33°40′41″N 116°14′02″W / 33.678°N 116.234°W / 33.678; -116.234

Merrie Monarch Festival
Dates
  • Festival: Easter Sunday through the following Saturday
  • Competition: Thursday, Friday, and Saturday following Easter Sunday
Location(s)Edith Kanakaʻole Multi-Purpose Stadium at Hoʻolulu Park, Hilo, Hawaii
Years active1964–present
Founded byHelen Hale, Gene Wilhelm, George Naʻope
Websitewww.merriemonarch.com
Dancer with ʻulīʻulī, in the men's hula kahiko competition at the 2003 Merrie Monarch Festival
Hula Hālau O Kamuela under the direction of kumu hula Kauʻi Kamanaʻo and Kunewa Mook, overall winners of the 2019 Merrie Monarch Festival

The Merrie Monarch Festival is a week-long cultural festival that takes place annually in Hilo, Hawaii during the week after Easter. It honors King David Kalākaua, who was called the "Merrie Monarch" for his patronage of the arts and is credited with restoring many Hawaiian cultural traditions during his reign, including hula.[1] Many hālau hula (schools), including some from the U.S. mainland[2] and some international performers,[3] attend the festival each year to participate in exhibitions and competitions. The festival has received worldwide attention and is considered the most prestigious of all hula contests.[4]

Merrie Monarch week begins Easter Sunday every year.[5] The competitive hula events end the week, and occur on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday;[5] They are televised and live-streamed for free online by Hawaii News Now (formerly KHII-TV, KFVE/K5).

The 2020 Merrie Monarch festival was cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic concerns. The 2021 competition was held June 24–26, without a live audience, and was broadcast July 1–3 on KFVE.[6]

The 2023 Merrie Monarch hula competition began on April 13, 2023 at 6:00pm HST,[7] and was livestreamed free all three nights on the website of Hawaii News Now.[8]

History

The festival is dedicated to the memory of King David Kalākaua, the last king of the Kingdom of Hawaii, who reigned from 1874 until his death in 1891.[1] Kalākaua was “a patron of the arts, especially music and dance,” and is credited with reviving many endangered native Hawaiian traditions such as mythology, medicine, and chant.[1] He was also a strong supporter of the hula, a traditional form of dance. Many of these cultural practices "had been suppressed for many years under missionary teachings."[1] The festival is named after Kalākaua's nickname “Merrie Monarch” because he was known to always be happy, fun, and loving towards his people. The structure of the festival takes after Kalākaua's Silver Jubilee. This was a two-week celebration of Hawaiian culture on his 50th birthday (1886) at ʻIolani Palace on the island of Oʻahu.[9]

The Merrie Monarch Festival began in 1963 when Helene Hale, then Executive Officer of Hawaii County, decided to create an event to increase tourism to the Island of Hawaii.[10] The island had suffered from economic problems after the collapse of the sugar industry, and it was hoped that a festival would boost the depressed economy.[10] Along with George Naʻope and Gene Wilhelm, Hale organized the first Merrie Monarch Festival in 1964.[10] This festival “consisted of a King Kalākaua beard lookalike contest, a barbershop quartet contest, a relay race, a recreation of King Kalākaua's coronation, and a Holoku Ball among other events.”[10]

Kumu hula Napua Greig (right, in red) and her hālau, Hālau Nā Lei Kaumaka O Uka, backstage at the 2015 Merrie Monarch competition

George Naʻope was a well known Kumu Hula (teacher of Hawaiian dance) throughout the whole world. He studied hula from his great grandmother since he was three years old and established his own hula school, the George Naʻope Hula School, shortly after graduating high school. He taught hula in Japan, Guam, Australia, Germany, England, and both North and South America. His purpose in life was to preserve the Hawaiian culture, and he thought the festival was a perfect way of allowing the culture live on.[11]

By 1968, the festival had waned in popularity.[10] Dottie Thompson took over the festival as executive director, and transformed it into a private community organization.[10] Thompson “wanted to move the festival more toward a Hawaiian theme,” a goal that was accomplished by centering the festival events around hula.[10] In 1971 Thompson and Na’ope introduced a hula competition.[10] Nine wahine (female) hālau entered the competition in its first year, and in 1976 the festival opened the competition to kāne (male) hālau.[10]

Today, the Merrie Monarch Festival is an annual weeklong event culminating in three days of prestigious hula competition.[12] It is now a nonprofit organization registered with the State of Hawaii Department of Commerce and Consumer Affairs.[4] Proceeds from the festival support educational scholarships, workshops, seminars, symposiums and the continuation of the event itself.[4]

