Ancient history

Mardan District is a part of the ancient Peshawar valley. The whole area was once part of the ancient kingdom of Gandhara, the remains of which are scattered throughout the district.^[5][7]

The armies of the Alexander the Great reached the Indus Valley by two separate routes. One through the Khyber Pass and the other through Kunar, Bajaur, Swat, and Buner in 326 BCE. After Alexander's death, the valley came under the rule of Chandragupta, who ruled the valley from 297 to 321 BCE. During the reign of the Buddhist emperor Ashoka (the grandson of Chandragupta), Buddhism became the religion of the Peshawar Valley. The valley saw the revival of Hinduism after the Greeks took over in the time of King Mehanda. The Scythians and Indians followed and retained control of the valley till the 7th century CE.

Arrival of Afghans

By the 11th century, the Pashtuns had appeared in the valley. At that time, the Peshawar valley was under the control of the rulers of Lahore. The Pashtuns joined the Gakkhars who held the country between the Indus and the Jhelum rivers and compelled the Lahore rulers to cede to them the hill country, west of the Indus and south of the Kabul River.

Ghaznavid Era

In the 10th century the area came under the control of Sultan Sabuktigin who defeated Raja Jaipal, the Hindu ruler of Lahore. Sabuktgin's son Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni made this area the rallying point for his numerous raids into the interior of India. In the 12th century the Ghaurid empire of the Turkic origin overthrew the Ghaznavis and the era of Ghaznavis came to an end.

Mughal Era

In 1505, the Mughal emperor Babar invaded the area through Khyber Pass. Baber swiftly captured the area. The people of Swat in those days were of mix origins. On one side of the river lived Pashtuns along with Gujjar, Syriake people of whom many were Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims. In the battle of Bajaur in 1519, Baber defeated the Yousafzai tribe. The then ruler of Yousafzai tribe offered Baber her daughter as a sign of peace. Baber then married Bibi Mubarka Yousafzai, the maternal grandmother of Adham Khan who was a foster brother of Emperor Akbar. During the Aurangzeb regime, the Pashtun tribes revolted and Aurangzeb himself led his army to re-establish his authority as struggle which lasted for two years, he finally subdued the Pashtuns. In the same war the prominent rebel leader, Darya Khan Afridi was killed and the revolt was crushed. Later the area came under the rule of Ranjit Singh.

British Era

Ranjit Singh conquered Attock region in 1814 and Peshawar city in 1822. He left Hari Singh Nalwa in command and withdrew himself to Lahore. Peshawar city, Nowshera and Hazara were under Sikh rule for a while. Hazara was set free by Tanooli clan from Sikhs but fell to Britain in 1838. Peshawar city also fell to Pashtuns in 1834 [Nowla died in the battle of Jamrud] but soon the British took it in 1837. The British then went after the Sikhs and the Sikhs were defeated by the British in the Second Sikh War. Major Lawrence was appointed first Deputy Commissioner of Peshawar. From that time Peshawar city and Attock regions only (This does not include most of what is Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa today) became an administrative district under the Punjab Government. In 1909, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (the then NWFP) was constituted and in 1937, Peshawar district was bifurcated into Peshawar and Mardan districts. Britain tried its best to include FATA, Dir, Swat and other region into Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa but they suffered heavy setback and finally came to an agreement in the 1920s that Britain will no longer bother the tribes and Swat region.

Rivers and streams

Generally stream flows from north to the south. Most of the streams drain into Kabul river. Kalpani, an important stream of the district rises in the Baizai and flowing southwards join Kabul river. Other important streams which join Kalpani are Baghiari Khawar on the west and Muqam Khawar, coming from Sudham valley and Naranji Khawar from the Narangi hills on the left.

Climate

The summer season is extremely hot. A steep rise of temperature observed from May to June. Even July, August and September record quite high temperatures. During May and June dust storms are frequent at night. The temperature reaches to its maximum in the month of June i.e. 43.5 °C (110.3 °F). Due to intensive cultivation and artificial irrigation the tract is humid and heat is oppressive (Heat Index 69 on 7 July 2006). However, a rapid fat! of temperature has been recorded from October onwards. The coldest months are December and January. The mean minimum temperature recorded for the month of January the coldest month is 0.5 °C (32.9 °F).

Most of the rainfall occurs in the month of July, August, December and January. Maximum rainfall recorded for the month of August the rainiest month is 12S.8Smm. Towards the end of cold weather there are occasional thunder storms and hail storms. The relative humidity is quite high throughout the year while maximum humidity has been recorded in December i.e. 73.33 percent.

Flora

The present flora of the irrigated areas is exotic. The common trees are mesquite, ber, different species of acacia and jand. The most common shrubs are tarmariax, articulata, spands, akk, small red poppy, spera, pueghambrigul, drab grass, spera, eamelthorl and pohli chaulai etc.

Fauna

The district has a variety of fauna including 18 mammals, 120 birds and 3 reptiles.

Population

At the time of the 2017 census the district had 308,049 households and a population of 2,373,061. Mardan had a sex ratio of 976 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 56.81% - 71.88% for males and 41.60% for females. 440,222 (18.55%) lived in urban areas. 29.42% of the population was under 10 years of age. Pashto was the predominant language, spoken by 98.25% of the population.^[11]

Religion

Religion in Mardan District

Religion	Population (1941)[12]: 22	Percentage (1941)	Population (2017)[1]	Percentage (2017)
Islam	483,575	95.47%	2,370,304	99.87%
Sikhism	11,838	2.34%	160	0.01%
Hinduism	10,677	2.11%	329	0.01%
Christianity	449	0.09%	2,021	0.09%
Total Population	506,539	100%	2,373,399	100%

National Assembly

District Mardan is represented by three MNAs in national assembly.^[17]

Provincial Assembly