Masurian
mazurská gádkä
Native toPoland
RegionMasuria
Native speakers
(undated figure of 5,000–15,000)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Historical Prussia – Masuria is captioned as Mazury

The Masurian ethnolect (Masurian: mazurská gádkä; Polish: mazurski; German: Masurisch), according to some linguists, is a dialect group of the Polish language; others consider Masurian to be a separate language, spoken by the Masurian people in northeastern Poland.

History

From the 14th century, some settlers from Masovia started to settle in southern Prussia, which had been devastated by the crusades of the Teutonic Knights against the native Old Prussians. According to other sources, people from Masovia did not move to southern Prussia until the time of the Protestant Reformation, Prussia having become Lutheran in 1525. The Masurians were mostly of the Protestant faith, in contrast to the neighboring Roman Catholic people of the Duchy of Masovia, which was incorporated into the Polish kingdom in 1526. A new dialect developed in Prussia, isolated from the remaining Polish language area. The Masurian dialect group has many Low Saxon, German and Old Prussian words mixed in with Polish-language endings.[3]

Beginning in the 1870s, Imperial German officials restricted the usage of languages other than German in Prussia's eastern provinces.[4] While in 1880 Masurians were still treated as Poles by the German Empire, at the turn of century the German authorities undertook several measures to Germanise and separate them from the Polish nation by creating a separate identity.[5] After World War I the East Prussian plebiscite was held on July 11, 1920, according to the Treaty of Versailles, in which the Masurians had to decide whether they wanted to be part of the Second Polish Republic or remain in German East Prussia; about 98% voted for Germany.

By the early 20th century, most Masurians were at least bilingual and could speak Low Saxon and German; in some areas about half of them still spoke Masurian, at least at home. In 1900, according to the German census there were 142,049 Masurians speaking Masurian.[6] In 1925, only 40,869 people gave Masurian as their native language, many considering German their first language, considering Masurian merely as their domestic dialect, By the early 1920s there were also some Masurians who had their separate identity, claiming that Masurians are a nation. Most of them were members of Masurenbund. Their main goal was to grant Masurians some minority laws inside Germany, but there were also some separatists. In the early 1930s, support for the Nazi Party was high in Masuria, especially in elections in 1932 and 1933. Nazi political rallies were organized in the Masurian dialect during the campaigning.[4]

After 1933 the usage of the Masurian dialect was prohibited by the National Socialist authorities. By 1938 most Masurian place and personal names had been changed to "pure" German substitutes. From 1939 on it was forbidden to hold church services in Masurian.

The replacement of Masurian in favor of German was not completed by the time the Soviet Red Army conquered Masurian East Prussia in January 1945, in World War II. The territory was transferred to Poland according to the postwar Potsdam Conference. During the wartime fighting and post-war deportations in the subsequent decades, most Masurian-speakers left Masuria for western Germany, especially to post-war West Germany, where they were quickly assimilated into the German mainstream.

Situation in 21st century

According to some scientists such as Andrzej Sakson, there are about 5,000–10,000 ethnic Masurians left in Poland. According to the Polish census from 2011, there are only 1,376 of them who identify themselves as Masurians. Most Masurians live in Germany now, but due to the German law the ethnicity and nationality are not determined in their census.

There is a lack of surveys on the knowledge of the ethnolect both in Poland and Germany. However, the elderly can communicate in Masurian with some fluency. The sole group who speak Masurian on a daily basis are the so-called Russian Masurians, who are the descendants of colonists who arrived in Siberia at the end of the 19th century. They have lived in isolation from the other groups, thus they were neither Germanized nor Polonized, although their speech acquired many Russian loanwords.[7]

Nowadays, there are several organizations promoting the dialect. Since 2015, the Sorkwity Masurian Culture Festival started to promote Masurian,[8] locals are starting to create folk music,[9] and some schools are organizing competitions in speaking Masurian.[10][11] People are also starting to promote the ethnolect via social media.[12][13] In 2016, the Masurian Union was founded to promote the Masurian ethnolect and culture.[14][15] Meanwhile, some activists have also started a process of linguistical normalization to promote and save the ethnolect.[16]