Festival activities

The Merrie Monarch Festival occurs annually in the spring. It runs from Easter Sunday morning to Saturday evening.[3]

The Royal Court

For the festival, a Royal Court is created to represent King David Kalākaua and Queen Kapiʻolani and their family. The Royal Court is coordinated by Uʻilani Peralto and Luana Kawelu, who each year search for a male and female to portray the king and queen. Peralto says, “the selection committee looks to find two individuals who exemplify maturity, humility, and pride in the Hawaiian culture.” The court consists of 22 members total, typically represented by the friends and family of the chosen king and queen. The rest of the royal court includes a counselor, kahu (caretaker), ladies-in-waiting, kahili bearers, chanters, and pu kane (conch shell blowers). Each person in the royal court is educated about their roles and Kalākaua's mission. These people who make up the Royal Court represent more than just Hawaiian history, but the Hawaiian spirit that continuously flows throughout the islands.[13] The procession of the Royal Court precedes and ends each night of the Merrie Monarch hula competition, and they sit in state during the performances.

Non-competition events

The first four days of the festival consist of free, noncompetition events. These include performances by local and international halau at many venues around Hilo, as well as an arts and crafts fair.[3] The Wednesday Ho'ike Night Free exhibition is very popular, and often features international hālau from other Pacific islands and Japan,[14] and native or indigenous dancers and dances from locations such as Alaska and New Zealand. A final noncompetition event, the Merrie Monarch Parade, takes place on Saturday morning.[3]

Hula competition

dancer in white dress
Competitor in the Miss Aloha Hula competition dancing her hula 'auana segment at the 2003 Merrie Monarch festival

The festivities culminate in the annual competitions held at the Edith Kanakaʻole Multipurpose Stadium in Hoʻolulu Park.[3] Dancers perform individually and in groups, with seven minutes allowed for each performance.[15]

Miss Aloha Hula

Thursday night is the first competition event. Individual female dancers compete for the title of Miss Aloha Hula.[3] Dancers perform in both modern (hula ʻauana) and traditional (hula kahiko) forms of hula, as well as chant (oli).[3]

Miss Aloha Hula is hula's top solo wahine, or women's, honor.[16] Originally known as Miss Hula, the title was later changed to Miss Aloha Hula.[16] Aloha Dalire, a kumu hula and hula dancer, won the first Miss Aloha Hula under her maiden name, Aloha Wong, in 1971.[16][17]

The Miss Aloha Hula competition began in 1971. Each hālau may submit one contestant who is 18 to 25 years old and unmarried. Each contestant performs a hula kahiko and hula 'auana. For kahiko, they must perform an oli, ka'i, mele, and ho'i in the 7 minute time limit. No microphones are used for the oli and minimal makeup is applied. They are also judged on their costuming and leis.

Group hula kahiko

There are two divisions of group competition, the male (kāne) division and the female (wahine) division.[18] Friday night features hālau performing ancient style hula.[3]

Group hula ʻauana

Dancers in the men's hula 'auana competition at the 2003 Merrie Monarch Festival

Saturday night features hālau performing modern style hula. Awards are also announced on Saturday night.[3]

Judging criteria

A solo dancer practices for the Miss Aloha Hula kahiko competition on the stage of the Edith Kanakaole Stadium (2019)

During their performances hālau and individuals are judged in a variety of categories. First, there is the entrance (kaʻi).[19] During their chant (oli) and dance (hula), judges look for interpretation of the song being performed, expression of the hula, chant, or song, posture, precision, hand gestures, feet and body movement, grooming, and authenticity of costume and adornments.[19] Finally there is the exit off stage (hoʻi).[19] Performers are scored on each aspect of the performance.

Cultural impact

Many believe that the Merrie Monarch Festival “brought about a renaissance of Hawaiian culture.”[15] The festival identifies four goals related to Hawaiian culture: “1) Perpetuating the traditional culture of the Hawaiian people; 2) Developing and augmenting a living knowledge of Hawaiian arts and crafts through workshops, demonstrations, exhibitions and performances of the highest quality and authenticity; 3) Reaching those who might not otherwise have the opportunity to participate; and, 4) Enriching the future lives of all of Hawaii's children,” and claims that through the festival “thousands of people in Hawaii and throughout the world are learning about the history and culture of Hawaii.” [4] The Merrie Monarch Festival “has received worldwide recognition for its historic and cultural significance.” [4]

