 MRV(Paris Metro) Automatic

Stations

Hector Guimard's original Art Nouveau entrance of the Paris Métro at Porte Dauphine station

The typical station comprises two central tracks flanked by two four-metre wide platforms. About 50 stations, generally current or former termini, are exceptions; most have three tracks and two platforms (Porte d'Orléans), or two tracks and a central platform (Porte Dauphine). Some stations are single-track, either due to difficult terrain (Saint-Georges), a narrow street above (Liège) or track loops (Église d'Auteuil).

Station length was originally 75 m (246 ft), enough to accommodate the 5-car trains used on most lines. This was extended to 90 m (295 ft) on high-traffic lines (Line 1 and Line 4) which operate six-car trains, with some stations at 105 m (344 ft) for accommodating seven-car trains (the difference as yet unused).

In general, stations were built near the surface by the cut-and-cover method, and are vaulted. Stations of the former Nord-Sud network (Line 12 and Line 13) have higher ceilings, due to the former presence of a ceiling catenary. There are exceptions to the rule of near-surface vaulting:

  • Stations particularly close to the surface, generally on Line 1 (Champs-Elysées–Clémenceau), have flat metal ceilings.
  • Elevated (above street) stations, in particular on Line 2 and Line 6, are built in brick and covered by platform awnings (Line 2) or glass canopies (Line 6).
  • Stations on the newest sections (Line 14), built at depth, comprise 120 m (394 ft) platforms for eight-car trains, high ceilings and double-width platforms. Since the trains on this line are driverless, the stations have platform screen doors. Platform screen doors have been introduced on Line 1 and Line 4 as well since the MP 05 trains have been functioning.

Several ghost stations are no longer served by trains. One of the three platforms at Porte des Lilas station is on a currently unused section of track, often used as a backdrop in films.

In 2018, the busiest stations were Saint-Lazare (46.7 million passengers), Gare du Nord (45.8), Gare de Lyon (36.9), Montparnasse – Bienvenüe (30.6), Gare de l'Est (21.4), Bibliothèque François Mitterrand (18.8), République (18.3), Les Halles (17.5), La Défense (16.0) and Bastille (13.2).[54]

Interior decoration

Entrance to a Metra commuter rail station in Chicago, designed in Art Nouveau style as a replica of a Paris Métro station

Concourses are decorated in Art Nouveau style defined at the Métro's opening in 1900. The spirit of this aesthetic has generally been respected in renovations.

Standard vaulted stations are lined by small white earthenware tiles, chosen because of the poor efficiency of early twentieth century electric lighting. From the outset walls have been used for advertising; posters in early stations are framed by coloured tiles with the name of the original operator (CMP or Nord Sud). Stations of the former Nord Sud (most of line 12 and parts of line 13) generally have more meticulous decoration. Station names are usually inscribed on metallic plaques in white letters on a blue background or in white tiles on a background of blue tiles.

The first renovations took place after the Second World War, when the installation of fluorescent lighting revealed the poor state of the original tiling. Three main styles of redecoration followed in succession.

  • Between 1948 and 1967 the RATP installed standardised coloured metallic wall casings in 73 stations.
  • From the end of the 1960s a new style was rolled out in around 20 stations, known as Mouton-Duvernet after the first station concerned. The white tiles were replaced to a height of 2 m (6 ft 7 in) with non-bevelled tiles in various shades of orange. Intended to be warm and dynamic, the renovations proved unpopular. The decoration has been removed as part of the "Renouveau du métro" programme.
  • From 1975 some stations were redecorated in the Motte style, which emphasised the original white tiling but brought touches of colour to light fixtures, seating and the walls of connecting tunnels. The subsequent Ouï Dire style features audaciously shaped seats and light housings with complementary multicoloured uplighting.

A number of stations have original decorations to reflect the cultural significance of their locations. The first to receive this treatment was Louvre – Rivoli on line 1, which contains copies of the masterpieces on display at the museum. Other notable examples include Bastille (line 1), Saint-Germain-des-Prés (line 4), Cluny – La Sorbonne (line 10) and Arts et Métiers (line 11).

