Maya monarchs, also known as Maya kings and queens, were the centers of power for the Maya civilization. Each Maya city-state was controlled by a dynasty of kings. The position of king was usually inherited by the oldest son.

Symbols of power

Maya kings felt the need to legitimize their claim to power. One of the ways to do this was to build a temple or pyramid. Tikal Temple I is a good example. This temple was built during the reign of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil. Another king named Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal would later carry out this same show of power when building the Temple of Inscriptions at Palenque. The Temple of Inscriptions still towers today amid the ruins of Palenque, as the supreme symbol of influence and power in Palenque.

Succession

Maya kings cultivated godlike personas. When a ruler died and left no heir to the throne, the result was usually war and bloodshed. King Pacal's precursor, Pacal I, died upon the battlefield. However, instead of the kingdom erupting into chaos, the city of Palenque, a Maya capital city in southern Mexico, invited in a young prince from a different city-state. The prince was only twelve years old.

Expansion

Pacal and his predecessors not only built elaborate temples and pyramids. They expanded their city-state into a thriving empire. Under Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil, Tikal conquered Calakmul and the other cities around Tikal, forming what could be referred to as a super city-state. Pacal achieved in creating a major center for power and development.

Responsibilities

A Maya king was expected to be an excellent military leader. He would often carry out raids against rival city-states. The Maya kings also offered their own blood to the gods. The rulers were also expected to have a good mind to solve problems that the city might be facing, including war and food crises.

Maya kings were expected to ensure the gods received the prayers, praise and attention they deserved and to reinforce their divine lineage.[1] They did this by displaying public rituals such as processions through the streets of their cities. A more private ritual was that of blood sacrifice, which was done by Lords and their wives.[2]

Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Classic Period

Notes:
  • All dates AD; if otherwise, it is stated.
  • The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some lists are more completed than others in different aspects.
  • English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.

Aguas Calientes

  • c.790: Chak Lakamtuun

Aguateca

Altun Ha

  • 4 December 584-?: Til Man K'inich

La Amelia

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
La Amelia dynasty[4][5]
Lachan Kʼawiil Ajaw Bot 25 June 760 1 May 802 After 804  ?
  • Panels 1 and 2
  • Hieroglyphic Stairway 1
 In 802, conducted a ritual supervised by king Tan Teʼ Kʼinich of Aguateca.

Bonampak

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Bonampak dynasty
Aj Yash Punim  ? c.400  ?  ? Founder of the ruling dynasty.
Ruler of Stela 7  ? 554 600 600
Bonampak		  ?
  • Stela 7
Jasaw Chan Muwaan I  ?
Son of Ruler of Stela 7		 600 605 605
Bonampak		  ?
Aj Olnal  ?
Son of Jasaw Chan Muwaan I		 605

611
(restored)		 610
(deposed)

after 614		 After 614
Bonampak		  ?
Aj Chan Tok'  ? 610 611  ?  ? Usurper, expelled Aj Olnal, but he returned the next year.
Vinakhab Tok'  ? 643 After 648 After 648
Bonampak		  ?
Unknown ruler  ? Before 658 After 670 After 670
Bonampak		  ?
Aj Nak'ey  ? 683 After 692 After 692
Bonampak		  ?
Knot-Eye Bahlam  ? 732 c.747 c.747
Bonampak		  ?
Aj Sak Teleh  ? 747 776 776
Bonampak		 Lady Shield Skull
at least one child
Jasaw Chan Muwaan II  ?
Son of Aj Sak Teleh and Lady Shield Skull		 776 795 795
Bonampak		 Lady Green Rabbit of Yaxchilan
  • Panel 1
    (12 Jan 787)
  • Panel 2
    (4 Jan 787)
  • Panel 3
    (12 Jan 787)
  • Stelae 1, 2 and 3
  • Temple 1
 Last known ruler of the city.

Calakmul

The kings of Calakmul were known as k'uhul kan ajawob (/k’uːˈχuːl kän äχäˈwoɓ/) ("Divine Lords of the Snake Kingdom").[6] This list is not continuous, as the archaeological record is incomplete. All dates AD.

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Snake dynasty[7]
Yuknoom Chʼeen I  ? c.484 c.520 c.520
Dzibanche		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 114
    (14 Set 431, from a previous ruler?)
  • Stela 43
    (10 Oct 514)
 Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city.
Tuun K'ab' Hix
(Ku Ix; K'altuun Hix; Bound-Stone Jaguar)		  ?
Dzibanche
Son of Yuknoom Chʼeen I		 c.520 c.546 c.546
Dzibanche		 Lady Ek' Naah
at least one child		 His daughter married a lord from La Corona.
Ut Chanal
(Sky Witness)		  ?
Dzibanche
Possible son of Tuun K'ab' Hix and Lady Ek' Naah		 Before 561 572 572
Dzibanche		  ?
at least four children		 Made war with Tikal and won over that city, causing the collapse of the extensive power that Tikal had.
Yax Yopaat
(First Axewielder)		  ?
Dzibanche
(First?) son of Ut Chanal		 572 579 579
Dzibanche		  ? His life is mostly unknown today.
Uneh Chan
(Scroll Serpent)		  ?
Dzibanche
(Second?) son of Ut Chanal		 2 September 579
(9.7.5.14.17)		 611 611
Dzibanche		 Lady Scroll-in-Hand
at least one child
Yuknoom Ti' Chan
(Chan)		  ?
Dzibanche
(First?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand		 c.619  ?  ?
Tajoom Ukʼab Kʼahkʼ
(Ta Batz)		  ?
Dzibanche
(Second?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand		 28 March 622
(9.9.9.0.5)		 1 October 630 1 October 630
(9.9.17.11.14)
Dzibanche		  ?
  • Stela 28
    (19 Mar 623)
  • Stela 29
    (19 Mar 623)
Yuknoom Head
(Cauac Head)		  ?
Dzibanche
(Third?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand		 630 636 636
Dzibanche		  ?
  • Stela 76
    (633)
  • Stela 78
    (633)
Yuknoom Chʼeen II the Great 11 September 600
(9.8.7.2.17)
Dzibanche
(Fourth?) son of Uneh Chan and Lady Scroll-in-Hand		 28 April 636
(9.10.3.5.10)		 686 686
Calakmul
(aged 85/86)		  ?
at least three children
  • Stela 33
    (16 Set 657)
  • Stela 35
    (27 Mar 661)
  • Stelae 9, 75 and 79
    (29 Jun 672)
  • Stelae 115 and 116
    (8 May 682)
  • Stelae 13, 30?, 31, 32?, 34?, 36, 37?, 77?, 85?, 86, 87?, 93 and 94
 His daughter married a lord from La Corona.
Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ
(Jaguar Paw Smoke)		 6 October 649
(9.10.16.16.19)
Son of Yuknoom Chʼeen II		 3 April 686
(9.12.13.17.7)		 31 March 698 31 March 698
(9.13.6.2.9)
Calakmul(?)
(aged 48)		 Lady of Stela 116
at least one child
Split Earth  ? c.695  ?  ? Probably a co-ruler.
Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil
(Ruler 5, 6 or 7)		  ?
Son of Yuknoom Yichʼaak Kʼahkʼ		 26 January 702
(9.13.10.0.0)		 c.736 c.736
Calakmul		 Lady of Stela 54
possibly three children
  • Stelae 23 and 24
    (24 Jun 702)
  • Stela 51
    (731)
  • Stela 52
    (731)
  • Stela 54
    (731)
  • Stelae 1, 7?, 8, 23, 24, 38, 39?, 40, 41?, 42?, 53, 55, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 and 89
 His daughter married a lord from La Corona.[8][9][7]
Wamaw K'awiil  ?
Son (possibly) of Yuknoom Tookʼ Kʼawiil and Lady of Stela 54		 c.736  ?  ?
at least one child
Bolon K'awiil I[10]
(Ruler 8, Ruler Y)		  ?
Calakmul
Son of Wamaw K'awiil		 c.741  ?  ?
  • Stelae 25, 26, 27, 59 and 60
Great Serpent [11]
(Ruler 9, Ruler Z)		  ? c.751  ? Lady of Stela 88
  • Stela 88
    (751)
  • Stelae 62 (unfinished) and 68
Bolon Kʼawiil II
(Ruler 9)		  ? c.771 c.789 c.789
Calakmul		  ?
  • Stela 57
    (771)
  • Stela 58
    (771)
Chan Pet  ? c.849  ?  ?
Aj Took  ? c.909  ?  ?
  • Stela 61
 Last known ruler of the city.

Cancuén

NameRuledNotes
Tajal Chan Ahk 757 – c. 799 Built the city palace in 770.
Kan Maax c.800

Caracol

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Caracol dynasty[12]
Te' K'ab Chaak
(Tree Branch Rain God)		  ? 331 349 349
Caracol		  ? Founder of the dynasty, or at least the first recorded ruler of the city. Yet is only known from two Late Classic back dated texts. One places him at AD 331, and the second at AD 349.
No traces of the dynasty for nearly 100 years
K'ahk' Ujol K'inich I

(Smoking Skull I; Ruler I)		  ? c.470  ?
Caracol		 A lady of Xultun
at least one child		 Appears on the 6th century genealogical text of Stela 16, but his place in the line of reigning lords is unknown.His reign has been estimated to be circa AD 470. He may have been the father of Yajaw Te’ K’inich I.
Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I  ?
Caracol
Probable son of K'ahk' Ujol K'inich I and a lady of Xultun		 12 April 484
(9.2.9.0.16)		 514 514
Caracol		  ?
at least one child
  • Altar 4
    (28 Jan 495)
  • Altar 19
    (7 Dec 504)
  • Stela 13
    (16 Oct 514)
  • Altar 17
    (16 Oct 514)
 Stela 13 records his celebration of the 4th K’atun in AD 514.
K'an I

(Lord Jaguar; Antenna Top I; Ruler II)		  ?
Caracol
Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich I		 13 April 531
(9.4.16.13.3)		 534 534
Caracol		 Lady Kʼal Kʼinich
at least two children
  • Stela 16
    (3 Jul 534)
  • Altars 3 and 14
    (3 Jul 534)
 Stela 16 text gives his parentage statement, and tells that his accession was overseen by a ‘higher authority,’ either another lord or a divine being.[13]
Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II