Television coverage and web livestream

The festival was first broadcast on local TV in 1981, when KITV brought the festival to homes across Hawaii. Coverage began as taped and edited highlight segments and eventually went live.[20] KITV broadcast the festival for 29 years; in 2009, Luana Kawelu, who had recently taken over the job of president of the Merrie Monarch Festival, signed a deal with competitor KFVE to broadcast the festival in 2010 and beyond.[21]

The hula competition is livestreamed for free all three nights on the website of Hawaii News Now, so that persons not living in Hawaii may enjoy it.[22]

Nā Hiwahiwa O Hawai'i festival, Japan

For some hālau, the festival does not end after the competition is over. Those who place in the competition are then invited to attend the Nā Hiwahiwa Festival in Tokyo, Japan. This festival includes Merrie Monarch Festival winners and Nā Hōku Hanohano winners. This festival is a celebration of the Hawaiian dancers and singers who received award-winning recognition in these competitions. Japan is one of the biggest supporters in the world of hula and the Hawaiian culture. Japanese hula schools do not compete in the Merrie Monarch Festival, but most of the schools travel to Hilo every year to support the hula hālau and experience the festivities Merrie Monarch has to offer.[23]

Participants, winners, and judges

Miss Aloha Hula

Key:

  1st Place
  2nd Place
  3rd Place
  4th Place
  5th Place

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2020s

HālauKumu202320222021
Hālau Hi'iakaināmakalehuaRobert Ke'ano Ka'upu IV & Lono Padilla Marina La'akea Choi
Hālau Hula 'O NāpunaheleonāpuaRich Pedrina  Kaleikaumaka Destiny Kaimanaimolii Bartolome Cruz
Hālau Hula Ka Lehua TuahineKaʻilihiwa Vaughan-Darval Tayla-Nohealeimamo Kamaehukauikapono Taʻuhere Vaughan-Darval
Hālau Ka Legua Pua KamaehuKasie Puahala Kaleohano & Brandi Nohelani Barrett Tehani Kaleohoneonālani Barrett
Hālau Ka Lei Mokihana O LeināʻalaLeināʻala Pavao Jardin Breeze Ann Kalehuaonālani Vidinha Pavao
Hālau Ka Liko Pua O KalaniākeaKapua Dalire-Moe Jazmine Nohealani Adams-Clarke Manaia Kawaipua-makanakau'ikawēkiume-kanoeu'iokeolamaikalaniākea Dalire-Moe Ashley Kilioulaninuiamamao-hoopiiwahinekapualoke-okalaniakea Lai
Hālau Kala'akeakauikawēkiuKenneth Dean Alohapumehanaokalā Victor Pōlaʻa Kalaniʻelima Yim Shyla Hehāli'aalohapūlamakeolalani Victor
Hālau Kekuaokalā'au'ala'iliahiHaunani & ‘Iliahi Paredes Karlee Pōhaikealoha Rita Chong Kee Kyleigh Hōkūao Manuel-Sagon
Hālau Lilia MakanoeShelsea Lilia Ai Renee Maile Eveliga Kaikaina Tataipu
Hālau Nā Lei Kaumaka O UkaNāpua Greig Pōhaikealoha Olikolani Artates
Hālau Nā Mamo O PuʻuanahuluWilliam Kahakuleilehua Haunuʻu Sonny Ching/Lōpaka Igarta-DeVera Meleana Kamalani Mirafuentes*
Hālau O Ka Hanu LehuaCarlson Kamaka Kukona III Jill-Lyan Makanaokalani Mae-Ling Mamizuka Riann Nālani Michiko Fujihara Cierra Mei-Ling Hau'olimaikalani Pagaduan Chow
Hula Hālau ‘O KamuelaKunewa Mook & Kau'ionālani Kamana'o Je’ani-Jade Kalamaolaikapohakea Pavao Auli'ionāpualokekūonaona Jon-Marie Hisayo Faurot
Ka Lā ‘Ōnohi Mai O Ha'eha'eTracie & Keawe Lopes Agnes Renee Leihiwahiwai-kapolionāmakua Thronas Brown Pi'ikea Kekīhenelehuawewehiikekau'ōnohi Lopes* Rosemary Ka'imilei Keamoai-Strickland
Kawai'ulaokalāKeli'iho'omalu Puchalski  Hi'ilei Lanikauakapukapuokeānuenue Puchalski Crishelle Kaleiohōkū Young
Kawaili'ulāChinky Māhoe Moanike'ala Fiafia Irene Silva Moanike'ala Fiafia Irene Silva
Ke Kai O KahikiLa'akea Perry Maka'ala Kahikinaokalālani Victoria Perry*
Keolalaulani Hālau ‘Ōlapa O LakaKeola Dalire Eva Rose Keaoʻōpuaikalaʻi Espinoza

Notes:

  • * denotes Winner of the Hawaiian Language Award
  • ** denotes winner that was later disqualified because she was too young

[24]

Hālau

Hālau may participate in the Wahine or Kāne divisions, or both. For each division, they must perform a group kahiko and 'auana.

