Mary Herbert
Portrait of Mary Herbert (née Sidney), by Nicholas Hilliard, c. 1590.
Countess of Pembroke
Tenure19 January 1601 - 19 January 1601
Known forLiterary patron, author
Born27 October 1561
Tickenhill Palace, Bewdley, England
Died25 September 1621
London, England
BuriedSalisbury Cathedral
Noble familySidney
Spouse(s)Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
IssueWilliam Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke
Katherine Herbert
Anne Herbert
Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke
FatherHenry Sidney
MotherMary Dudley

Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (née Sidney, 27 October 1561 – 25 September 1621) was among the first Englishwomen to gain notice for her poetry and her literary patronage. By the age of 39, she was listed with her brother Philip Sidney and with Edmund Spenser and William Shakespeare among the notable authors of the day in John Bodenham's verse miscellany Belvidere.[1] Her play Antonius is widely seen as reviving interest in soliloquy based on classical models and as a likely source of Samuel Daniel's closet drama Cleopatra (1594) and of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra (1607).[upper-alpha 1] She was also known for translating Petrarch's "Triumph of Death", for the poetry anthology Triumphs, and above all for a lyrical, metrical translation of the Psalms.

Biography

Early life

Mary Sidney was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhill Palace in the parish of Bewdley, Worcestershire.[2] She was one of the seven children – three sons and four daughters – of Sir Henry Sidney and wife Mary Dudley. Their eldest son was Sir Philip Sidney (1554–1586),[3] and their second son Robert Sidney (1563–1626), who later became Earl of Leicester. As a child, she spent much time at court where her mother was a gentlewoman of the Privy Chamber and a close confidante of Queen Elizabeth I.[4] Like her brother Philip, she received a humanist education which included music, needlework, and Latin, French and Italian. After the death of Sidney's youngest sister, Ambrosia, in 1575, the Queen requested that Mary return to court to join the royal entourage.[2]

Marriage and children

Arms of Herbert: Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant argent

In 1577, Mary Sidney married Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (1538–1601), a close ally of the family. The marriage was arranged by her father in concert with her uncle, Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. After her marriage, Mary became responsible with her husband for the management of a number of estates which he owned including Ramsbury, Ivychurch,[5] Wilton House, and Baynard's Castle in London, where it is known that they entertained Queen Elizabeth to dinner. She had four children by her husband:

  • William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1580–1630), was the eldest son and heir.
  • Katherine Herbert (1581–1584)[6] died as an infant.
  • Anne Herbert (born 1583 – after 1603) was thought also to have been a writer and a storyteller.[6]
  • Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke (1584–1650), succeeded his brother in 1630. Philip and his older brother William were the "incomparable pair of brethren" to whom the First Folio of Shakespeare's collected works was dedicated in 1623.

Mary Sidney was an aunt to the poet Mary Wroth, daughter of her brother Robert.

Later life

The death of Sidney's husband in 1601 left her with less financial support than she might have expected, though views on its adequacy vary; at the time the majority of an estate was left to the eldest son.

In addition to the arts, Sidney had a range of interests. She had a chemistry laboratory at Wilton House, where she developed medicines and invisible ink.[7] From 1609 to 1615, Mary Sidney probably spent most of her time at Crosby Hall in London.

She travelled with her doctor, Martin Lister, to Spa, Belgium in 1616. Dudley Carleton met her in the company of Helene de Melun, "Countess of Berlaymont", wife of Florent de Berlaymont the governor of Luxembourg. The two women amused themselves with pistol shooting.[8] Sir John Throckmorton heard she went on to Amiens.[9] There is conjecture that she married Lister, but no evidence of this.[10]

She died of smallpox on 25 September 1621, aged 59, at her townhouse in Aldersgate Street in London, shortly after King James I had visited her at the newly completed Houghton House in Bedfordshire.[2] After a grand funeral in St Paul's Cathedral, her body was buried in Salisbury Cathedral, next to that of her late husband in the Herbert family vault, under the steps leading to the choir stalls, where the mural monument still stands.[2]

Literary career

Wilton House

The title page of Sidney's The Tragedy of Antony, her interpretation of the story of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Mary Sidney turned Wilton House into a "paradise for poets", known as the "Wilton Circle," a salon-type literary group sustained by her hospitality, which included Edmund Spenser, Samuel Daniel, Michael Drayton, Ben Jonson, and Sir John Davies. John Aubrey wrote, "Wilton House was like a college, there were so many learned and ingenious persons. She was the greatest patroness of wit and learning of any lady in her time."[11] It has been suggested that the premiere of Shakespeare's As You Like It was at Wilton during her life.[12]

First page of As You Like It from the First Folio of Shakespeare's plays; the first performance of the play may have been at Mary Sidney's house at Wilton

Sidney received more dedications than any other woman of non-royal status.[13] By some accounts, King James I visited Wilton on his way to his coronation in 1603 and stayed again at Wilton following the coronation to avoid the plague. She was regarded as a muse by Daniel in his sonnet cycle "Delia", an anagram for ideal.[14]

Her brother, Philip Sidney, wrote much of his Arcadia in her presence, at Wilton House. He also probably began preparing his English lyric version of the Book of Psalms at Wilton as well.