(Lord Water; Lord Muluc; Ruler III)		  ?
Caracol
Son of K'an I and Lady Kʼal Kʼinich		 18 April 553
(9.5.19.1.2)		 c.595 c.595
Caracol		 Lady 1
at least one child

Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ [of La Corona?]
582
at least one child
  • Stela 14
    (20 Mar 554)
  • Altar 5
    (20 Mar 554)
  • Stela 15
    (5 Dec 573)
  • Altar 6
    (5 Dec 573)
  • Stela 4
    (17 Oct 583)
  • Stela 1
    (22 Aug 593)
  • Altar 1
    (22 Aug 593)
 Named after his grandfather. His first monument, Stela 14, records the K’atun ending in AD 554 (9.6.0.0.0). As told on Altar 21, Yajaw Te’ K’inich II's accession takes place under the auspices of the Tikal Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. He erected Stela 1 and Altar 1 to mark his last K’atun ending of 9.8.0.0.0, and four years later he is referenced as ‘seeing’ the 9.8.10.0.0 ending. He is mentioned in the fragmentary text on Stela 23. In AD 562 – 9.6.8.4.2 he enacted the first recorded star war against Tikal and Lord Wak Chan K’awiil. Yajaw Te' K'inich II's two sons, Knot Ajaw and K’an II, rule after him.[13]
Knot Ajaw

(Ajaw Serpent; Flaming Ajaw; Ruler IV)		 28 November 575
(9.7.2.0.3)
Caracol
Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II and Lady 1		 24 June 599
(9.8.5.16.12)		 613 613
Caracol
(aged 37/38)		 Unmarried
  • Stela 6
    (2 Jul 603)
  • Stela 5
    (10 May 613)
  • Altars 11 and 15
    (10 May 613)
 Erected his monuments to the west of Structure A13.
K'an II

(Lord Stormwater Moon; Antenna Top II; Ruler V)		 18 April 588
(9.7.14.10.8)
Caracol
Son of Yajaw Teʼ Kʼinich II and Lady Batzʼ Ekʼ		 6 March 618
(9.9.4.16.2)		 21 July 658 21 July 658
(9.11.5.15.9)
Caracol
(aged 70)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 22
    (25 Jan 633)
  • Stela 7
    (26 Jan 633)
  • Altar 21
    (26 Jan 633)
  • Altar 17
    (12 Oct 652)
  • Stela 3
    (13 Oct 652)
  • Hieroglyphic Stairway of Naranjo
    (possibly)
  • Panel 1 of Naranjo
    (possibly)
 The most successful Caracol ruler. Reigning for 40 years, he expanded the causeway system and saw an increase in the site's population. Born as Sak Witzil Baah (“White First Hill”, or “White Gopher Hill”) in AD 588, he took his grandfather's name at his accession. He was the half-brother of Knot Ajaw, and was thus always stressing his legitimacy by referencing his mother (who may be Batz’ Ek’). It is interesting that he never references the rule of his brother Knot Ajaw in any of his monuments, even those that describe his dynastic predecessors. He also seems to have developed diplomatic contacts with the Snake polity, with whom he coordinated the war with Naranjo, which began in 626, and ended with the defeat of Naranjo in 631.
Kʼahkʼ Ujol Kʼinich II

(Smoking Skull II; Ruler VI)		  ?
Caracol
Possible son of K'an II		 22 June 658
(9.11.5.14.0)		 2 March 680 2 March 680
(9.12.7.14.1)
Caracol		  ?
  • A monument at La Rejolla
  • Two stucco texts at Caana (Structures B16-sub and B18)[12]
 Succeeded K’an II in 658, but as he has no surviving parentage statements, we cannot be certain that he is K’an II's son. One of the stucco texts shows that in 680, Caracol was the victim of a star war from Naranjo (also called Naranjo's war of Independence). Martin and Grube suggest that this action drove K’ahk’ Ujol K’inich from Caracol, at which time he may have fled to La Rejolla, 12 km to the northwest. The remainder of this text has not been excavated. This star war event seems to have launched Caracol's epigraphic hiatus, which continues for 96 years, until 798.
Ruler VII
(Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?)		  ?
Caracol		 c.700  ?
Caracol		  ?
  • Stela 21
    (24 Jan 702)
 Reigned during the epigraphic hiatus. One candidate for this ruler comes from Naj Tunich, some 46 km to the south. In one of the cave's chambers dated to 692 is a text referring to a Caracol elite named Tz’ayaj K’ajk’, who carries the emblem glyph, but not the k’inich ajaw prefix.
Tum Yohl K'inich

(Tz’ayaj K’ajk’?; Ruler VIII)		  ?
Caracol		 c.744 c.793  ?
Caracol		  ?
at least one son		 He is as enigmatic as Ruler VII. He likewise appears in Naj Tunich, and also lacks the k’inich ajaw prefix, leaving his royal status in question.In this text (dated to 27 August 744), he performs a fire-bearing ritual under the supervision of a lord of Ixkun; an unnamed lord of Calakmul is also involved. All other appearances of his name occur in later retrospective texts like Altar 23, which lists him as a 3 K’atun lord, and the captor of two lords from Ucanal and Bital.
K’inich Joy K’awiil  ?
Caracol
Possible son of Tum Yohl K'inich		 10 December 799
(9.18.9.5.9)		  ?  ?
Caracol		  ?
  • Altar 23
    (17 Aug 800)
  • B-Group Ballcourt
 Began a revival of the Caracol polity with his accession. He commissioned the B-Group Ballcourt, the markers of which date back to the dynastic founder Te’ K’ab Chaak. Stela 11 shows Tum Yohl K’inich in an ambiguous relationship to Joy K’awiil, which may show that he is the latter's father, or as suggested by Altar 23 potentially a relative in a high-ranking military position.
K'inich Toob'il Yopaat
(Ruler X or XI)		  ?
Caracol
Possible son of Tum Yohl K'inich		 c.810 c.830  ?
Caracol		  ?
  • Stelae 8 and 18
    (26 Jun 810)
  • Altar 22
    (26 Jun 810)
  • Stela 19
    (4 May 820)
  • Altars 12 and 13
    (4 May 820)
 His accession date is not certain, but he erected five (possibly six) monuments (Stelae 18, 19, Altars 12, 13), and seems to have repaired relations with Ucanal. This new relationship is depicted on Altars 12 and 13, as well as on stucco text from Structure B18.
K'an III  ?
Caracol		 c.835 c.849  ?
Caracol		  ?
  • Stela 17
    (28 Nov 849)
  • Altars 10 and 18
    (28 Nov 849)
Ruler XIII  ?
Caracol		 c.859  ?
Caracol		  ?
  • Stela 10
    (7 Oct 859)
 Last known lord of Caracol, and erected only one monument: Stela 10. Stela 10 is a carved all glyphic monument which may commemorate the half-K’atun 10.1.10.0.0 (AD 859).

Cobá

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
1st Cobá dynasty[14]
Yu’npik Tok’  ? c.500  ?  ? Founder of the ruling family, which lasted in power until 780.
Three unknown rulers
2nd Cobá dynasty / Snake dynasty[15]
Che'enal  ?
Dzibanche?
Probable daughter of Yax Yopaat, king of Dzibanche or Calakmul		 c.565 c.574[16]  ? c.565?
at least one child
  • Stela 29
    (9 Nov. 578 or 23 Oct 650)
 A lady that probably came from the Snake kingdom at Dzibanche/Calakmul. She had a superior title than her husband (she was called kaloomte). The queen celebrated her first and only period ending on 7 December 573.

Probably abdicated to her husband, who starts his reign in 574.

K'ahk Bahlam  ? 21 September 574
(9.7.0.14.10)		 c.610 c.610?
Cobá
  • Stelae 26, 28 and 30
Sihyaj Chan K'awiil
(Ruler A)		  ?
Cobá
Son of K'ahk Bahlam and Lady Che'enal
[of Dzibanche/Calakmul]		 c.610 632[17] c.632
Cobá		 Lady of Stela 3
at least one child
  • Stela 6
    (19 Mar 623)
  • Stela 3
    (25 Jan 633)
Xaman K’awiil  ?
Cobá
Son of Sihyaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Stela 3		 16 March 632[17]
(9.9.19.2.3)		 640 640
Cobá		  ?
one child?
K'awiil Ek'

(Lady K’awiil Ajaw; Ruler B)		 617
Cobá
Daughter of Sihyaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Stela 3, or of Xaman K’awiil		 7 April 640
(9.10.7.5.9)		 682 682
Cobá
(aged 64/65)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 2
    (4 Dec 642)
  • Stela 4
    (12 Oct 652)
  • Stela 1
    (29 Jan 653/29 Jun 672[18])
  • Stela 5
    (21 Aug 662)
 She bore the title kaloomte' ('superior warrior'), which was a very high title in contemporary Maya culture, and not worn by all rulers. She is depicted presiding over, or treading upon, over a dozen captives under her feet, a larger number than any other Maya queen, and more than almost any other Maya king. Her reign took place during a period of golden age of Coba, with political continuity, economic prosperity, and expansionistic, militaristic power, and not a vassal of Calakmul.
Chan Yopaat

(Chan K'awiil; Ruler C)		  ?
Cobá
Son of K'awiil Ek'		 28 August 682
(9.12.10.5.12)		 692 692
Cobá		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 1
    (28 Aug 682)
Mat K'awiil  ?
Cobá
Son of Chan Yopaat		 c.692 c.711 c.711?
Cobá		  ?
  • Stela 1
Unknown rulers
Chan K'inich
(Ruler C or D)		  ?
Cobá
Probably a descendant of his predecessors		 16 January 773
(9.17.2.0.5)		 c.780 c.780?
Cobá		  ?
  • Stela 20
    (16 Jan 773/30 Nov 780)
Ruler E  ?
(Nothing else is known or certain besides their name)		 Discovered in 2020,[14] ruled Cobá in the period 500-780. Some of these may have ruled between Yu’npik Tok’ and Che'enal.
K'ahk Chitam
Uxman K’awiil
Yopaat Taj Naaj
Lady Yopaat
K’ahk’ Yopaat
K'aloomte

Copán

(Note:Despite the sparse references to previous rulers in Copán, the first safe reference is from 426. All the rulers, with the exception of the last one, appear in the called Altar Q.)