In 2016, the online dictionary Glosbe introduced Masurian to their data.[17]

Books in Masurian

The oldest book written in Masurian probably is Ta Swenta Woyna, written by Jakub Szczepan in 1900.[18]

In 2018, The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint Exupéry was translated to Masurian.[19]

Dialect or language

Several scientists consider Masurian to be a separate language in its own right;[20][21][22] others argue that Masurian is a dialect of Polish, or even just a subdialect.[23]

Linguistic features

  • Mazuration (Polish: mazurzenie): the dentalization of the Standard Polish retroflex consonants /tʂ, dʐ, ʂ, ʐ/ to /ts, dz, s, z/
  • Possible fricativization of /j/ in /pj, bj, fj, vj/ (when they correspond to the historical palatalized labials /pʲ, bʲ, fʲ, vʲ/) to /pɕ, bʑ, fɕ, vʑ/ or sometimes depalatalization
  • A change of /mj/ to /ɲ/
  • The post-palatals [, ɡʲ, ] are sometimes fronted to the alveolo-palatal [, , ɕ], similarly to Kashubian
  • Labialization of the vowel o (sometimes also u) initially
  • The standard vowel [ɘ] (typically transcribed with ɨ in IPA) is fronted to [ɪ], as in Czech
  • /i/, /ɨ/ and /u/ all merge into /u/ before /w/, e.g. buł /buw/, zuł /zuw/ (był, żył)
  • Denasalization of the nasal vowels ą and ę to o and e
  • In some varieties ę becomes ã (nasal a), which is pronounced after denasalization an. Analogous changes occur for groups eN, like dzieńdzian
  • Hardening of the consonants ʑ/ to ʒ/

Dialects of Masurian

Masurian has three to five dialects:[24]

  • Ostróda dialect (Ostróda, Olsztynek) – Denasalization of the nasal vowels ą and ę as o and e – No mazuration – Common á (ɒ, a result from historic long vowels. See Old Polish phonology and Middle Polish phonology for more. – Labialization (ô, û – uo, uu) – Before ł vowels i and y pronounced like u, e.g. buł, zuł (był, żył).
  • West-Masurian dialect (Działdowo, Nidzica, Szczytno) – Irregularly occurring á and labialization – Mni where Polish mi (mniasto, kamnień) – As in Ostróda district appear and have dominant position psi, bzi, (w)zi, f(si) to pchi, bhI etc. – Denasalization of the nasal vowels ą and ę as o and e.
  • Center-Masurian dialect (Giżycko, Mrągowo, Pisz, Biała Piska) – The most common intermediate á – The most common archaic ř (in Polish sound as ) – Frequent labialization – Appear and have dominant position pchi, bhI to psi, bzi etc. – Dominate pronunciation ni instead of mniniasto, kanień etc. - Soft k, g, ch when is before a for example kia, gia, chia – Polish ą i ę like ón, on, én, en.
  • East-Masurian dialect (Łek, Ôleck) – Polish ś, ć, ź pronounced like sz, cz, ż (for example spacz, bÿcz)Á almost does not exist – a is frequently pronounced as a vowel intermediate between a and e (ä – mätkiä [ˈmætkʲæ], as in American English trap) – Synchronous pronunciation of soft labials b', p', f', w' change to bj, pj, fj, wjCh change to ś (kosianÿ, siätä) – Less frequent é and ó.
  • North-Masurian dialect (Węgorzewo, Gołdap) – in the early 20th century almost disappeared, in the area Węgorzewa known for up to a few percent of the population (in the nineteenth century, more than half), in district of Gołdap 1% (in the nineteenth century, approx. 20%). – Very archaic sound for r – A relatively frequent á.