Exterior decoration

Overview of Passy station
Line 6 train running on the Pont de Bir-Hakeim near the Eiffel Tower

The original Art Nouveau entrances are iconic symbols of Paris. There are currently 83 of them. Designed by Hector Guimard in a style that caused some surprise and controversy in 1900, there are two main variants:

  • The most elaborate feature glass canopies. Two original canopies still exist, at Porte Dauphine and Abbesses (originally located at Hôtel de Ville until moved in the 1970s). A replica of the canopy at Abbesses was installed at Châtelet station at the intersection of Rue des Halles and Rue Sainte-Opportune.
  • A cast-iron balustrade decorated in plant-like motifs, accompanied by a "Métropolitain" sign supported by two orange globes atop ornate cast-iron supports in the form of plant stems.
    • Several of the iconic Guimard entrances have been given to other cities. The only original one on a metro station outside Paris is at Square-Victoria-OACI station in Montreal, as a monument to the collaboration of RATP engineers. Replicas cast from the original moulds have been given to the Lisbon Metro (Picoas station); the Mexico City Metro (Metro Bellas Artes, with a "Metro" sign), offered as a gift in return for a Huichol mural displayed at Palais Royal – Musée du Louvre; and Chicago Metra (Van Buren Street, at South Michigan Avenue and East Van Buren Street, with a "Metra" sign), given in 2001. The Moscow Metro has a Guimard entrance at Kievskaya station, donated by the RATP in 2006. There is an entrance on display at the Sculpture Garden in Downtown Washington, D.C. This does not lead to a metro station, it is just for pleasure. Similarly, The Museum of Modern Art has an original, restored Guimard entrance outdoors in the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Sculpture Garden.[8]

Later stations and redecorations have brought increasingly simple styles to entrances.

  • Classical stone balustrades were chosen for some early stations in prestigious locations (Franklin D. Roosevelt, République).
  • Simpler metal balustrades accompany a "Métro" sign crowned by a spherical lamp in other early stations (Saint-Placide).
  • Minimalist stainless-steel balustrades (Havre-Caumartin) appeared from the 1970s and signposts with just an "M" have been the norm since the war (Olympiades, opened 2007).

A handful of entrances have original architecture (Saint-Lazare); a number are integrated into residential or standalone buildings (Pelleport).

Future

Under construction

Planned

  • Grand Paris Express, a project that includes a 75 kilometres (47 mi) circular line around Paris with 4 new lines of Paris Métro : Lines 15, 16, 17 and 18. Line 15, the longest of the new lines, will be a circular line around Paris. Line 17 will run to Charles de Gaulle Airport. The two other lines will serve the suburban area of Paris. Grand Paris Express will have a total span of 200 kilometres (124 mi) and count 68 stations. Grand Paris Express will dramatically improve transportation in the Paris metropolitan area for one million passengers daily starting in 2024 with the inauguration of the southern section of circular line 15.[64][61]
  • An extension of Line 1 from Château de Vincennes to Val de Fontenay station, connecting to RER and future Line 15 (no official timeline).[65]
  • An extension of Line 10 from Gare d'Austerlitz to Ivry–Place Gambetta or even Les Ardoines station, the latter connecting to RER and future Line 15 (not before 2030).[66]

Proposed

In addition to the projects already under construction or currently being actively studied, there have also been proposals for:

Cultural significance

The Métro has a cultural significance that goes well beyond the City of Paris. The name Métropolitan (or Métro) has become a generic name for subways and urban underground railroads.

The station entrance kiosks, designed by Hector Guimard, fostered Art Nouveau building style (once widely known as "le style Métro");[67] however, some French commentators criticized the Guimard station kiosks, including their green colour and sign lettering, as difficult to read.[68]

The success of rubber-tired lines led to their export to metro systems around the world, starting with the Montreal Metro.[69] The success of Montreal "did much to accelerate the international subway boom" of the 1960s/1970s and "assure the preeminence of the French in the process".[70] Rubber-tired systems were adopted in Mexico City, Santiago, Lausanne, Turin, Singapore and other cities. The Japanese adopted rubber-tired metros (with their own technology and manufacturing firms) to systems in Kobe, Sapporo, and parts of Tokyo.

The "Rabbit of Paris Métro" is an anthropomorphic rabbit visible on stickers on the doors of the trains from 1977 to advise passengers (especially children) of the risk of getting one's hands trapped when the doors are opening, as well as the risk of injury on escalators or becoming trapped in the closing doors. This rabbit is now a cultural icon in Paris similar to the "mind the gap" phrase in London.