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Copán dynasty
Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ

(Great Sun; Quetzal Macaw)		 c.380/390?
Tikal		 426 437 437
Copán
(aged around 47/57?)		  ?
at least one child
  • Hunal tomb in Temple 16
 Came from Tikal. Founder of Copán lineage, he also founded Quirigua's by installing there the first king, Tok Casper.[19]
Kʼinich Popol Hol
(Great Sun)		 c.415
Copán
Son of Kʼinich Yax Kʼukʼ Moʼ		 437 470 c.470
Copán
(aged around 54/55?)		  ?
  • Stelae 18 & 63
  • Motmot capstone
  • Xukpi Stone
 Co-ruler with his father since 430, as he was shown in Structure 10L-26, dated to 9 December 435.[20] Founded the institutions of the city.
Mat Head?
(Ruler 3)		  ? c.455 c.465? c.465?
Copán		  ? Identifiable with Ruler 3. Probably, given his reign date, a co-ruler.[20]
Ku Ix

(K'altuun Hix; Tuun K'ab' Hix; Ruler 4)		  ? c.470? 476 c.476
Copán		  ?
  • Stela 34
  • Papagayo Step
  • CPN 584
 Co-ruler since 465.[20]
Ruler 5  ? c.475?  ?  ?
Muyal Jol
(Ruler 6)		  ? c.485? 504 c.504
Copán		  ?
Bahlam Nehn[20]

(Mirror Jaguar; Waterlily Jaguar)		  ? 504 524 or 544 524 or 544
Copán		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 15
    (524)
  • Ante Step
  • Stela 16 of Caracol (possibly)
  • Stela E of Quirigua
Wil Ohl Kʼinich

(Head on Earth; Ruler 8)		  ?
Copán
Son of Bahlam Nehn		 532 551 551
Copán		  ?
  • Stela E
    (11 May 544)
 If Bahlam Nehn ruled until 544, Wil Ohl K'inich was a co-ruler until the former's death.[21]
Sak-Lu
(Ruler 9)		  ?
Copán
Son of Wil Ohl Kʼinich		 551 553 553
Copán		  ?
  • A step of the Hieroglyphic Stairway
Tzi-Bahlam

(Moon Jaguar; Ruler 10)		  ?
Copán
Son of Bahlam Nehn		 26 May 553
(9.5.19.3.0)		 22 October 578 22 October 578
(9.7.4.17.4)
Copán		  ?
  • Stela 17
    (554)
  • Stela 9
    (564)
  • Rosalila Step
K'ak' Chan Yopaat[22]

(Butz' Chan; Smoke Serpent)		 564?
Copán		 15 November 578
(9.7.5.0.8)[23]		 23 January 628 23 January 628
(9.9.14.16.9)
Copán
(aged around 64?)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 7
    (10 May 613)
  • Stela P
    (623)
  • Stela 5
    (4 Oct 627)
  • Altars Y? & X?
Chan Imix K'awiil
(Smoke Jaguar; Smoke Imix)		 14 November 604
(9.7.5.0.8)[24] or 612
Copán
Possible son of K'ak' Chan Yopaat		 8 or 21 February 628[25] 18 June 695 18 June 695
(9.13.3.5.7)
Copán
(aged 78/79 or 90)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 2
    (652)
  • Stela 3
    (652)
  • Stela 10
    (652)
  • Stela 12
    (652)
  • Stela 13
    (652)
  • Stela 19
    (19 Aug 652)
  • Stelae 1, 5, 6, 23
  • Altars H', I', K & 5
  • Burial in Temple 26[20]
 Probably the longest-reigning ruler of the city.
Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil

(Oxwitik; 18 Rabbit)		 675
Copán
Possible son of Chan Imix K'awiil		 2 January or 15 June 695 3 May 738 3 May 738
(9.15.6.14.6.)
Quiriguá
(aged 62/63)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela J
    (7 Jul 695)
  • Stela F
    (13 Oct 721)
  • Stela 4
    (17 Sep 726)
  • Stela H
    (5 Dec 730)
  • Stela A
    (19 Oct 731)
  • Stela D
    (24 Jul 736)
  • Stelae B, C, F, G,
  • Altar S
  • Lower Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26
  • Step of Temple 22
  • Ballcourt AIIb markers
  • Ballcourt A-III text & markers
 If ascended on 2 January, he briefly co-ruled with his predecessor. He was captured and beheaded by the ruler of Quirigua.[26]
Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil
(Smoke Monkey)		  ?
Copán
 11 June 738
(9.15.6.16.5)		 4 February 749 4 February 749
(9.15.17.12.16)
Copán		  ?
at least one child
Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil

(Smoke Shell; Smoke Squirrel)		  ?
Son of Kʼakʼ Joplaj Chan Kʼawiil		 4 February 749
(9.15.17.12.16)		 c.761 or January 763 c.761 or January 763
Copán		 A lady from Palenque
at least one child
  • Stela M
    (756)
  • Stela N
    (761)
  • Upper Hieroglyphic Stairway of Temple 26
  • Temple 26 text.
  • Burial in Temple 11 (probably)
Yax Pasaj Chan Yopaat

(Yax Pac; Rising Sun)		  ?
Copán
Son of Kʼakʼ Yipyaj Chan Kʼawiil		 2 July 763 c.810 c.810
Copán
  • Stelae 8 & 29
  • Altars G, G2, G3, Q, R, T, U, V, Z, B', C', D', F', G', W', J?, 41
  • CPNs 157, 244, 19119, 19222, 19469, 23748, 2843 and 26300;
  • Temple 22a Stone
  • Temple 11 Wall Panels, Step & Reviewing Stand
  • Temple 18 Door jamb and Wall Texts
  • Temple 21a Bench
  • 9N-82, Harvard and Tegucigalpa Benches,
  • House Models from Structures 29 & 33
  • Various incense burners.
  • Burial in Temple 18
Ukit Took

(Yax Pac; Yax Pasah; 18 Rabbit)		  ? 6 or 10 February 822 c.830 c.830 (or after)  ?
  • Stela 11
    (4 May 820)
  • Altar L (unfinished)
 Last known ruler of Copán, and the only who doesn't appear on the mentioned Altar Q. The city collapsed suddenly, possibly under an epidemic.[27]

La Corona

  • c.520-544: Chak Took Ich'aak
  • c.658: Chak Naahb Kaan
  • 667-679: K'inich Yook
  •  ?: Chak Ak'aach Took
  • c.721: Yajaw Te' K'inich

Dos Pilas

Name/Glyph[28]ImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[29][30][31][32]
B'alaj Chan K'awiil

(Ruler 1; Flint Sky; Flint Sky God K; Lightning Sky; Malah Chan K'awill)		 15 October 625
(9.9.12.11.2)
Tikal
Son of K'inich Muwaan Jol II, King of Tikal		 31 October 643
(9.10.10.16.9)		 692 c.692
Dos Pilas
(aged 66/67)		 Lady of Itzan
at least two children

Lady Bulu'
at least one child		 He probably saw himself as the legitimate heir to the Tikal throne. Howwever, moved away from the capital to found a new one at Dos Pilas, which grew to become a rival kingdom, under overlordship of Calakmul. One of his children was Lady Wak Chanil Ajaw, queen regnant Naranjo, who, by using the Tikal emblem, proved her ascendance, through B'alaj Chan K'awiil, from Tikal royal line.
Itzamnaaj B'alam
(Shield Jaguar)		  ?
Dos Pilas
Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan		 c.695 ?
Dos Pilas		 ? Little is known about him. He probably had a short reign.
Itzamnaaj K'awiil

(Ruler 2; Shield God K)		 25 January 673
(9.12.0.10.11)
Dos Pilas
Son of B'alaj Chan K'awiil and Lady of Itzan		 24 March 698
(9.13.6.2.0)		 22 October 726 22 October 726
(9.14.15.1.19)
Dos Pilas
(aged 53)		 ?
at least one child
  • Tomb under Structure L5-1
Ucha'an K'in B'alam

(Ruler 3; Master of the Sun Jaguar; Scroll-head God K; Spangle-head; Jewelled-head)		 ? 10 January 727
(9.14.15.5.15)		 28 May 741 28 May 741
(9.15.9.16.11)
Dos Pilas		 Lady GI-Kʼawiil of Cancuén
no children?
  • Stela 3
    (736)
  • Stela 16
    (736)
  • Stela 5
 Has no apparent family relation to his predecessors, being probably a regent. It is known that, twenty years earlier, he was already a prominent figure in the kingdom (being responsible, for example, for the capture of the lord of Tikal in 705, or involving himself closely in rituals performed by the previous king). As a ruler (regent or usurper) he provided strong leadership. Erected monuments in Dos Pilas and Aguateca.
Kʼawiil Chan Kʼinich
(Ruler 4; God K Sky Mahkʼina)		 Before 726
Dos Pilas
Son of Itzamnaaj K'awiil		 23 June 741
(9.15.9.17.17)		 c.761 After 761 ?
  • Panel 19
 He was forced to flee from Dos Pilas in 761 and was never mentioned again. As a result, the date of his death is currently unknown.