Sidney psalter

Philip Sidney had completed translating 43 of the 150 Psalms at the time of his death on a military campaign against the Spanish in the Netherlands in 1586. She finished his translation, composing Psalms 44 through to 150 in a dazzling array of verse forms, using the 1560 Geneva Bible and commentaries by John Calvin and Theodore Beza. Hallett Smith has called the psalter a "School of English Versification" Smith (1946), of 171 poems (Psalm 119 is a gathering of 22 separate ones). A copy of the completed psalter was prepared for Queen Elizabeth I in 1599, in anticipation of a royal visit to Wilton, but Elizabeth cancelled her planned visit. This work is usually referred to as The Sidney Psalms or The Sidney-Pembroke Psalter and regarded as a major influence on the development of English religious lyric poetry in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.[15] John Donne wrote a poem celebrating the verse psalter and claiming he could "scarce" call the English Church reformed until its psalter had been modelled after the poetic transcriptions of Philip Sidney and Mary Herbert.[16]

Although the psalms were not printed in her lifetime, they were extensively distributed in manuscript. There are 17 manuscripts extant today. A later engraving of Herbert shows her holding them.[18] Her literary influence can be seen in literary patronage, in publishing her brother's works and in her own verse forms, dramas, and translations. Contemporary poets who commended Herbert's psalms include Samuel Daniel, Sir John Davies, John Donne, Michael Drayton, Sir John Harington, Ben Jonson, Emilia Lanier and Thomas Moffet.[13] The importance of these is evident in the devotional lyrics of Barnabe Barnes, Nicholas Breton, Henry Constable, Francis Davison, Giles Fletcher, and Abraham Fraunce. Their influence on the later religious poetry of Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, and John Milton has been critically recognized since Louis Martz placed it at the start of a developing tradition of 17th-century devotional lyricism.[2]

Sidney was instrumental in bringing her brother's An Apology for Poetry or Defence of Poesy into print. She circulated the Sidney–Pembroke Psalter in manuscript at about the same time. This suggests a common purpose in their design. Both argued, in formally different ways, for the ethical recuperation of poetry as an instrument for moral instruction — particularly religious instruction.[19] Sidney also took on editing and publishing her brother's Arcadia, which he claimed to have written in her presence as The Countesse of Pembroke's Arcadia.[20]

Other works

Sydney's closet drama Antonius is a translation of a French play, Marc-Antoine (1578) by Robert Garnier. Mary is known to have translated two other works: A Discourse of Life and Death by Philippe de Mornay, published with Antonius in 1592, and Petrarch's The Triumph of Death, circulated in manuscript. Her original poems include the pastoral "A Dialogue betweene Two Shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea,"[21] and two dedicatory addresses, one to Elizabeth I and one to her own brother Philip, contained in the Tixall manuscript copy of her verse psalter. An elegy for Philip, "The dolefull lay of Clorinda", was published in Colin Clouts Come Home Againe (1595) and attributed to Spenser and to Mary Herbert, but Pamela Coren attributes it to Spenser, though also saying that Mary's poetic reputation does not suffer from loss of the attribution.[22]

By at least 1591, the Pembrokes were providing patronage to a playing company, Pembroke's Men, one of the early companies to perform works of Shakespeare. According to one account, Shakespeare's company "The King's Men" performed at Wilton at this time.[23]

June and Paul Schlueter published an article in The Times Literary Supplement of 23 July 2010 describing a manuscript of newly discovered works by Mary Sidney Herbert.[24]

Her poetic epitaph, ascribed to Ben Jonson but more likely to have been written in an earlier form by the poets William Browne and her son William, summarizes how she was regarded in her own day:[2]

Underneath this sable hearse,
Lies the subject of all verse,
Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother.
Death, ere thou hast slain another
Fair and learned and good as she,
Time shall throw a dart at thee.

Her literary talents and aforementioned family connections to Shakespeare has caused her to be nominated as one of the many claimants named as the true author of the works of William Shakespeare in the Shakespeare authorship question.[25][26]

Mary Sidney appears as a character in Deborah Harkness's novel Shadow of Night, which is the second instalment of her All Souls trilogy. Sidney is portrayed by Amanda Hale in the second season of the television adaptation of the book.

