Michael Jerome Stewart (May 9, 1958,[1] – September 28, 1983) was an African-American man who received recognition after his death following an arrest by New York City Transit Police for writing graffiti in soft-tip marker or using an aerosol can on a New York City Subway wall at the First Avenue station.[2] His treatment while in police custody and the ensuing trials of the arresting officers (all of whom were acquitted) sparked debate concerning police brutality and the responsibilities of arresting officials in handling suspects. This was a widely publicized episode in New York City's history of police brutality cases.

Word of the arrest came out on September 15, 1983, as the Committee Against Racially Motivated Police Violence was holding a news conference to publicize a United States Congress hearing into complaints of police abuse. Stewart had been arrested earlier that day. He died at age 25, on September 28, after 13 days in a coma. The cause of death was listed as cardiac arrest.

Arrest and death

The First Avenue subway station
Michael Stewart was spraying graffiti at the First Avenue station (pictured) when he was arrested.

On September 15, 1983, aspiring artist and model Michael Stewart left the Pyramid Club in Manhattan's Lower East Side.[3] He was arrested at 2:50 a.m. for spraying graffiti at the First Avenue station on the L train's Brooklyn-bound platform. Transit Police Officer John Kostick found Stewart scrawling “RQS” on the wall and had him arrested. Stewart allegedly said, "Hey, man, you got me."[4] Kostick cuffed Stewart and walked him to the turnstile to be identified. As Stewart was still living with his parents, he asked the police not to call his home to wake them up. Officer Kostick claimed Stewart was initially cordial, but suddenly ran off and had to be restrained while waiting for the arrest transport van.[4] “At the top [of the stairs], Stewart fell face-forward on the ground,” said Kostick.[4] The officer held Stewart to the ground until the van arrived, where several officers put him inside. Stewart was taken to the District 4 Transit Police station at 14th Street–Union Square, two stops away.

While being taken to the station, Kostick said, Stewart became “very violent” in the van. Stewart struggled with the officers and ran to the street. He was beaten unconscious. He was hogtied, bound at the ankles and tethered hands-to-feet by an elastic strap.[4] During the struggle, Stewart's wails could be heard by 27 Parsons School of Design students from their dorm windows. A Parsons student, Rebecca Reiss, heard Stewart say "Oh my God, someone help me", and "What did I do? What did I do?"[4] Rob Zombie, also a Parsons student at the time, recounted the incident in 2019 during an appearance on the September 16 episode of The Joe Rogan Experience podcast (#1353). He stated that he and the other witnesses that night were subpoenaed to testify before a grand jury prior to the trial.[5] Stewart was booked at the Union Square District 4 transit police headquarters for resisting arrest and unlawful possession of marijuana. The transit police supervisors deemed Stewart emotionally disturbed. Stewart was placed back into the van and transported to Bellevue Hospital to undergo psychiatric observation.[4] Stewart arrived at Bellevue at 3:22 a.m. He was handcuffed, his legs were bound, and he was comatose with a blood alcohol content of 0.22, more than double the 0.10 threshold needed to arrest someone for drunk driving.[6] Stewart was dating Suzanne Mallouk at the time, and she went with his family to see him at the hospital.[7] According to Mallouk's account, Stewart had bruises and cuts on his body. She said the doctors confirmed he was brain dead and had hemorrhaged in a way that suggested he had either been choked or strangled.[7] Stewart died on September 28, 1983, thirteen days after his arrest.[8]

Aftermath

Postmortem examination

In charge of determining Stewart's cause of death was the city's medical examiner, Dr. Elliot M. Gross. Gross had three separate findings. He first declared Stewart had died due to excessive drinking, alcohol poisoning, which led to the coma and subsequent heart attack; thus, the police were not at fault.[9] Stewart's family and advocates were unconvinced and believed this was a “classic cover-up.”[10]

In a second autopsy conducted a month later, Gross declared that Stewart had died from a spinal cord injury in the upper neck.[11] In his third assessment he said that Stewart died from blunt-force trauma. According to The New York Times, “Gross declined to specify what caused the injury, explaining only that 'there are a number of possibilities as to how an injury of these type can occur.' He refused to talk to press unless testifying before the grand jury.”[12]

Gross said Stewart's injuries, including the facial bruising and the abrasions on his wrists sustained during his arrest, were not said to contribute to his death. Nurses said his hands and face were blue when he arrived at the hospital, and that it took 3 minutes to remove the cuffs. They also said that he had been beaten brutally.[11]

Doctors hired by Stewart's family to perform a secondary autopsy contradicted the findings in the final autopsy report done by Gross, finding that the cause of death was strangulation.[13] Gross said there was no evidence of strangulation. Stewart's eyes were not provided for examination by the doctors hired by Stewart's family.[14] The eyes were crucial because they would have shown evidence of hemorrhaging due to lack of oxygen from being strangled.[11] Claims of Gross' incompetence led the Stewart family to call for a petition to remove him as chief medical examiner claiming alleged wrongdoing and the medical examiners office cannot be trusted with the safekeeping of items.[13]