Dzibilchaltun

  • c.800: Ukuw Chan Chaak

Ek' Balam

  • Ukit Kan Leʼk Tokʼ

Edzná

  • Unen-K'awiil (c. 620-638)
  • Sihyaj Chan K'awiil (c. 636–649)
  • Kal-Chan-Chaak (649-662)
  • B'aah Pahk (662-672), wife of the former
  • Janaab Yook K'inich (672–692)
  • Hul Janaab Chanek (692-c. 710)
  • Chan Chawaj (c.711-731)
  • Aj-Koht-Chowa-Nahkaan (c. 805–850)
  • Pdrich (850-860s)
  • Ajan (c.869)

La Florida

  •  ?: Sihyaj Chan K'awiil
  •  ?: Aj Pat Chan
  •  ?: Chakaj Chaak
  • c.677: Bahlam K'awiil
  • c.681: K'ahk Ti' Kuy
  •  ?: Uh Ti' Kuy
  • c.700: Tahn Tuun Chaak
  • c.731: Lady Chaak[33]
  • 731-766: K'ahk Chan Yopaat
  • c.790: A king, depicted in Stela 1

Holmul

(Note: No known dates)

  •  ?: Och Chan Yopaat
  •  ?: Sakhb Chan Yopaat Makcha
  •  ?: K’inich Tacal Tun
  •  ?: Vilaan Chak Tok Vakhab

Ixkun

Nickname Ruled
Eight Skull[34] –c. 790
Rabbit God K[35] c. 790–800

Ixtutz

Machaquila

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Machaquila dynasty[37]
Yas-tu-Chaak  ? c.475  ?  ?
Tacal-Mo'  ?  ?  ?  ?
Sihyaj K'in Ich'aak I  ? 670 710 c.710
Machaquila		  ?
  • Stela 13
  • Altar E
Ets'nab-Chaak  ? 711 761 c.761
Machaquila		  ?
  • Stelae 10, 11, 12
  • Altar F
 At the end of his reign, Machaquilá's suzerain kingdom, Dos Pilas, was abandoned and, during the political turmoil that followed, Cancuén stole power from Machaquilá.
Chak-Bahlam  ? c.775  ?  ?
  • Stela 18
Under Cancuén rule: 786–799
Aj Ho' Baak 5 December 770
(9.16.19.15.12)
Machaquila		 28 June 800
(9.18.9.15.10)		 815 815
Machaquila
(aged around 44/45)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 2
Sihyaj K'in Ich’aak II  ?
Machaquila
Son of Aj Ho' Baak		 2 April 815
(9.19.4.15.1)		 824 824
Machaquila		  ?
at least one child
  • Stelae 3 and 4
Juun Tsak-Took  ?
Machaquila
Son of Sihyaj K'in Ich’aak II		 3 March 824
(9.19.13.15.19)		 840 840
Machaquila		  ?
  • Stelae 5, 6, 7 and 8
Ti-Chaak  ? 824 840  ?  ?

La Mar

Moral Reforma

  • 662-after 690: Muwaan Jol, ascended under king Yuknoom of Calakmul; however, in 690, ascended once again under the king of Palenque.

Motul de San José

Naranjo

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
1st Naranjo dynasty[38][39][40]
Tzik'in Bahlam  ?  ?  ?  ?
  • Stela 45
 First known ruler.
?  ? c.475  ?  ?
  • Stela 41
Naatz Chan Ahk  ?  ?  ?  ?
K'inich Tajal Chaak  ?
Naranjo
Son of Lady Casper[39]		  ?  ?  ?
Pik Chan Ahkul  ?  ?  ? Lady Stone-in-Hand Sky
at least one child		 Inferred as king by his son's inscriptions.
Aj Wosal Chan K'inich
(Double Comb)		 534
Naranjo
Son of Pik Chan Ahkul and Lady Stone-in-Hand Sky		 5 May 546
(9.5.12.0.4)		 615 615
Naranjo
(aged around 80/81)		  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 15?, 16, 17, 25, 27, 38 and 41
  • Altar 1
K'uxaj  ?
Son of Aj Wosal Chan K'inich		 615 27 December 631 27 December 631
(9.9.18.16.3)
Naranjo		  ? Defeated by Caracol (626) and by Calakmul (631)
K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk  ? c.644 c.680 c.680
Naranjo		  ? 37th ruler of Naranjo, according to the inscriptions on the site.[41] His rule, however, didn't produce any surviving monuments. He was victorious against Caracol.
2nd Naranjo dynasty / Tikal-Dos Pilas dynasty[38][39][40]
Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas
(Lady Six Sky)

 15 July 669 (or after[42][40])
Dos Pilas
Daughter of Bʼalaj Chan Kʼawiil, King of Dos Pilas and Lady Bulu'		 30 August 682
(9.12.10.5.12.)

11 October 721
(9.14.10.0.0)		 693


16 February 741		 16 February 741
(9.15.9.11.6)
Naranjo
(aged around 72)		 K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak of Naranjo
at least one child
  • Stela 22
    (23 Jan 702)
  • Stela 24
    (24 Jan 702)
  • Stela 21
    (24 Mar 706)
  • Stela 23
    (19 Mar 710)
  • Stelae 2 and 3
    (13 Feb 713)
  • Stelae 29 and 30
    (16 Nov 714)
  • Stela 28
    (13 Apr 716)
  • Stelae 31 and 40
    (10 Oct 721)
  • Stelae 18 and 46
    (14 Sep 726)
  • Stelae 1 and 26
 Wak Chanil arrived from Dos Pilas to form a new dynasty in Naranjo. United herself in marriage with a cousin of the previous ruler, K'ahk' Xiiw Chan Chaahk, from 693 she held regency for her son. Possibly as early as 721 or after his son's death in 728, she reassumed the reins of the kingdom as queen regnant, or queen regent for her second son (or grandson).

In the reign of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak, Wak Chanil's son, Naranjo fought and won a series of victories against polities, some of whom may have been rebelling against Wak Chanil herself. It's possible that was her the organizer of many of Naranjo campaigns that, early in his reign, defeated Yaxha, Tikal, and Ucanal.

Regency of Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas (693-26 March 706)
Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak
(Smoking Squirrel)		 6 January 688
(9.12.15.13.7)
Naranjo
Son of K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas		 31 May 693
(9.13.1.3.19)		 c.728 c.728
(or after[43])
Naranjo
(aged around 31/32)		 Lady Unen Bahlam of Tuub'al
21 March 710
at least one child
Yax Mayuy Chan Chaak  ?
Naranjo
Son of K'ak' U ? Chan Chaak and Lady Wak Chanil of Dos Pilas		 c.741 4 February 744
(15.9.12.11.13)		 14 June 744
(9.15.13.0.0)
Naranjo or Tikal?		  ?
  • Stelae 18 and 46
    (14 Sep 726)
  • Stela 5 of Tikal
 Defeated by Tikal and sacrificed months later.
K'ak' Yipiiy Chan Chaak  ? 15 August 746
(9.15.15.3.16)		 748 or 755 748 or 755
Naranjo		  ?
  • Stela 20
K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak  ?
Naranjo
Son of Kʼakʼ Tiliw Chan Chaak and Lady Unen Bahlam of Tuub'al		 20 November 755
(9.16.4.10.18)		 780 780
Naranjo		 Lady Star Shell of Yaxha
at least two children
  • Stelae 6, 11, 13, 19, 33 and 36
Bat K'awiil  ?
Naranjo
Son of K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak and Lady Star Shell of Yaxha		  ?  ?  ?
Itzamnaaj K'awiil
(Shield; Shield God K)		 13 March 771
(9.17.0.2.12)
Naranjo
Son of K'ahk' Ukalaw Chan Chaak and Lady Star Shell of Yaxha		 4 February 784
(9.17.13.4.3)		 810 c.810
Naranjo
(aged around 38/39)
  • Stela 35
    (799)
  • Stelae 7, 8, 10, 12 and 14
 He was victorious against Yaxha.
Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil  ? c.814  ?  ?
  • Stela 32 of Ucanal

Palenque

Mythological and legendary rulers

  • ?-Muwaan Mat c.2325 BC
  • Uk'ix Chan c.987 BC
  • Casper c.252 BC

Historical rulers

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
Palenque dynasty[44][45][46]
Kʼukʼ Bahlam I

(Kuk; Bahlum K'uk)		 30 March 397
(8.18.0.13.7)
Palenque		 10 March 431
(8.19.15.3.5)		 435 435
Palenque
(aged 37/38)		  ?
  • One stone censer
 Founder of the dynasty.
Casper

(11 Rabbit)		 8 August 422
(8.19.6.8.9)
Palenque
Son of Kʼukʼ Bahlam I?		 9 August 435
(8.19.19.11.18)		 c.487 c.487
Palenque
(aged 64/65)		  ?
Bʼutz Aj Sak Chiik

(Manik)		 15 November 459
(9.1.4.5.2)
Palenque
Son of Casper?		 28 July 487
(9.2.12.6.19)		 c.501 c.501
Palenque
(aged 41/42)		  ? His successor, Ahkal Moʼ Nahb, was probably his brother.
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I

(Chaacal I; Akul Anab I)		 5 July 465
(9.1.10.0.1)
Palenque
Son of Casper?		 3 June 501
(9.3.6.7.17)		 29 November 524 29 November 524
(9.4.10.4.17)
Palenque
(aged 59)		  ? The list of ancestors made by his descendant Pakal the Great starts with him.
Interregnum: 524–529
Kʼan Joy Chitam I

(Hok; Kan Xul I; K'an Hok' Chitam)		 5 May 490
(9.2.15.3.11)
Palenque
Son of Ahkal Moʼ Nahb I?		 6 February 529
(9.4.14.9.7)		 6 February 565 6 February 565
(9.6.11.0.16)
Palenque
(aged 74)		  ?
two children
Ahkal Moʼ Nahb II

(Chaacal II; Akul Anab II)		 3 September 523
(9.4.9.0.4)
Palenque
Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I		 2 May 565
(9.6.11.5.1)		 21 July 570 21 July 570
(9.6.16.10.7)
Palenque
(aged 46)		  ?
no children
Kan Bahlam I

(Chan Bahlum I)		 18 September 524
(9.4.10.1.5)
Palenque
Son of Kʼan Joy Chitam I		 6 April 572
(9.6.18.5.12)		 1 February 583 1 February 583
(9.7.9.5.5)
Palenque
(aged 58)		  ?
one child?
Yohl Ikʼnal

(Lady Kan Ik; Lady K'anal Ik'nal)		 ?
Palenque
Daughter of Kʼan Joy Chitam I or Kan Bahlam I		 21 December 583
(9.7.10.3.8)		 5 November 604 5 November 604
(9.8.11.6.12)
Palenque		  ?
two children
Ajen Yohl Mat