Grammar

Inflectional cases

Cases[25][26]
Singular Plural
Nominative ksiát ksiátÿ
Genitive ksiátu/ksiáta ksiátów
Dative ksiát|oju, ochiu, oziu ksiátám
Accusative ksiát, ksíáta ksiátÿ
Instrumental ksiátem ksiát|ani, amni, ami
Locative ksiácie ksiátach
Vocative ksiácie ksiátÿ

The verb "to be"

Past tense Present tense[27] Future tense
Pronouns Masurian Masurian Polish Masurian
já buł / ém buł / bułém Em je Ja jestem bénde/béde
Tÿ tÿsź buł / tÿsź buła / esź buł (+a) Tÿś je Ty jesteś béndžes/bédžes
Ón/Óna/Óno ón buł, óna buła, óno buło/bÿło Ón/Óna jes On/Ona jest béndže/bédže
Mÿ mÿ bÿli / mÿ bÿlim / mÿ bÿliźwa Em só/Mÿ jest My jesteśmy béndžém/bédžém/bédžewa
Wÿ wÿ bÿli / wÿ bÿlisźta / (e)sźta bÿli Wyśta só/Wÿ jeśteśta Wy jesteście bédžeta/béndžeta
Óni/Óne óne/óni bÿli Óni/Óne só Oni/One są bédó/béndo

In the singular it is possible to replace u with ÿ for example: (Já) buł/bÿł, tÿsź buł/bÿł, (Ón) buł/bÿł. It is also possible to create the future perfect tense with the structure be.fut + inf, for example: (Já) Bénde koménderowač.

Present tense conjugation

-ač

The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -ač, for example znač (to know).

znám
Tÿ znás
Ón/Óna zná
Mÿ znawa
Wÿ znata
Óni/Óne znajó

á will shorten to a if the word has more than one syllable. For example:

  • dumač – to think (dumam, dumas, dumá, dumawa, dumata, dumajó)
  • kupač – to buy (kupam, kupas, kupá, kupawa, kupata, kupajó)

-eč

The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -eč, for example mÿšléč (to think).

mÿšle
Tÿ mÿšlis
Ón/Óna mÿšli
Mÿ mÿšlim/mÿšliwa
Wÿ mÿšlita
Óni/Óne mÿšló

-ovač

The conjugation of regular verbs usually ending in -owač ", for example "koménderowač" (to give an order to someone).

koménderuje
Tÿ koménderujes
Ón/Óna koménderuje
Mÿ koménderujém
Wÿ koménderujeta
Óni/Óne koménderujó

Conditional

Conditional in Masurian[28]
Pronouns
verb+bÿ/bÿm
Tÿ verb+bÿsź
Ón/Óna verb+bÿ
Mÿ verb+bÿ/bÿm
Wÿ verb+bÿsźta
Óni/Óne verb+bÿ

To create the conditional, as in the majority of Slavic languages, the verb root is taken (i.e. verb endings like ač, eč are not considered and the respective ending is added for the conditional mode. For example, znač (to know) znabÿ (he/she would know).

bÿ in Masurian has also one more function, where it can be placed at the beginning of a sentence to make questions, or also to mean "whether"/"or"/"if". For example, Lejduje ni niénso/niéso, bÿ sźwÿnina, bÿ réntozina (I like meat, whether it [is] pork or beef), which in standard Polish: Lubię mięso, czy to wieprzowinę, czy wołowinę.

Grammatical differences between Masurian and Standard Polish

[29][30]

Masurian Polish
Formal forms Wÿ/Pan/Pani robziče

Matkia mogli

Pan/Pani robi

Matka mogła

Past tense Niáł Mi
Present tense Mám, Dám

Má, Padá

Zró

Mam, Dam

Ma, Pada,

Żrą

Present Pasive Participle Zrobziónÿ Zrobiony
Transgressive Robzióncÿ Robiąc
Reflexive Verb Zrobzióno bÿło Zrobiło się
Noun ("ja") Francÿjá, stacÿjá Francja, stacja
Noun ("ka") Matkia, Dékia Matka, Nakrycie
Accusative case (sing.) Gádkie, Zÿcherkie Gadkę, Agrafkę
Instrumental case (pl.) Ludžani / Ludžoma