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "The Metro: a Parisian institution". RATP. Archived from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2014. The Montmartre funicular is considered to be part of the metro system within which is represented by a 303rd fictive station, "Funiculaire".
  2. ↑ "RAPPORT D'ACTIVITÉ 2015" (PDF). STIF. p. 18. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Brief history of the Paris metro". france.fr – The official website of France. Archived from the original on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  4. ↑ Statistiques Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France rapport 2005 (in French) states 297 stations + Olympiades + Les Agnettes + Les Courtilles Archived 17 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  5. ↑ "Automation Of Paris Metro's Line 4 Complete". Railsistem. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  6. ↑ "Метрополитен в цифрах [Metro in figures]". Moscow Metropoliten (in Russian). Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "Les chiffres des déplacements à Paris en 2019". www.paris.fr (in French). Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  8. 1 2 "RÉAMÉNAGEMENT DU PÔLE RER CHÂTELET-LES HALLES CONCERTATION PRÉALABLE - Un pôle de transport d'envergure régionale" (PDF) (in French). Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France (STIF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2010.
  9. ↑ "Plan tram à Paris et en Ile-de-France | RATP". www.ratp.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  10. ↑ "Plan transilien à Paris et en Ile-de-France | RATP". www.ratp.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  11. ↑ "Plan de la ligne ORLYVAL | Orlyval". www.orlyval.com. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  12. ↑ "Prolongement de la ligne 12 à Mairie d'Aubervilliers | Groupe RATP". www.ratp.fr. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  13. ↑ Connor, Liz (1 July 2016). "10 incredible facts you may not know about the Metropolitan line". www.standard.co.uk.
  14. ↑ Ramanathan., Tara. "subway". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  15. ↑ Bobrick (1981), p. 135.
  16. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 138–140.
  17. 1 2 Bobrick (1981), p. 141.
  18. 1 2 Bobrick (1981), p. 142.
  19. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 142–148.
  20. 1 2 Bobrick (1981), p. 148.
  21. 1 2 Bobrick (1981), pp. 148–149.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Bobrick (1981), p. 149.
  23. ↑ Bobrick (1981), p. 151.
  24. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 150–151, 162.
  25. ↑ "1968–1983 : le RER et la modernisation du réseau parisien" [1968–1983: The RER and the modernisation of the parisian network]. Musée des Transports – Histoire du Métropolitain de Paris (in French). Retrieved 6 February 2011.
  26. ↑ Bobrick (1981), p. 286.
  27. ↑ Aplin, Richard; Montchamp, Joseph (2014). Dictionary of Contemporary France. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-135-93646-4.
  28. ↑ Lenhardt, Marjorie (13 January 2022). "Après 45 ans d'attente, la ligne 4 du métro arrive "enfin" à Bagneux !". Le Parisien (in French). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  29. ↑ "Line 14 Automatic Metro, Paris". Railway Technology (in French). Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  30. ↑ Tricoire (1999), p. 188.
  31. ↑ Tricoire (1999), p. 330.
  32. ↑ Tricoire (1999).
  33. 1 2 3 Clive Lamming, Métro insolite
  34. ↑ "Press statement from RATP 2 October 2007" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2009.
  35. ↑ "Ticket t+". Île-de-France Mobilités (in French). Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  36. ↑ "Le Wi-Fi gratuit arrive dans le métro parisien". Archived from the original on 30 October 2012.
  37. ↑ "L'ensemble du réseau RATP équipé en très haut débit mobile par les opérateurs de téléphonie mobile - Travaux | RATP". www.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  38. ↑ "No entry: Why is the Paris Metro still out of bounds for disabled people?". The Local France. 6 December 2017. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  39. 1 2 3 "As 2024 Olympics and Paralympics Approach, Paris's Metro Is Mostly Off-Limits to the Disabled". Bloomberg.com. 26 October 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  40. ↑ "Le plan des stations de notre réseau, accessibles aux Personnes à Mobilité Réduite (PMR) | RATP". www.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  41. ↑ "Le plan des stations de notre réseau, accessibles aux Personnes à Mobilité Réduite (PMR) | RATP". www.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2022. D'ici 2025, un total de 23 nouvelles stations accessibles: Des prolongements accessibles dès le renouvellement des rames sur la Ligne 4 (2 stations), la Ligne 11 (6 stations), la Ligne 12 (2 stations). De plus, pour chacun des prolongements 2 stations existantes rendues accessibles.
  42. ↑ "Adapted public transport Adapted metros in the Paris area". Office de tourisme Paris. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  43. ↑ "Tout savoir sur l'accessibilité du nouveau métro". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 13 November 2019. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  44. 1 2 de Fortanier, Diane (16 July 2014). "Accessibilité : le métro parisien à la traîne". LEFIGARO (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  45. ↑ Handicap.fr. "Accessibilité : le métro qui valait quatre milliards !". Handicap.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  46. ↑ Balluffier, Asia (3 December 2017). "Pourquoi le métro parisien est-il l'un des pires du monde pour les personnes handicapées?". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  47. ↑ "Network accessibility | RATP". www.ratp.fr. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
  48. ↑ On 1 January 2006, a test was done with few lines opening at night on main stops only.
  49. ↑ "30 things about the Paris Metro that even Parisians don't know". The Earful Tower. 10 August 2017. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  50. ↑ Bobrick (1981), p. 312.
  51. 1 2 Lines 12 and 13 were originally built as part of the Nord-Sud network (as Line A and Line B respectively).
  52. ↑ "Création des nouvelles lignes reliant le Nouveau Grand Paris". STIF (in French). Archived from the original on 19 November 2014.
  53. 1 2 Lines 16 and 17 are planned to share track for approximately 5km between Saint-Denis Pleyel and Le Bourget.
  54. ↑ "Trafic annuel entrant par station du réseau ferré 2018". data.ratp.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 March 2020.
  55. 1 2 Île-de-France Mobilités. "Métro 11, prolongement Mairie des Lilas > Rosny-Bois-Perrier" (PDF) (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 "Grand Paris Express, the largest transport project in Europe". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 16 June 2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  57. ↑ "Prolongement de la ligne 14 à Mairie de Saint-Ouen" (in French). Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  58. ↑ "Ligne 14 Sud". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 30 March 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  59. ↑ "Grand Paris Express Ligne 15 Sud" (in French). 12 April 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  60. ↑ "Ligne 15 Sud". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 2 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  61. 1 2 3 4 "La Société du Grand Paris réactualise le calendrier du Grand Paris Express". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 15 July 2021. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  62. ↑ "Ligne 16". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 2 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  63. ↑ "Ligne 17". Société du Grand Paris (in French). 2 May 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  64. ↑ "Grand Paris facts. Grand Paris Express". Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  65. ↑ "Prolongement du Métro ligne 1 à Val de Fontenay, le projet en bref" (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  66. ↑ "Prolongement de la ligne 10 à Ivry Gambetta" (in French). Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  67. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 155, 165.
  68. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 155–156, 165.
  69. ↑ Bobrick (1981), pp. 318–319.
  70. ↑ Bobrick (1981), p. 319.