(Aj Ne' Ohl Mat; Ac Kan; Ahl Lawal Mat)		 ?
Palenque
Son of Yohl Ikʼnal?		 1 January 605
(9.8.11.9.9)		 8 or 11 August 612 8 or 11 August 612
Palenque		  ?
two children		 During his reign (4 April 611), Palenque was invaded by Calakmul.
Sak K'uk'


(Muwaan Mat; Lady Beastie)		 ?
Palenque
Daughter of Janahb Pakal I and Yohl Ikʼnal?		 20 October 612
(9.8.19.7.18)		 27 July 615
(9.9.2.4.8)		 10 September 640
(9.10.7.13.5)
Palenque		 Kʼan Moʼ Hix
one or two children		 Abdicated to her son.[40]
Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I the Great

(Pacal; 8 Ahau; Sun Shield)		 19 March 603
(9.8.9.12.15)
Palenque
Son of Kʼan Moʼ Hix and Sak K'uk'		 27 July 615
(9.9.2.4.8)		 26 August 683 26 August 683
(9.12.11.5.15)
Palenque
aged 80		 Tzʼakbu
three children
  • Temple El Olvidado
  • Additions to the Palace of Palenque
  • Building E (Sak Nuk Naah, "White Skin House")
  • Houses A, B and C
 He was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque's most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental architecture.[47]
K'inich Kan Bahlam II

(Chan Bahlum II)		 23 May 635
(9.10.2.6.5)
Palenque
Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and Tzʼakbu		 10 January 684
(9.12.11.12.12)		 20 February 702 20 February 702
(9.13.10.1.7)
Palenque
aged 66		  ?
no children		 He continued the ambitious project of adorning Palenque with fine art and architecture begun by his father.[45][48]
K'inich K'an Joy Chitam II

(Kan Xul II; K'an Hok' Chitam On II		 31 October 644
(9.10.11.16.17)
Palenque
Son of Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal I and Tzʼakbu		 28 May 702
(9.13.10.6.4)		 c.721 721
Palenque
aged 76/77		  ?
no children		 He was captured by Toniná in 711, but possibly restored to kingship.
Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III

(Chaacal III; Akul Anab III)		 23 September 678
(9.12.6.5.17)
Palenque
Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw		 30 December 721
(9.14.10.4.0)		 c.736 c.736
Palenque
aged 57/58		 Men Nik
one child
  • Temple XVIII texts
  • Temple XIX bench and texts
  • Temple XXI texts
  • Tablets of the Orator and Scribe
  • Bundle Panel
  • House E Painted text?
 Grandson of Kʼinich Janaab Pakal I. His construction program rivaled that of his predecessors, and contributed enormously to the surviving records of Palenque history.
Kʼinich Janaab Pakal II

(Upakal K'inich)		  ?
Palenque
Son of Tiwol Chan Mat and Kinuw		 c.742  ?  ?
one child
  • Bodega no. 1144
 Probable brother of the predecessor.[46]
K'inich Kan Bahlam III
  ? c.751  ?  ? A text at Pomona, the only source of his existence, suggests that his reign was short or troubled.[46]
K'inich K'uk' Bahlam II[46]

(Bahlum K'uk' II; Mahk'ina K'uk')		  ?
Palenque
Son of Kʼinich Ahkal Moʼ Nahb III and Men Nik		 4 March 764
(9.16.13.0.5)		 c.783 c.783
Palenque		  ?
  • Tablet of the 96 glyphs
  • Creation Tablet
  • House B Mural?
  • Bodega no. 218
Janaab Pakal III

(6 Cimi Pakal)		  ? 13 November 799
(9.18.9.4.2)		  ?  ?

El Perú

Piedras Negras

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
1st Piedras Negras dynasty[49]
K'an Ahk I

(Ruler A; Turtleshell)		  ? c.297  ?  ? Ruler A was later captured by Moon Skull of Yaxchilan.[49]
K'an Ahk II

(Ruler B)		  ? c.478  ?  ?
Yat Ahk I[50]

(Ah Cauac Ah K'in; Turtletooth)		  ? c.510  ?  ?
Ruler C  ? 30 June 514
(9.3.19.12.12)		 c.520 c.520
Piedras Negras		  ?
  • Panel 12
    (30 Sep 514)
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I

(Ruler 1)		  ? 14 November 603
(9.8.10.6.16)		 3 February 639 3 February 639
(9.10.6.2.1)
Piedras Negras		 Lady Bird Headdress
at least one child
  • Stela 26
    (11 Nov 624)
  • Stelae 25, 31
  • R-5 Pyramid
 Some scholars have argued that K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I refounded the ruling dynasty at Piedras Negras.[51][52]
Itzam K'an Ahk I[53][54]

(Ruler 2)		 22 May 626
(9.9.13.4.1)
Piedras Negras
Son of K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I and Bird Headress		 12 April 639
(9.10.6.5.9)		 15 November 686 15 November 686
(9.12.14.10.13)
Piedras Negras
(aged 50)		 Lady White Bird
at least one child
  • Stela 35
    (658)
  • Panel 2
    (21 Aug 662)
  • Stelae 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39
  • Panels 4, 7
  • Throne 2
K'inich Yo'nal Ahk II


(Ruler 3)		 30 December 664
(9.11.12.7.2)
Piedras Negras
Son of Itzam K'an Ahk I and White Bird		 2 January 687
(9.12.14.13.1)		 c. 729 c. 729
Piedras Negras
(aged 64/65)		 Winik Haab' Ajaw of Namaan
21 November 686
(9.12.14.10.16)
one child
  • Stela 1
    (Sep 706)
  • Stela 2
    (Sep 706)
  • Stela 3
    (711)
  • Stela 4
    (711)
  • Stela 8
    (18 Mar 726)
  • Stelae 5, 6
  • J-5 Pyramid courtyard
  • Altar 1
  • Panel 15
2nd Piedras Negras dynasty[49]
Itzam K'an Ahk II


(Ruler 4)		 18 November 701
(9.13.9.14.15)
Piedras Negras		 9 November 729
(9.14.18.3.13)		 26 November 757 26 November 757
(9.16.6.11.17)
Piedras Negras
(aged 56)		 Juntan Ahk of Piedras Negras (?)
possibly three children
  • Stela 7
    (20 Aug 731)
  • Stela 11
    (22 Aug 731)
  • Stela 9
    (5 Oct 736)
  • Stela 40
    (746)
  • Stelae 10, 22
  • O-13 Pyramid
  • Altar 2
 There is evidence that Itzam K'an Ahk II started a new patriline at Piedras Negras. It's possible that he also married the daughter of the previous ruler.[55]
Yo'nal Ahk III[52][56]

(Ruler 5)		  ?
Piedras Negras
Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II		 10 March 758
(9.16.6.17.1)		 c. 767 c. 767
Piedras Negras		  ?
  • Stelae 14 and 16
Ha' K'in Xook[56][57][52]

(Ruler 6)		  ?
Piedras Negras
Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II		 14 February 767
(9.16.16.0.4)		 24 March 780 24 March 780
(9.17.9.5.11) or
after 780
Piedras Negras		  ?
  • Stelae 13, 18 and 23
 Appears to have either died or abdicated. Scholars are unsure if 24 March 780 refers to Ha' K'in Xook's death date, or rather the date of his burial.
K'inich Yat Ahk II


(Ruler 7)		 7 April 750
(9.15.18.16.7.)
Piedras Negras
Son of Itzam K'an Ahk II		 31 May 781
(9.17.10.9.4.)		 c. 808 c. 808
Piedras Negras
(aged 57/58)		  ?
  • Stela 12
    (15 Sep 795)
  • Stela 15
  • Altar 4
  • Panel 1?, 3
  • Throne 1
 Took the throne almost a year following the death of Ha' K'in Xook. Despite this time gap, there is no evidence anyone was ruling Piedras Negras in the interim. He was later captured by K'inich Tatbu Skull IV of Yaxchilan.[58][59][52][60]

Pusilha

  • c.569–595: K’awiil Chan K’inich (this first ruler and dynasty probably descended from the first dynasty of Naranjo[61])
  • c.595–650: K’ahk U’ Ti’ Chan
  • c.650–670: Muyal Naah K’ukhul K’ahk’ U’
  • c.670–680: Ruler D
  • c.680–710: Ruler E
  • c.710–731: Lady Ich’aak K’inich[62]
  • c.731–750: K’ahk Chan (began a new line of rulers)
  • c.750–768: K’ahk Kalav
  • c.768-c.800?: K’awiil Chan

Quiriguá

Name (or nickname)RuledDynastic
succession no.[63]
"Tok Casper" 426–?[64] 1
Tutuum Yohl K'inich c. 455[64]  ?
"Ruler 3" ("Turtle Shell") c. 480[64][65]  ?
"Ruler 4" ("Basket Skull")  ?–?[65] 3?
Mih Toh 493–[65] 4?
K'awiil Yopaat ("Ruler 5") c. 653[65]  ?
K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat ("Cauac Sky" or "Kawak Sky") 724–785[66] 14
"Sky Xul" 785 – c. 795[66] 15
"Jade Sky" c. 800 – c. 810[66] 17?

Río Azul

  • Ruler X, not yet satisfactorily deciphered.

Sacul

Plan de Ayutla

NameDates
U K'ab'[68]c. 564
K'ab Chan Te' Ic. 594–641
K'ab Chan Te' II?c.653–693
Aj Sak Maaxc.754–772
Yeht' K'inichc. 787
Jats' Tokal Ek' Hiixc.796?
K'ab' Chan Te' IIIc. 864

Seibal

Name Title or nickname Ruled
Pat-K'awiil ? (7th–8th century?)
Ich'aak Bahlam I "Jaguar Claw" ?-c.735
Ich'aak Bahlam II "Jaguar Claw" c.735–c.750[69]
K'inich Bahlam ?
Ajaw B'ot Ruler D, Ah-Bolon-Abta[70] 771–?[71]
Wat'ul Chatel[72] Aj B'olon Haab'tal[73] 830–889+[73]
K'uhul It'sat[74] c.860?
K'ap Sak Nik c.880?