Łapani / Łapóma

Ludźmi

Łapami

Genitive (sing.) Zÿčá, Pisaniá Życia, Pisania
Dative (pl.) Ludžám

Džečám

Ludziom

Dzieciom

Dative (sing.) Psoziu

Kónikoziu

Psu

Konikowi

Adjective (in genitive, pl.) Dobréch

Głupsiéch

Dobrych

Głupich

Adjective (in instrumental, pl.) Dobrém Dobrym
Adjective (in genitive,

feminine sing.)

Mazurski

Dobrÿ

Mazurskiej

Dobrej

Adjective (in genitive,

masculine sing.)

Małégo

Ziélgiégo

Małego

Wielkiego

Adjective (superlative form) ziénksÿ Największy
Adjective ("ni") Zÿtnÿ

Ôstatnÿ

Żytni

Ostatni

z + s

z + z

z sobó

z zgniłéch

ze sobą

ze zgniłych

w + w w Francÿji we Francji

Grammatical constructions with sense verbs

Here, the structure is sense verb + object + verb.

Masurian Standard Polish English
Zidżiáł go stojicź Widział, jak stał He saw him standing
Pozawcor já słÿsała jéch spsiéwacź kole kosźczioła Przedwczoraj słyszałam ich, jak śpiewali koło kościoła The day before yesterday, I heard them singing near the church
Já wténcas zidżiał go w tÿ jizbzie stojicź Wówczas widziałem go, jak stał w tym pokoju I then saw him, standing in this room

Writing system

[16][31]

Masurian alphabet IPA (variants after the first are regional) Examples
a, A a pask, Nikołajki
á, Á a~ɒ~ɔ wáju
ä, Ä a~ʲa~ʲæ matkä
b, B b bór
c, C t͡s cółno
ch, Ch x chléb
cz, Cz t͡ɕ~t͡ʃ~t͡ʂ spacz
d, D d dóra
dż, Dż d͡ʑ~d͡ʒ~d͡ʐ Dżiałdowo
e, E ɛ psies
é, É e~ɛ~i~ɨ mléko
f, F f~ɸ fejfka
g, G ɡ giesz, gesz
h, H x hut
i, I i~ɪ or used to palatalize the previous consonant migi
j, J j jo
k, K k klémpa
l, L l listkárż
ł, Ł w głupsi
m, M m moznoszcz
n, N n nelkä
ń, Ń ɲ prżińdó
o, O ɔ muchór
ó, Ó o~u~ɔ dómb
ô, Ô wɔ~ɔ ôcziec
p, P p prask
r, R r~ʀ rek
rż, Rż ʐ~r̝~r wéngorż
s, S s saniec
sz, Sz ɕ~ʃʲ~ʂ szwam
ś (si), Ś ɕ~ʃ~ç psiwo, Gołdapś
t, T t tlo
u, U u muszi
û, Û wu~u ûlica
w, W v~ʙ wáju
ÿ, Ÿ non-palatalizing i~ɪ, used before s, z, c, n sÿpsie
z, Z z zégáwkä
ż, Ż ʑ~ʒ~ʐ kiżlák
ź, Ź ʑ~ʒ~h~j bzije, gołómbź

Vocabulary

Small dictionary

[32][33][34]