Color key
  Competed in Wahine & Miss Aloha Hula
  Competed in Kāne & Miss Aloha Hula
  Competed in Wahine & Kāne & Miss Aloha Hula
  Competed in Wahine
  Competed in Kāne
  Competed in Wahine & Kāne
  Competed in Miss Aloha Hula

# = Nth Place Wahine # = Nth Place Kāne O = Overall K = Kahiko A = 'Auana M = Miss Aloha Hula

HālauKumuLocation202320222021201920182017201620152014201320122011201020092008
Academy of Hawaiian ArtsMark Keali'i Ho'omaluOakland, CA
Beamer-Solomon Hālau O Po'ohalaHulali Solomon-CovingtonKohala, Hawai'i
Hālau 'O LilinoeSissy Kaio & Lilinoe KaioCarson, California
Hālau Hi'iakaināmakalehua Robert Ke'ano Ka'upu IV & Lono Padilla Kalihi Kai, O'ahu 1A 1A 5K 4A 2O 2K 3A 3M 1K 3O 2K 3A 1M 1K 3M 1O 1K 1M 3K 1M 2M
Hālau Hula 'O HōkūlaniHōkūlani & Larry De Rego
Hālau Hula 'O KahikilaulaniNāhōkūokalani GaspangHilo, Hawai'i 1A 2K 1K 2A 3K** 2A 2A 4A 3O 4K 3A
Hālau Hula 'O NāpunaheleonāpuaRich PedrinaKāne'ohe, O'ahu & Hilo, Hawai'i
Hālau Hula Ka Lehua TuahineKa'ilihiwa Vaughan-Darval*Mānoa, O'ahu 3K 5A 5A 1A
Hālau Hula KauluokalāUluwehi Guerrero
Hālau Hula Ke 'Olu Makani O Mauna LoaMeleana ManuelKīlauea Volcano, Hawai'i
Hālau Hula Lani OlaPuanani JungLaguna Hills, CA
Hālau Hula Nā Pua U'i O Hawai'iEtua Lopes
Hālau Hula O KaleimomiSheldeen Kaleimomi Haleamau*
Hālau Hula O KauhionāmaunaTheresa Kauhionāmauna Ramento TehivaWaipahu, O'ahu
Hālau Hula O Keola-Ali'iokekaiIola Balubar
Hālau Hula O PukaikapuaokalaniEllen Castillo
Hālau Hula OlanaHoward & Olana Ai, and Shelsea Ai ApanaPu'uloa, O'ahu 5A 5K
Hālau I Ka WēkiuKarl Veto Baker & Michael CasupangPauoa, O'ahu 5A 4O 3K 3A 4A 5A 4K 4A 1A 5K 4K 2A 5M 1O 1K 1A
Hālau Ka Lehua Pua KamaehuKasie Puahala Kaleohano & Brandi Nohelani BarrettHilo, Hawai'i
Hālau Ka Lei Mokihana O Leinā'alaLeinā'ala Pavao JardinKalāheo, Kaua'i 3O 3O 5K 2A 2M 1O 1O 1K 1A 4O 5K 3A 5A 3K 2A 3K 4M 2M 4M 4A 5M 3K
Hālau Ka Liko Pua O KalaniākeaKapua Dalire-Moe*Kāne'ohe, O'ahu 3O 2O 2K 2A 2M 5K
Hālau Kala'akeakauikawēkiuKenneth Dean Alohapumehanaokalā VictorKona, Hawai'i
Hālau KawaihoaGreg Lontayao
Hālau Ke Kia'i A 'O HulaKapi'olani Ha'o
Hālau Keali'i O NālaniKeali'i CeballosLos Angeles, CA
Hālau Ke'alaokamaileKeali'i Reichel 1O 1K 1M 1O 1K 1A 1M — ku
Hālau Kekuaokalā'au'ala'iliahiHaunani & ‘Iliahi ParedesWailuku, Maui 1O 1K 4A 2K 1O 1K 1A 2O 1O 3K 1A 2O 2A 3O 3O 4K 1A 3M 2K 2A 4A 2K 4A 2M
Hālau KeolakapuokalaniDrake Keolakapu Dudoit DelaforcéĀliamanu & Nānākuli, O'ahu
Hālau Kiawekūpono O Ka UaUlukoa DuhaylonsodHonokai Hale, Pukaua, Honouliuli, O'ahu
Hālau Lilia MakanoeShelsea Lilia Ai'Aiea, O'ahu
Hālau ManaolaNani Lim YapKohala, Hawai'i 4M 2K