Tamarindito

Name Ruled
Ruler 1 ca. 513
Wakoh K'inich ca. 534 – ca. 554
Ruler 3 ca. 573
Ruler 4 – 613
Wakoh Chan K'inich a. 613 –
Aj Ajan Nah ca. 660
Aj Ihk' Wolok ca. 660 – ca. 702
Ruler 8 ca. 705
Ruler 9 – ca. 711
Ruler 10 – 712
Chak Bin Ahk a. 712 – ca. 731
Chanal Balam a. 760 – ca. 764

Teotihuacan

Tikal

The dynastic line of Tikal, founded as early as the 1st century AD, spanned 800 years and included at least 33 rulers.[75]

Name/Glyph[76][77]ImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
1st Tikal dynasty[78]
Yax Ehb' Xok

(Yax Moch Xok; Yax Chakte'l Xok; First Scaffold Shark)		  ? c.90  ?  ? Founder of Tikal lineage.[79]
? Bahlam

(Foliated Jaguar; Decorated Jaguar; Scroll Ahau Jaguar)		  ? c.292  ?  ?
  • Stela 29
    (6 Jul 292)
K'inich Ehb'[80]

(Animal Headdress)		  ?  ?  ? Lady Skull
at least one child
  • Stela 1 of El Encanto
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil I
  ?
Tikal
Son of K'inich Ehb' and Lady Skull		 c.307  ?
Unen Bahlam

(Lady Une' B'alam)		  ?
 c.317  ?  ?
  • Small sherd (fragment of a vase)
 Assumed to be female, the sex of this ruler is in fact unclear.
Kʼinich Muwaan Jol

(Mahk'ina Bird Skull; Feather Skull)		  ?  ? 22 May 359 22 May 359
(8.16.2.6.0)
Tikal		 Bahlam Way
at least one child
  • Stela 39
    (19 Oct 376)
  • Stela 28
  • Dynastic vase
  • Stela from Corozal
  • Sculpture named Man of Tikal
Chak Tok Ichʼaak I

(Great Paw; Great Jaguar Paw; Toh Chak Ichʼak)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Kʼinich Muwaan Jol and Bahlam Way		 7 August 360
(8.16.3.10.2)		 16 January 378 16 January 378
(8.17.1.4.12)
Tikal		  ?
  • Stela 39
    (19 Oct 376)
  • Stela 26
  • Stela from Corozal
  • Sculpture named Man of Tikal
 On the day he died, Tikal was invaded by troops led by Siyaj Kʼakʼ, who overthrew the reigning family.
2nd Tikal dynasty / Teotihuacan dynasty
Yax Nuun Ayiin I

(Curl Snout; Curl Nose)		  ?
Teotihuacan
Son of Spearthrower Owl		 12 September 379
(8.17.2.16.17)		 18 June 404 18 June 404
(8.18.8.1.2)
Tikal		 Lady K'inich
at least one child
  • Stela 4
    (6 Jul 396)
  • Stela 18
    (6 Jul 396)
  • Sculpture named Man of Tikal
  • Burial 10 of Temple 34
 Probably son of the king of Teotihuacan, founded a new line of rulers in Tikal.
Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II

(Storm Sky; Manikin Cleft Sky)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Yax Nuun Ayiin I and Lady K'inich		 26 November 411
(8.18.15.11.0)		 3 February 456 3 February 456
(9.1.0.8.0)
Tikal		 Lady Ayiin
at least one child
  • Stela 31
    (17 Oct 445)
  • Stelae 1 and 28
  • Burial 48 of Temple 33
Kʼan Chitam[81]

(Kan Boar; K'an Ak)		 26 November 415
(8.18.19.12.1)
Tikal
Son of Sihyaj Chan Kʼawiil II and Lady Ayiin		 8 August 458
(9.1.2.17.17)		 486 486
Tikal
(aged 70/71)		 Lady Tzutz Nik
at least one child
  • Stela 40
    (17 Jun 468)
  • Stelae 2, 9 and 13
Chak Tok Ichʼaak II[81][82]

(Jaguar Paw II; Jaguar Paw Skull)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Kʼan Chitam and Lady Tzutz Nik		 486 24 July 508 24 July 508
(9.3.13.12.5)
Tikal		 Lady Hand
Probably two children
  • Stela 27
    (28 Jan 495)
  • Stelae 3, 7, 15 and possibly 26.
Yo K'in[78]

(Lady of Tikal)		 1 September 504
(9.3.9.13.3)
Tikal
Daughter of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and Lady Hand?		 19 April 511
(9.3.16.8.4)		 527 After 527
Tikal		  ?
  • Stela 6
    (514)
  • Stela 25
    (30 Set 517)
  • Stela 12
    (9 Aug 527)
  • Stelae 10 and 23
 Ruled jointly. Possibly married?
Kaloomte Bahlam

(Curl Head)		  ? c.511
Tikal		 527 After 527
Tikal		  ?
Bird Claw

(Animal Skull)		  ?  ?  ?  ?
  • Stela 8
 Ruled after Yo K'in. He carried a high-ranking name but no Tikal emblem. Possibly an interim ruler, or usurper?[83]
Wak Chan Kʼawiil

(Double Bird)		 January 508
Tikal
Son of Chak Tok Ichʼaak II and Lady Hand		 27 December 537
(9.5.3.9.15)		 562 562
Tikal
(aged 53/54)		  ?
  • Stela 17
    (15 Set 557)
  • Altar 21 of Caracol
3rd Tikal dynasty[78]
K'inich Waaw

(Animal Skull; Lizard Head; Ete II)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Fire Cross and Lady Hand Sky of Bahlam		 562? or 593 628 628
Tikal		  ? Had no apparent relation to the previous rulers; possibly a new dynasty began at this point.
K'inich Wayaan?

(23rd Ruler)		  ? c. 635
(if he is the 23rd Ruler)
or c.628–650		  ?  ?
  • Ceramics
 Probably identifiable with 23rd Ruler?
K'inich Muwaan Jol II

(24th Ruler)		  ? c. 645
(if he is the 24th Ruler)
or c.628–650		  ?  ?
at least one child		 Probably identifiable with 24th Ruler?
Nuun Ujol Chaak

(Shield Skull; Nun Ban Chak)		  ?
Tikal
Son of K'inich Muwaan Jol II 		657 679 679
Tikal		 Lady Jaguar Seat
at least one child
  • Lintel 3 of Temple 1
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I

(Ruler A; Ah Cacao; Sky Rain)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Nuun Ujol Chaak and Lady Jaguar Seat		 3 May 682
(9.12.9.17.16)		 734 734
Tikal		 Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ
at least one child
  • Stela 30
    (16 Mar 692)
  • Stela 11
    (3 Dec 711)
  • Stela 16
    (23 Dec 711)
  • Tikal Temple I
  • Lintels 2 and 3 of Temple 1
 His defeat of the rival Maya city of Calakmul in 695 is seen to represent a resurgence in the strength and influence of Tikal.
Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil

(Ruler B; Yaxkin Caan Chac; Sun Sky Rain)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I and Lady Lahan Unen Moʼ		 8 December 734
(9.15.3.6.8)		 766? 766?
Tikal		  ?
at least two children
  • Stela 21
    (24 Jul 736)
  • Stela 5
    (744)
  • Stela 20
    (7 May 751)
 He was one of Tikal's most successful and expansionary rulers, consolidating the political gains won by his father.
28th Ruler  ?
Tikal
Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil		 c.766 c.768 c.768?
Tikal		  ? Little is known about this ruler.
Yax Nuun Ayiin II

(Ruler C; Chitam)		  ?
Tikal
Son of Yikʼin Chan Kʼawiil		 25 December 768
(9.16.17.16.4)		 c.794 c.794
Tikal		  ?
  • Stela 22
    (22 Jan 771)
  • Stela 19
    (9 Oct 790)
  • Altars 6 and 10
Nuun Ujol Kʼinich
  ? Between 794 and 810  ?  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 24
    (26 Jun 810)
  • Lintel of Temple 3
Dark Sun
 ?
Tikal
Son of Nuun Ujol Kʼinich		 c.849  ?  ?
  • Altar 7
  • Lintel 2 of Temple 3
Jewel K'awiil
 ? c.849  ?  ?
Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil II

(Stela 11 Ruler)		  ? c.869 c.889 c.889?
Tikal		  ?

Toniná

Name/GlyphImageBornReigned fromReigned untilDeathConsort (s)MonumentsNotes
1st Toniná dynasty[84][85]
Reptile Head
(Ruler 1; Itzamnaaj Mut I?)		  ? c.510/14?  ?  ? First known ruler of the site.
Bahlam Ya Acal
(Jaguar Bird Peccary; Zots Choj)		  ? 16 January 563
(9.6.8.17.4)		 573 573
Toniná		  ?
Chac B'olon Chaak  ? c.589  ?  ?
K'inich Bahlam Chapat
(K'inich Hix Chapat)		  ? 2 January 615
(9.9.1.12.2)		 668 668
Toniná		  ?
  • Monument 8 (8 May 682)
Yuknoom Wahywal [86]
(Jaguar Casper; Ruler 2)		  ? 23 July 668
(9.11.16.0.3)		 12 September 687 12 September 687
(9.12.15.7.13)
Toniná		  ?
at least two children
  • Monument 9 (12 Oct 652)
  • Monument 12 (672)
  • Monument 26 (29 Jun 672)
K’inich B’aaknal Chaak [86]
(Kuk; Snake Skull; Ruler 3)		  ?
Possible son of Yuknoom Wahywal		 17 June 688
(9.12.16.3.12)		 715 715
Toniná		  ?
  • Monument 3 (692)
  • Monument 122 (28 Aug 711)
 It's possible that they ruled together, at least in 688.
Aj Ch'aaj Naah  ? 688  ?  ?
Kel'ne Hix  ?  ? Lady K'awill Chan
at least one child
Regency of Lady K'awill Chan (708/15-722) Co-ruled with his uncle, K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 715. Under regency of his mother, the sister of K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, until 722.
K’inich Chuwaaj Chaak[86]
(Jaguar God; Ruler 4)		 16 December 706
(9.13.14.17.7)
Toniná
Son of Kel'ne Hix and Lady K'awill Chan		 28 November 708
(9.13.16.17.0)		 723 723
Toniná
aged 16/17		  ?
  • Monument 122 (28 Aug 711)
2nd Toniná dynasty[87][85]
K'inich Ich'aak Chapat
(Jaguar Claw; Ruler 5)		 15 January 709
(9.13.17.1.8)
Toniná
Son of Lady Winik Timak K'awiil 		19 November 723
(9.14.12.2.9)		 739 739
Toniná
aged 29/30		 Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (I)
at least one child
  • Monument 171 (727)
 Has no known family relation to previous rulers;[88] probably a new dynasty started at this point.
K’inich Tuun Chapat
(Ruler 6 or 8)		  ?
Toniná
Son of K'inich Ich'aak Chapat and Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (I)		 739 15 February 762 15 February 762
(9.16.10.16.17)
Toniná		  ?
at least one child
Lady K'awiil Yopaat
(Ruler 7)		  ?
Toniná
Daughter of K’inich Tuun Chapat		 15 February 762
(9.16.10.16.17)		 774 774[89]
Toniná		  ?
at least one child		 Around 764 Toniná defeated Palenque in battle.[90]
K'inich Chapat
(Itzamnaaj Mut II?; Ruler 8?[91])		  ?
Toniná
Son of Lady K'awiil Yopaat		 774/787 806 806
Toniná		 Lady Muyal Chan K'awiil (II)
at least one child
  • Monument 114 (794)
 The last succeessful warrior ruler of Toniná. It's possible that the heir prince who died in 775, Prince Wak Chan K'ahk, was his brother.
Uh Chapat[91]
(Ruler 9)		  ?
Toniná
Son of Kel'ne Hix and Lady K'awill Chan		 c.837  ?
Toniná		  ?
at least one child?
Ruler 10  ?
Toniná
Son of Uh Chapat?		 c.901[91]  ?
Toniná		  ?
  • Monument 158 (904)
  • Monument 101 (18 Jan 909)