Masurian ethnolect
Masurian German Polish
abštÿsikant Junggeselle walarek, zalotnik, absztyfikant
aštÿchnÿ hastig porywczy
bach Kind dziecko
best flieder bez
bónowač herumschwirren bzykać
bónÿ Bohnen fasola
brédek Brötchen bułka
buber Saubohne bób
bulwÿ Kartoffeln ziemniaki, kartofle
bursa Geldbörse portfel, portmonetka
cajtunek Zeitung gazeta
cegój warum? dlaczego?
čiskač werfen rzucić
chrachór Taucher nurek
cÿtrona Zitrone cytryna
dek Dach dach
drómel Trommel bęben
drón Drohn truteń
drózdÿ Stare szpaki
durowač bestehen trwać
dÿšlo Deichsel dyszel
érdbera Walderdbeere poziomka
fana Fahne flaga
farÿna Zucker cukier
feler Fehler błąd, feler
fifák schlitzohr nieszczery
flanca Sämling sadzonka
frÿštÿk Frühstück śniadanie
gbur Bauer, Landwirt rolnik, farmer, gospodarz
geš Gans gęś
giérÿ Beine nogi
gréfnÿ flink sprytny
gřniota Gewitter burza z piorunami
háka Hacke motyka
háuptniasto Hauptstadt stolica
hučik Hut kapelusz
huncfot Weiberheld kobieciarz, huncfot
jébel Hobel strug
jegoda Heidelbeere jagoda
káfej Kaffee kawa
káncÿnał Gesangbuch śpiewnik kościelny
kasta Kasten kufer, skrzynia
keksÿ Kekse ciasteczka
klapštula Butterbrot kanapka
kléta Gerücht plotka
kléwer Klee koniczyna
knéfel Knopf guzik
klónkra Holzlöffel drewniana łyżka
kokošiniec Hühnerstall kurnik
košór Feuerhaken pogrzebacz
kówera Umschlag koperta
krakia Krähe wrona
krÿstómbrÿ Stachelbeeren agrest
kukáwkia Kuckuck kukułka
kupač kaufen kupować
kurpsie Latschen chodaki, kapcie, pantofle
łapém offen otwarte
Mazurÿ Masuren (Volk) Mazurzy
méntel Schmetterling motyl
muchor Fliegenpilz muchomor
nicht niemand nikt
niések Sack worek, torba
ôbléta Kleidung odzież
oddazinÿ Hochzeit ślub
piláki Entenküken kaczuszki
pitróla Petroleum nafta
plik Glatze łysina
plómpa Pumpe pompa
plumÿ Pflaumen śliwki
práwÿ Röhrling borowik
prÿnc Prinz książę
psiwo, bir Bier piwo
pupa Puppe lalka
redošč freude radość
régal Wandregal półka
rektór Lehrer nauczyciel, rektor, belfer
scérnÿ echter prawdziwy
scubeł Hecht szczupak
stérač verlieren zgubić
stimač fotografieren fotografować
stréfle Strümpfe pończochy
šurek Knabe chłopczyk
šwam Badeschwamm gąbka
táskia Tasse filiżanka
téja Tee herbata
tÿna Tonne beczka
topek Töpfchen nocnik
tropki Tropfen krople
waba Wabe włoszczyzna
wálnÿ gross duży
wašlap Geschirrtuch ścierka
wej lo! sieh mal! spójrz tylko!
wéla Welle fala
wérÿ Bett łóżko
zaft Saft sok
za šiła ziemlich viel zbyt wiele
zaûsnik Ohrring kolczyk
zdrednie Gefährlich niebiezpiecznie
zégáwka, zégáwkia Brennesseln pokrzywa
zietř Wind wiatr
zrének Morgen poranek
zÿcher ze jo selbstverständlich oczywiście

Toponymy

List of city names
Masurian Modern Polish
Bziáłá Biała
Dżiałdowo, Dżiałdów Działdowo
Gołdapś Gołdap
Jánsbork, An(d)zbork Pisz
Léc Giżycko
Łek Ełk
Nibork Nidzica
Nikołajki Mikołajki
Ôléck Olecko
Ôlstinek Olsztynek
Ôrżés Orzysz
Ôstród Ostróda
Pasÿń/Pasÿmek Pasym
Rastémbork Kętrzyn
Rin Ryn
Scÿtno Szczytno
Wéngobork Węgorzewo
Zielbark Wielbark
Zóndzbork Mrągowo