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ Each portrays the lovers as "heroic victims of their own passionate excesses and remorseless destiny".Shakespeare (1990, p. 7)

References

  1. ↑ Bodenham 1911.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 ODNB 2008.
  3. ↑ ODNB 2014.
  4. ↑ ODNB 2008b.
  5. ↑ Pugh & Crittall 1956, pp. 289–295.
  6. 1 2 Hannay, Kinnamon & Brennan 1998, pp. 1–93.
  7. ↑ Williams 2006.
  8. ↑ Margaret Hannay, 'Reconstructing the Lives of Aristocratic Englishwomen', Betty Travitsky & Adele Seef, Attending to Women in Early Modern England (University of Delaware Press, 1994), p. 49: Maurice Lee, Dudley Carleton to John Chamberlain, 1603-1624 (Rutgers UP, 1972), p. 209.
  9. ↑ William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle, Penshurst, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 245.
  10. ↑ Britain Magazine 2017.
  11. ↑ Aubrey & Barber 1982.
  12. ↑ F. E. Halliday (1964). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964, Baltimore: Penguin, p. 531.
  13. 1 2 Williams 1962.
  14. ↑ Daniel 1592.
  15. ↑ Martz 1954.
  16. ↑ Donne 1599, contained in Chambers (1896).
  17. ↑ Walpole 1806.
  18. ↑ Mary Herbert as illustrated in Horace Walpole, A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland, and Ireland.[17]
  19. ↑ Coles 2012.
  20. ↑ Sidney 2003.
  21. ↑ Herbert 2014.
  22. ↑ Coren 2002.
  23. ↑ Halliday 1977, p. 531.
  24. ↑ Schlueter & Schlueter 2010.
  25. ↑ Underwood, Anne. “Was the Bard a Woman?” Newsweek 28 June 2004.
  26. ↑ Williams, Robin P. Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a Woman Write Shakespeare? Wilton Circle Press, 2006.

Sources

  1. Adams, Simon (2008b) [2004], "Sidney [née Dudley], Mary, Lady Sidney", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/69749 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  2. Aubrey, John; Barber, Richard W (1982). Brief Lives. Boydell. ISBN 9780851152066.
  3. Bodenham, John (1911) [1600]. Hoops, Johannes; Crawford, Charles (eds.). Belvidere, or the Garden of the Muses. Liepzig. pp. 198–228.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. Britain Magazine, Natasha Foges (2017). "Mary Sidney: Countess of Pembroke and literary trailblazer". Britain Magazine | the Official Magazine of Visit Britain | Best of British History, Royal Family,Travel and Culture.
  5. Chambers, Edmund Kerchever, ed. (1896). The Poems of John Donne. Introduction by George Saintsbury. Lawrence & Bullen/Routledge. pp. 188–190.
  6. Coles, Kimberly Anne (2012). "Mary (Sidney) Herbert, countess of Pembroke". In Sullivan, Garrett A; Stewart, Alan; Lemon, Rebecca; McDowell, Nicholas; Richard, Jennifer (eds.). The Encyclopedia of English Renaissance Literature. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1405194495.
  7. Coren, Pamela (2002). "Colin Clouts come home againe | Edmund Spenser, Mary Sidney, and the doleful lay". SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900. 42 (1): 25–41. doi:10.1353/sel.2002.0003. ISSN 1522-9270. S2CID 162410376.
  8. Daniel, Samuel (1592). "Delia".
  9. Donne, John (1599) [1952]. "Upon the translation of the Psalmes by Sir Philip Sidney, and the Countesse of Pembroke his Sister". In Gardner, Helen (ed.). Divine Poems | Occassional Poems (subscription required). doi:10.1093/actrade/9780198118367.book.1. ISBN 978-0198118367.
  10. Halliday, Frank Ernest (1977). A Shakespeare Companion 1564–1964. Penguin/Duckworth. ISBN 978-0715603093.
  11. Hannay, Margaret; Kinnamon, Noel J; Brennan, Michael, eds. (1998). The Collected Works of Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke. Vol. I: Poems, Translations, and Correspondence. Clarendon. ISBN 978-0198112808. OCLC 37213729.
  12. Hannay, Margaret Patterson (2008) [2004], "Herbert [née Sidney], Mary, countess of Pembroke", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13040 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  13. Herbert, Mary (2014) [1599]. "A dialogue betweene two shepheards, Thenot and Piers, in praise of Astrea". In Goldring, Elizabeth; Eales, Faith; Clarke, Elizabeth; Archer, Jayne Elisabeth; Heaton, Gabriel; Knight, Sarah (eds.). John Nichols's The Progresses and Public Processions of Queen Elizabeth I: A New Edition of the Early Modern Sources. Vol. 4: 1596–1603. Produced by John Nichols and Richard Gough (1788). OUP. doi:10.1093/oseo/instance.00058002. ISBN 978-0199551415.
  14. "June and Paul Schlueter Discover Unknown Poems by Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke". Lafayette News. Lafayette College. 23 Sep 2010.
  15. Martz, Louis L (1954). The poetry of meditation: a study in English religious literature of the seventeenth century (2nd ed.). Yale UP. ISBN 978-0300001655. OCLC 17701003.
  16. Pugh, R B; Crittall, E, eds. (1956). "Houses of Augustinian canons: Priory of Ivychurch". A History of the County of Wiltshire | British History Online. A History of the County of Wiltshire. Vol. III.
  17. Shakespeare, William (1990) [1607]. Bevington, David M (ed.). Antony and Cleopatra. CUP. ISBN 978-0521272506.
  18. Sidney, Philip (2003) [1590 published by William Ponsonby]. The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia. Transcriptions: Heinrich Oskar Sommer (1891); Risa Stephanie Bear (2003). Renascence Editions, Oregon U.
  19. Smith, Hallett (1946). "English Metrical Psalms in the Sixteenth Century and Their Literary Significance". Huntington Library Quarterly. 9 (3): 249–271. doi:10.2307/3816008. JSTOR 3816008.
  20. Walpole, Horatio (1806). "Mary, Countess of Pembroke". A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, Scotland and Ireland; with Lists of Their Works. Vol. II. Enlarged and continued — Thomas Park. J Scott. pp. 198–207.
  21. Williams, Franklin B (1962). The literary patronesses of Renaissance England. Vol. 9. pp. 364–366. doi:10.1093/nq/9-10-364b. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  22. Williams, Robin P (2006). Sweet Swan of Avon: Did a woman write Shakespeare?. Peachpit. ISBN 978-0321426406.
  23. Woudhuysen, H R (2014) [2004], "Sidney, Sir Philip", ODNB, OUP, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25522 (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)