Ucanal

Xultun

  • Yax We'nel Chan K'inich, depicted in a mural of a Late Classic room, 10K2

Yaxchilan

Name/Glyph[76][77]ImageBornReigned fromReigned until[92]DeathConsort (s)Monuments[93]Notes
Yaxchilan dynasty[94]
Yopaat Bahlam I  ? 23 July 359
(8.16.2.9.1.)		  ?  ?  ? Founder of Yaxchilan lineage.[95]
Itzamnaaj Bahlam I
(Shield Jaguar I)		  ?  ?  ?  ?
Yaxun Bahlam I
(Bird Jaguar I)		  ? 378 389 389
Yaxchilan		  ?
Yax Deer-Antler Skull  ? 389 402 402
Yaxchilan		  ?
Ruler 5  ? 402  ?  ?  ?
K'inich Tatb'u Jol I  ?  ?  ?  ?
Moon Skull  ? 454 467 467
Yaxchilan		  ? His name is not an actual reference to the moon but is rather the Maya word for a spear-thrower.
Yaxun Bahlam II
(Bird Jaguar II)		  ? 467  ?  ? Lady Chuwen
at least two children		 The eighth king in the dynastic record of Yaxchilan. Two of his sons became kings after him, Knot-eye Jaguar I and K'inich Tatb'u Skull II.
Joy Bahlam I
(Knot-eye Jaguar I)		  ?
Yaxchilan
Son of Yaxun Bahlam II< and Lady Chuwen		 508 518 518
Yaxchilan		  ?
at least two children
  • Stela 27
    (514)
 The ninth known king of Yaxchilan, he reigned in the early 6th century. His glyphic name should probably be read as Joy Bahlam.[96]
K'inich Tatb'u Jol II  ?
Yaxchilan
Son of Yaxun Bahlam II and Lady Chuwen		 11 February 526
(9.4.11.8.16)		 537 537
Yaxchilan		  ?
at least two children
  • Lintel 47
    (11/13 Feb 526)
  • Temple 12
  • Lintel 35
 The tenth in the dynastic king list. He was another son of Bird Jaguar II.
Joy Bahlam II  ? c.560 c.570 c.570
Yaxchilan		  ?
Itzamnaaj Bahlam II
(Shield Jaguar II)		  ? c.599 or
c.599–611		  ?  ?
K'inich Tatb'u Jol III  ?  ?  ?  ?
at least one child
  • Stela 2
    (613, possibly him)
Yaxun Bahlam III
(6-Tun-Bird Jaguar; Bird Jaguar III)		  ?
Yaxchilan
Son of K'inich Tatb'u Jol III		 631 681 681
Yaxchilan		 Lady Pacal
(c. 607? – 705)
at least one child
  • Stela 6
  • Lintel 4
 Described in one text as fifteenth in line from Yopaat B'alam I. Bird Jaguar III took Lady Pakal as his wife, who lived a very long life, dying in 705 at the age of at least 98 years. Their son and heir was Itzamnaaj B'alam II.
Itzamnaaj Bahlam III[97]
(Shield Jaguar III)		 647
Yaxchilan
Son of Yaxun Bahlam III and Lady Pacal		 23 October 681
(9.12.9.8.1)		 15 June 742 15 June 742
(9.15.10.17.14)
Yaxchilan
(aged 94/95)		 Lady Xoc

Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul
(1 September 704–751)
at least one child

Lady Sak B'iyaan
  • Lintel 24
    (26 Oct 709)
  • Lintel 23
    (3 Aug 723)
  • Lintel 26
    (726)
  • Lintel 14
    (29 Jun 741)
  • Temple 23
  • Lintel 25
  • Stelae 5, 11, 18 and 35
 Ruled for 60 years. He was often referred to in hieroglyphic texts as Master of Aj Nik, referring to the capture of his first captive before he became king, this phrase being attached to his name on 32 separate occasions. Aj Nik himself was a sub-lord from a place known as either Maan or Namaan and was not of high rank.
Yopaat Bahlam II  ? c.749  ?  ?
  • Stela 11
    (4 Jun 746, possibly him)
Yaxun Bahlam IV
(Bird Jaguar IV)		 709 or later[98]
Yaxchilan
Son of Itzamnaaj Bahlam III and Lady Eveningstar of Calakmul		 752 768 768
Yaxchilan
(aged 56/57)		 Lady Great Skull
at least one child

Lady Wak Tuun of Motul de San José

Lady Wak Jalam Chan of Motul de San José

Lady Mut Bahlam of Hix Witz
  • Lintel 17
    (752)
  • Lintel 16
    (8 Feb 752)
  • Lintel 13
    (16 Feb 752)
  • Lintel 1
    (1 May 752)
  • Lintel 21
    (30 May 752)
  • Lintel 5
    (10 Jun 752)
  • Lintel 6
    (14 Oct 752)
  • Lintel 7
    (16 Oct 752)
  • Lintel 41
    (755)
  • Lintel 8
    (7 May 755)
  • Lintel 28
    (31 Aug 755)
  • Lintel 3
    (10 Apr 756)
  • Lintel 2
    (5 Apr 757)
  • Lintel 9
    (18 Jun 768)
  • Lintels 12, 22, 29
  • Stela 10, 11
 Possibly under regency of his mother in the beginning of his reign.[95][99][100]
Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV[101]
(Shield Jaguar IV)		 18 February 752
(9.16.0.14.7)
Yaxchilan
Son of Yaxun Bahlam IV and Lady Great Skull		 769 c.800 c.800
Yaxchilan
(aged around 47/48)		 Lady Chab-Ahab
at least one child
K'inich Tatb'u Jol IV  ?
Son of Itzamnaaj Bahlam IV and Lady Chab-Ahab		 c.808  ? ?
  • Lintel 10
    (808)
 Last known ruler of the city.[95]

Yaxha

  • c.799:[102] K'inich Lakamtuun

Yo'okop

  • c.570: Na Chaʼak Kab, a Kaloomte that may have ruled under the overlord Sky Witness from Calakmul or Dzoyola.

Yootz

  • 14 January 713–730: Yajawte K’inich[103]
  • c.730-750: K’ahk’ Yohl K’inich[103]
  • c.750-760: Taxin Chan[103]

El Zapote

  • c.404?: K’ahk Bahlam
  • c.439: Chan K’awiil

Zapote Bobal

  •  ?: Yukul K’awiil
  •  ?: Ti’ K’awiil
  •  ?-559: Chan Ahk
  • c.660: Janaab Ti’O
  •  ?-23 IV 663: Itzamnaaj Ahk

Known rulers of Mayan city-states in the Post-Classic Period

Notes:
  • All dates AD; if otherwise, it is stated.
  • The lists may not be completed. However, take in consideration that some lists are more completed than others in different aspects.
  • English language names are provisional nicknames based on their identifying glyphs, where rulers' Maya language names have not yet been definitively deciphered phonetically.

Chichen Itzá

  • c.869–890: K’ak’upakal K’awiil, possibly ruler or a high-ranked official
  • c.930–950: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam I
  •  ?-1047: Ak-Holtun-Bahlam II
  • 1047-?: Poshek Ix Soi
  • c.1194: Canek

Cocom dynasty

  • Hunac Ceel, general who conquered the city in the 12th–13th century, and founded a new ruling family.

Iximche

Ahpo Sotzʼil[104]Ahpo Xahil[105]Kʼalel AchiAhuchan
Wuqu-Batzʼ Hun-Toh Chuluk Xitamel-Keh
Oxlahuh-Tzʼiʼ Lahuh-Ah
Kablahuh-Tihax
Hun-Iqʼ Lahuh-Noh
Cahi Imox Belehe Qat

Izamal

Mixco Viejo

NameRuledAlternative names
Lajuj No'j c.1450–c.1480[106] Ichalkan Chi Kumkwat, Ychal Amollac Chicumcuat
Achi Q'alel early 16th century[107] –

Q'umarkaj

  • c.1225–1250: Bahlam Kitze
  • c.1250–1275: Kʼokʼoja
  • c.1275–1300: E Tzʼikin
  • c.1300–1325: Ajkan
  • c.1325–1350: Kʼokaibʼ
  • c.1350–1375: Kʼonache
  • c.1375–1400: Kʼotuja
  • c.1400–1435: Quqʼkumatz
  • c.1435–1475: Kʼiqʼabʼ
  • c.1475–1500: Vahxakʼ i-Kaam
  • c.1500–1524: Oxib Keh

Uxmal

This city is here included because, despite of being founded in the Classic period, attained the peak of its influence already in the Post Classic.