Hālau Mōhala 'IlimaMāpuana de SilvaKa'ohao, O'ahu 3K 4K 4K 2A 4K 3M 1O 1K 3A 1A 1M
Hālau Nā Kamalei O LīlīlehuaRobert Uluwehionāpuaikawēkiuokalani CazimeroHonolulu, O'ahu 1O 2K 1A
Hālau Nā Lei Hiwahiwa 'O Ku'ualohaSammye Ku'ualoha Young
Hālau Nā Lei Kaumaka O UkaNāpua GreigWaiohuli, Maui 1O 1O 2K 1A 1M 5K 5M 2K 2A 5M 2O 2K 3A 1M
Hālau Nā Mamo O Ka'alaTiare Noelani Chang
Hālau Nā Mamo O Pu'uanahuluWilliam Kahakuleilehua Haunu'u Sonny Ching/Lōpaka Igarta-DeVeraKapahulu, O'ahu 2O 2O 2K 3A 2O 2K 3A 3M 3K 4A 2K 3K 2A 4M 3K 3A 1O 4K 5A 1O 3K 1A 4K 3A 5K 4A 3O 3K 3A 4M 1O 1K 1A 1K 1A
Hālau Nā Pua 'O WaiolamaEmery Li'ili'iokalani AceretHilo, Hawai'i
Hālau O Ka Hanu LehuaCarlson Kamaka Kukona IIIWaikapū, Maui 4A
Hālau O Ka Ua KanilehuaJohnny Lum HoHilo, Hawai'i 1O 1K 1A 5M
Hālau O Ke ĀnuenueGlenn Kelena VasconcellosHilo, Hawai'i
Hālau o ke 'A'ali'i Kū MakaniManu'aikohana Boyd 1O 1K
Hālau O Nā Pua KukuiEd Collier
Healani's Hula Hālau & Music AcademyBeverly Healani Sun Lan Apana Muraoka
Hula Hālau ‘O KamuelaKunewa Mook & Kau'ionālani Kamana'oKalihi & Waimānalo, O'ahu 4K 3O 3K 3A 2M 1O 1K 2A 5M 5K 3A 2M 4A 4M 1O 1K 4A 1M 3O 3K 1A 2O 2K 2A 3M 1A 1M 1A 1K 1A
Hula Hālau O Kou Lima NaniIwalani KalimaKeaukaha, Hawai'i
'Ilima Hula StudioLani-Girl Kaleiki-Ahlo
Ka Lā ‘Ōnohi Mai O Ha'eha'eTracie* & Keawe LopesPu'ahu'ula, Ko'olaupoko, O'ahu 1O 1O 1K 4A 3K 1M 2O 4K 2A 1M 4O 3O 4K 4A 1M 5K 2M 2M 1O 1O 2K 1A 5K 3A 3M 3K 5A 3M 1O 1K 1A 1M 4K 4A 4M
Ka Leo O Laka I Ka Hikina O Ka LāKaleo TrinidadHonolulu, O'ahu 3O 4K 2A 1O 1K 1O 1K 1A 1K 3A 1O 2K 1A 1A
Ka Pā Hula O Ka Lei LehuaSnowbird Puananiopaoakalani Bento
Ka Pā Hula O Kauanoe O Wa'ahilaMaelia Loebenstein Carter*
Ka Pā Nani 'O LilinoeLilinoe Lindsey
Kawai'ulaokalāKeli'iho'omalu PuchalskiKalaepōhaku, O'ahu 4K 4K 4K 3A 4K
Kawaili'ulāChinky MāhoeKailua & Mānoa, O'ahu 3O 2A 1O 1O 1K 1A 2O 2K 4A 5M 1O 1K 3M 4K 4A 3K** 1K 1O 1K 1A
Ke Kai O KahikiLa'akea PerryWai'anae, O'ahu 4A 3M 3K 2K 3A 3K 1O 1K 1O 1K 1A 1O 1K
Ke'ena A'o HulaLeimomi HoPālolo, O'ahu
Ke'ala 'O Kamailelauli'ili'iH. Kamaile HamadaFederal Way, WA
Keolalaulani Hālau ‘Ōlapa O LakaAloha Dalire* & Keola Dalire*He'eia, Kāne'ohe, O'ahu 2M 1A 1M
Moana's Hula HālauRaquel Dudoit & Valerie Dudoit-TeagaKaunakakai, Moloka'i
Nā Hula O KaohikukapulaniKapu Kinimaka Alquiza
Nā Lei O KaholokūLeialoha Lim Amina & Nani Lim Yap
Nā Mea Hula O KahikinaokalālaniKarla Keali'iho'omalu-Akiona
Nā Pua Me KealohaSissy Kaio & Lilinoe McCormackCarson, California
Nā Pualei O LikolehuaNiuli'i HeineKalihi, O'ahu
Nani Ola Hawaiian Dance CompanyKanani Pharr-Cadaoas
Pukalani Hula HaleHi'ilei Maxwell-JuanPukalani & Kahului, Maui