Bibliography

  • Bindi, A., & Lefeuvre, D. (1990). Le Métro de Paris : Histoire d'hier à demain, Rennes : Ouest-France. ISBN 2-7373-0204-8. (French)
  • Bobrick, Benson (1981). Labyrinths of iron: A history of the world's subways. New York: Newsweek Books. ISBN 0-88225-299-2.
  • Demade, Julien (2015). Les embarras de Paris, ou l'illusion techniciste de la politique parisienne des déplacements. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-343-06517-5.
  • Descouturelle, Frédéric, et al. (2003). Le métropolitain d'Hector Guimard. Somogy. ISBN 2-85056-815-5. (French)
  • Gaillard, M. (1991). Du Madeleine-Bastille à Météor : Histoire des transports Parisiens, Amiens : Martelle. ISBN 2-87890-013-8. (French)
  • Hovey, Tamara. Paris Underground, New York: Orchard Books, 1991. ISBN 0-531-05931-6.
  • Lamming, C.(2001) Métro insolite, Paris : Parigramme, ISBN 2-84096-190-3.
  • Ovenden, Mark. Paris Metro Style in map and station design, London: Capital Transport, 2008. ISBN 978-1-85414-322-8
  • Tricoire, Jean (1999). Un siècle de métro en 14 lignes: De Bienvenüe à Météor (in French). Paris: Vie du rail. ISBN 978-2902808878.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris Metro.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Paris.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.