Further reading

  1. Clarke, Danielle (1997). "'Lover's songs shall turne to holy psalmes': Mary Sidney and the transformation of Petrarch". Modern Language Review. MHRA. 92 (2): 282–294. doi:10.2307/3734802. JSTOR 3734802.
  2. Coles, Kimberly Anne (2008). Religion, reform, and women's writing in early modern England. CUP. ISBN 978-0521880671.
  3. Goodrich, Jaime (2013). Faithful Translators: Authorship, Gender, and Religion in Early Modern England. Northwestern UP. ISBN 978-0810129696.
  4. Hamlin, Hannibal (2004). Psalm culture and early modern English literature. CUP. ISBN 978-0521037068.
  5. Hannay, Margaret P (1990). Philip's phoenix: Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke. OUP. ISBN 978-0195057799.
  6. Lamb, Mary Ellen (1990). Gender and authorship in the Sidney circle. Wisconsin UP. ISBN 978-0299126940.
  7. Prescott, Anne Lake (2002). "Mary Sidney's Antonius and the ambiguities of French history". Yearbook of English Studies. MHRA. 38 (1–2): 216–233. doi:10.1353/yes.2008.0021. S2CID 151238607.
  8. Quitslund, Beth (2005). "Teaching us how to sing? The peculiarity of the Sidney psalter". Sidney Journal. Faculty of English, U Cambridge. 23 (1–2): 83–110.
  9. Rathmell, J C A, ed. (1963). The psalms of Sir Philip Sidney and the countess of Pembroke. New York UP. ISBN 978-0814703861.
  10. Rienstra, Debra; Kinnamon, Noel (2002). "Circulating the Sidney–Pembroke psalter". In Justice, George L; Tinker, Nathan (eds.). Women's writing and the circulation of ideas: manuscript publication in England, 1550–1800. CUP. pp. 50–72. ISBN 978-0521808569.
  11. Trill, Suzanne (2010). "'In poesie the mirrois of our age': the countess of Pembroke's 'Sydnean' poetics". In Cartwright, Kent (ed.). A companion to Tudor literature. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–443. ISBN 978-1405154772.
  12. White, Micheline (2005). "Protestant Women's Writing and Congregational Psalm Singing: from the Song of the Exiled "Handmaid" (1555) to the Countess of Pembroke's Psalmes (1599)". Sidney Journal. Faculty of English, U Cambridge. 23 (1–2): 61–82.
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