Tutul Xiu dynasty

See also

References

  1. ↑ L., Tignor, Robert (2014). Worlds together, worlds apart: a history of the world from the beginnings of humankind to the present (Fourth ed.). New York. ISBN 9780393123760. OCLC 854609153.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ↑ Tignor, Adelman, Brown, Elman, Liu, Pittman, Shaw, Robert, Jeremy, Peter, Benjamin, Xinru, Holly, Brent (2014). Worlds Together, Worlds Apart (V1). New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp. 311–313. ISBN 9780393922080.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 409.
  4. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 65
  5. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000; Zender 2004
  6. ↑ Braswell et al. 2005, p.162.
  7. 1 2 Maya Royal Dynasties
  8. ↑ Kings of Calakmul
  9. ↑ "Mesoweb Articles". www.mesoweb.com.
  10. ↑ Martin and Grube 2008:114
  11. ↑ Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube 2008:103, 115)
  12. 1 2 Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube 2008 Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens, 2nd edition. Thames and Hudson, London
  13. 1 2 Nikolai Grube 1994 Epigraphic Research at Caracol, Belize. In Studies in the Archaeology of Caracol, Belize, edited by Diane Z. Chase and Arlen F. Chase. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, California
  14. 1 2 "Una lideresa maya entre los secretos milenarios revelados en Cobá". infobae (in European Spanish). 21 July 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020. "Una mujer, entre los 14 gobernadores del Gran Cobá". El Universal (in Spanish). 21 July 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
  15. ↑ Europe C. Mercier & Renato Cottini Giroldo 2014.
  16. ↑ Guernsey & Reese-Taylor (2009) date the end of her reign in c.650 (according to Stela 29), but this overlaps with Lady K'awiil's reign, which started in 640, and her predecessors.
  17. 1 2 Gronemeyer S. A Preliminary Ruling Sequence at Coba, Quintana Roo // Wayeb Notes 14. — 2004
  18. ↑ Double dates indicate carvings in different dates on the same stela
  19. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p.216
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 "Maya Rulers of Copan". gei.aerobaticsweb.org.
  21. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 336.
  22. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 337.
  23. ↑ Ascended 24 days after Tzi-Bahlam's death.
  24. ↑ In Altar Q, only Ruler 12 (Chan Imix K'awiil) is shown living for 5 k'atun (about 98 years).
  25. ↑ Ascended 16 days after K'ak' Chan Yopaat death.
  26. ↑ Stuart 1996.
  27. ↑ Snow 2010, p. 168.
  28. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.384–5. Martin & Grube 2000 pp.56–60.
  29. ↑ Salisbury, Koumenalis & Barbara Moffett 2002.
  30. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 54–55.
  31. ↑ Webster 2002, p. 263.
  32. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 56.
  33. ↑ Baron, Joanne (2017). "The Mystery Queen of La Florida-Namaan". Expedition Magazine. 59 (2).
  34. ↑ Laporte et al 2005, p.159.
  35. ↑ Laporte 2005, pp. 224–225.
  36. ↑ Zender, p.4.
  37. ↑ Ninth-Century Stelae of Machaquilá and Seibal
  38. 1 2 Tokovinine, Alexandre; Fialko, Vilma (2007). "Stela 45 of Naranjo and the Early Classic Lords of Sa'aal". The PARI Journal.
  39. 1 2 3 "Los Gobernantes de Naranjo". www.mesoweb.com.
  40. 1 2 3 4 The Dynastic History of Naranjo
  41. ↑ Martin, Simon (25 March 2008). Chronicle of the Maya kings and queens : deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya. Grube, Nikolai (Second ed.). London. ISBN 978-0-500-28726-2. OCLC 191753193.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  42. ↑ Wak Chanil's father was 14 years old in this date; it is the earliest date of her birth, which could also have happened later)
  43. ↑ Last monument of him on 26 October 716; in 721 he was already dead.
  44. ↑ Skidmore, Joel (2010). The Rulers of Palenque (PDF) (Fifth ed.). Mesoweb Publications. p. 6. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  45. 1 2 Skidmore 2010, p. 74.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Martin, Simon; Nikolai Grube (2008). Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya (2nd ed.). London and New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 175. ISBN 9780500287262. OCLC 191753193.
  47. ↑ Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 162–268.
  48. ↑ Martin & Grube 2008, pp. 168–170.
  49. 1 2 3 Martin & Grube 2000, p. 140.
  50. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 141.
  51. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 142.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Sharer, Robert; Traxler, Loa (2006). The Ancient Maya. California: Stanford University Press. pp. 421–431.
  53. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 143.
  54. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 422–423.
  55. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 148-50.
  56. 1 2 Martin & Grube 2000, p. 151.
  57. ↑ Clancy (2009), pp. 140–141.
  58. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 152-153.
  59. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 149.
  60. ↑ O'Neil 2014, p. 142.
  61. ↑ Prager, 2002
  62. ↑ "The life, death, and afterlife of an ancient Maya king: A study of Pusilha Ruler G". Contributions in New World Archaeology: 269. 2016.
  63. ↑ The numbers given here follow those noted in Looper 2003, p.205.
  64. 1 2 3 Martin & Grube 2000, p.216.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Looper 2003, pp. 205–209.
  66. 1 2 3 Martin & Grube 2000, p.218.
  67. ↑ Laporte et al 2006, p.222.
  68. ↑ Biro 2005, p. 31
  69. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, pp. 61, 63.
  70. ↑ Tourtellot & González 2005, p. 68.
  71. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.409. Tourtellot & González 2005, p. 68.
  72. ↑ Tourtellot & González 2005, pp. 68–9.
  73. 1 2 Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 524.
  74. ↑ "Сейбаль". May 25, 2020 – via Wikipedia.
  75. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p.25.
  76. 1 2 Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp.310–2
  77. 1 2 Martin & Grube 2000 pp.26–52.
  78. 1 2 3 "Welcome to Tikal Park, tours, lodging and transportation". Tikal Park.
  79. ↑ Drew 1999, p.187.
  80. ↑ Martin & Grube 2008, p.26.
  81. 1 2 Martin & Grube 2008, p.37.
  82. ↑ Guenter, Stanley Paul (2014). "Dating Stela 26 of Tikal". The PARI Journal. Ancient Cultures Institute. 14 (3): 13–17.
  83. ↑ Martin & Grube 2008, p.39.
  84. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p.178.
  85. 1 2 Taladoire, Erik - Towards a reevaluation of the Toniná polity, Estudios de Cultura Maya, vol.46, 46, 2015, pages 45-70
  86. 1 2 3 Martin & Grube 2000, p.180. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.473.
  87. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p.186.
  88. ↑ Despite some authors defending that K'inich Ich'aak Chapat's father was K’inich B’aaknal Chaak, his existence as B'aaknal's son would prevent the succession of the previous ruler, K’inich Chuwaaj Chaak, a son of B'aaknal's sister. Therefore, it's more probable that he had no relation at all with the previous rulers.
  89. ↑ Falcon, Maricela Ayala (2002). Ardren, Tracy (ed.). Lady K'awil, Goddess O and Maya Warfare. Rowman Altamira. pp. 109–110.
  90. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.460.
  91. 1 2 3 Martin & Grube 2000, p.186. Sharer & Traxler 2006, p.476.
  92. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p. 118-123
  93. ↑ Kelly 2001
  94. ↑ Belyev, D.D.; Safronov, А. В. "Правители Яшчилана" (in Russian). «МесоАмерика.Ru». Archived from the original on 2013-04-17. Retrieved 2012-11-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  95. 1 2 3 "Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions". www.peabody.harvard.edu.
  96. ↑ Martin & Grube 2000, p.120.
  97. ↑ He was probably the third and not the second ruler of that name in Yaxchilan.
  98. ↑ It's possible that Yaxun Bahlam "changed" his age to look older, which would be another proof of his turbulent succession. 709 seems too early as his birth age, since his own's mother's birth dates to 704 (unless 704 is the date of Lady Eveningstar's marriage and not her birth).
  99. ↑ The Period-Ending Stelae of Yaxchilán
  100. ↑ Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens by Simon Martin and Nikolai Grube
  101. ↑ He was probably the fourth and not the third ruler of that name in Yaxchilan.
  102. ↑ Sharer and Traxler 2006, p. 688.
  103. 1 2 3 Krempel, Guido; Matteo, Sebastian (2012). "Painting styles of the north-eastern Peten from a local perspective: the palace schools of Yax We'en Chan K'inich, Lord of Xultun" (PDF). Contributions in New World Archaeology. 3: 135–171. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  104. ↑ Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296–297, 307. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.
  105. ↑ Schele & Mathews 1999, pp.296–297. Guillemin 1967, p.34. Polo Sifontes 1986, p.94.
  106. ↑ Carmack 2001, p.153. Hill 1996, p.67. Hill 1998, p.237.
  107. ↑ Carmack 2001, p.155.

Further reading

  • Lucero, Lisa Joyce (2006). Water and Ritual: The Rise and Fall of Classic Maya Rulers. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292709994. OCLC 61731425.
  • Tiesler, Vera and Andrea Cucina (2006). Janaabʼ Pakal of Palenque: Reconstructing the Life and Death of a Maya Ruler. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-2510-2. OCLC 62593473.
  • Prager C. Die Inschriften von Pusilha: Epigraphische Analyse und Rekonstruktion der Geschichte einer klassischen Maya-Stätte. Unpublished M.A. Thesis. Bonn: Institut für Altamerikanistik und Ethnologie, Universität Bonn, 2002 P. 220
  • Prager C., Volta B., Braswell G. The Dynastic History and Archaeology of Pusilha, Belize // The Maya and their Central American Neighbors: Settlement Patterns, Architecture, Hieroglyphic Texts, and Ceramics / Ed. by G. Braswell. — London and New York: Routledge, 2014. — P. 272–281.
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