Names of months

Nieszióndz (Months)[35]
German-Latin system Masurian
Januar, Anuar Sticéń
Fébruar Luti
Marc Maržec
Aprél, April Ksiecziéń
Mej Maj
Juni Cérziec
Juli Lipsiec, Lÿpsiec
Áugust Sziérżpsiéń
Zeptémber Wrżesziéń
Ôktóber Paźdžiérnik
Nowémber Listopat, Listopad
Décémber Grudnik

Examples

Lord's Prayer

[36][37]

Masurian Polish Czech English
Ôjce nas, chtórnÿš je w niebzie
Niech še šwénči Twoje mniano,
Niech přÿńdže Twoje królestwo
ji béndže Twoja wola
Jek w niebzie tozéz ji na žémni.
Chléba naségo powsedniégo daj náma džišaj.
Ji ôtpušč náma nase zinÿ,
Jek ji mÿ ôtpuscawa nasém zinowajcám.
Ji nie wódž náju na pokusenie
Lo zbaw’ náju ôt złégo
Amen
Ojcze nasz, któryś jest w niebie,
święć się imię Twoje,
przyjdź królestwo Twoje,
bądź wola Twoja
jako w niebie tak i na ziemi.
Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj.
I odpuść nam nasze winy,
jako i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom.
I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie,
ale zbaw nas ode złego.
Amen.
Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích,
posvěť se jméno Tvé
Přijď království Tvé.
Buď vůle Tvá,
jako v nebi, tak i na zemi.
Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes
A odpusť nám naše viny,
jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům
a neuveď nás v pokušení,
ale zbav nás od zlého.
Amen.
Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name.
Your kingdom come,
your will be done,
on earth, as it is in heaven.
Give us this day our dailybread,
and forgive us our debts,
as we also have forgiven our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from evil.
Amen.

Song

A short Masurian song.[38]

In Masurian In Polish
Mazurskie Korżénie

Skiela mi Mazuri ajw szie naráz wżiéni?

Mi só tu wirosłe ôde tržéch koržéni

Starégo Prusáka pokój erbowalim

Jek ôt Rejchu Niémce robote swó wchalim

Ôt Poláków bzierżém, co mi só naperte

Take só Mazuri – nigdi nie ûmérte!

Mazurskie Korzenie

Skąd my Mazurzy się tu nagle wzięliśmy?

Wyrośliśmy z trzech korzeni

Odziedziczyliśmy spokój Starego Prusa

Niczym Niemcy z Rajchu chwalimy sobie pracę

Od Polaków bierzemy upór

Tacy są Mazurzy – nigdy nie wymarli!

Poem

Réjza[39]

siodám ná koło

kiej féin pogodá

dumám tédÿ

nád zÿciem Mazurá

ajw násu ziamiá

ôddÿcha w dáli

ány rÿchtÿk pozwalá

mniá do dumániá

nád mójá réjzá

přéd siébie chućko jidé

ná drogách zÿciá

chtóré ûmÿká

chtórégo nie zabácé

po śmiérci, chtóra z latámi

přéniká ...

wsÿtko je féin

ajw ji téraz

jék budzié po tym co přÿjdzié

nié ziém...?

jédno jé péwné zé ajw jé féin

ná mójéj réjzié ..

See also

References

  1. Bronisław Wieczorkiewicz (1968). Gwara warszawska dawniej i dziś (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 516.
  2. Halina Karas, Gwary Polskie, Dialects and gwary in Poland Archived 2011-04-14 at the Wayback Machine
  3. Braun, Hermann (1925) [1888]. Alte und neue Bilder aus Masuren: Eine Geschichte der Stadt und des Kreises Angerburg.
  4. 1 2 Clark, Christopher (2006). Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600–1947. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard. pp. 776. ISBN 0-674-02385-4.
  5. Becoming German: Lessons from the Past for the Present Brian McCook in Leitkultur and Nationalstolz-Tabu -German Phenomena? Bonn, April 2002 Alexander von Humboldt Foundation pages 33-42
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