Notes:

  • * denotes Former Miss Aloha Hula Winner
  • ** denotes a tie

Judges

JudgeYears202320222021201920182017201620152014201320122011201020092008
Ainsley Halemanu4
Alicia Keawekane Smith4
Cy Bridges7
Ed Collier2
Etua Lopes4
Hōkūlani Holt Padilla2
Holoua Stender1
Joan S. Lindsey5
Kalena Silva8
Karl Veto Baker1
Kawaikapuokalani Hewett3
Kealiʻi Reichel5
Kehaulani Kekua1
Keith Awai1
Kimo Alama Keaulana1
Leiana Woodside1
Mae Kamāmalu Klein6
Maelia Loebenstein Carter3
Nālani Kanaka‘ole Zane12
Nani Lim Yap3
Nathan Napoka3
Noenoelani Zuttermeister Lewis10
Pat Namaka Bacon2
Piʻilani Lua5
Pualani Kanakaʻole Kanahele1
Rachel Lahela Kaʻaihue3
Vicky Holt Takamine5
Wayne Chang2
William Kahakuleilehua Haunu'u "Sonny" Ching2

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "King David Kalākaua". Merrie Monarch Festival official site. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  2. "Hālau and Kumu Hula - 2012". Merrie Monarch Festival official site. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "2012 Festival Events". Merrie Monarch Festival official site. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "The Merrie Monarch Festival". Merrie Monarch Festival official site. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Merrie Monarch Festival | Kalena.com". www.kalena.com. Retrieved September 5, 2022.
  6. Fujimori, Leila. "Merrie Monarch Festival will be held in June with strict safety measures". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. March 26, 2021.
  7. "StackPath".
  8. "Merrie Monarch Festival".
  9. "History of the Merrie Monarch Festival | Merrie Monarch". www.merriemonarch.com. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "History of the Merrie Monarch Festival". Merrie Monarch Festival official site. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  11. "George Na'ope – Masters of Traditional Arts". www.mastersoftraditionalarts.org. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  12. "Merrie Monarch Festival". Hawaii Tribune Herald. August 29, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  13. "Royal Court will make appearances throughout Merrie Monarch Festival". West Hawaii Today. March 29, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  14. Sur, Peter. "Ho'ike dazzles crowd and wows". Hawaii Tribune Herald. Archived from the original on September 22, 2012. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  15. 1 2 Dudley, Malika. "History of the Merrie Monarch". KFVE: The Home Team. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  16. 1 2 3 Burnett, John (August 7, 2014). "Kumu hula Aloha Dalire, first Miss Hula, dies at 64". West Hawaii Today. Archived from the original on September 4, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  17. Wu, Nina (August 6, 2014). "Aloha Dalire, first Miss Aloha Hula, dies at age 64". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved August 31, 2014.
  18. "Merrie Monarch Festival 2013 Schedule of Events". KFVE: The Home Team. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  19. 1 2 3 Collier, Ed. "Merrie Monarch: Judging Criteria". KFVE: The Home Team. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  20. Andrew Gomes (May 3, 1998). "Merrie Monarch Festival shuns a bigger budget". Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  21. "Merrie Monarch telecast moves to KFVE in 2010". Honolulu Advertiser. October 1, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  22. "Merrie Monarch Festival".
  23. "イベント概要 | Nahiwa2016". Nahiwa2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  24. https://www.kalena.com/merriemonarch/
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