Following the trial, all six policemen were acquitted of criminal charges. Dr. Gross was later fired and Stewart's parents were compensated $1.7 million for their child's death. Stewart's death would be remembered as an egregious tragedy of police abuse.[11]

Grand jury investigation and trials

A grand jury investigation was initiated in October 1983 to determine what happened to Stewart in the 32 minutes between being arrested and his delivery to the hospital.[15] On October 19, about twenty black community leaders, including City Councilwoman Mary Pinkett, protested outside the Manhattan District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau’s office at the Criminal Court Building. Morgenthau refused to see the group, stating that it would be inappropriate to comment before the case went to the grand jury in November 1983. The medical examiner’s final report, issued on November 2, differed from his preliminary report. Gross declined to state explicitly what caused the death, but reported that Stewart died of “physical injury to the spinal cord in the upper neck” and concluded that there were “a number of possibilities as to how an injury of this type can occur”.[16]

During the five-month trial in the New York Supreme Court, some witnesses testified that Stewart was struck and kicked by officers, while other witnesses said they did not see officers beat Stewart. None were able to determine who was responsible for handling Stewart, and none were able to identify which officers took which actions at the arrest. Experts could not agree on what combination of injuries, intoxication, and cardiac health issues ended Stewart's life. Seven months into the grand jury investigation, the case was dismissed because a juror, Ronald P. Fields, initiated private investigations on the case.

In February 1984, a second grand jury introduced the case before Justice George F. Roberts which indicted three officers, John Kostick, Anthony Piscola and Henry Boerner, with criminally negligent homicide, assault and perjury. Three other officers, Sgt. Henry Hassler, Sgt. James Barry and Susan Techky, who denied that they saw officers kick Stewart, were charged with perjury. In June 1985, jury selection began in State Supreme Court in Manhattan for the trial.

Prosecutor Morgenthau went to the second trial with two theories, one of neck injury leading to the death and the other that beatings caused cardiac arrest. Prosecutors pushed for second degree manslaughter to be charged if it was determined the officers recklessly caused the death. The jury was instructed that to support a charge of criminally negligent homicide, they had to find that the officers failed to take reasonable steps to prevent death. The prosecution hoped to establish a law requiring officers to “have an affirmative duty to protect prisoners in their custody from abuse”.[17]

William McKechnie, of the Transit Patrolman's Benevolent Association, denied the officers' role in the death stating, “If someone dies of a heart attack, we are not doctors”.[18] The New York Civil Liberties Union believed the second set of indictments signaled a new direction in how prosecutors treat police abuse cases. Richard Emery, a lawyer for the New York Civil Liberties Union, stated, “The theory underlining this case is perhaps the most important development in stemming the tide of police abuse. It makes police officers strictly responsible for their prisoners. It holds them accountable.” [18] On November 24, 1985, the six officers were acquitted by an all-white jury.[8]

In 1987, the 11 officers and the MTA were charged with a $40-million civil suit filed by the Stewart family which prompted hundreds of off-duty transit police officers to march along Madison Avenue in front of the MTA's headquarters carrying signs reading “End the witch hunt” and “When are we finally innocent?” In August 1990, Stewart's parents and his siblings John and Lisha Cole Stewart settled the civil suit out of court for $1.7 million. As of 1990, the police and city officials stated they were not to blame for the death of Michael Stewart.

Reactions

Stewart's family called his death an act of racism and brutality.[8] Attorneys representing the Stewart family described Michael as “a retiring and almost docile 135-pound young artist and a Pratt Institute student” who was on his way home to his Clinton Hill, Brooklyn neighborhood where he lived with his mother, Carrie, and father, Millard, who was a retired Metropolitan Transit Authority maintenance worker.[19] They maintained that the white officers had beaten a black artist and model. It stirred public protests by black activists and others, believing that city officials were covering up for the transit police.[8]

In 1984, Franck Lazare Goldberg directed a short documentary titled Who Killed Michael Stewart? about the killing.[20]

In March 1987, the MTA determined that only one officer, John Kostick, was subject to suspension based on departmental charges of perjury. The MTA Board approved additional training for transit officers in the handling of emotionally disturbed people and changed its policies on how the department's internal affairs unit becomes involved with cases of possible misconduct.[21]

Tributes

  • The death of Radio Raheem by a police choke-hold in Spike Lee’s 1989 film Do the Right Thing is inspired by Michael Stewart's arrest, as confirmed by Lee on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.[22] The film is dedicated to the families of Michael Stewart and other victims of police violence in New York.[23]
  • In the song "Graffiti Limbo" penned by songwriter Michelle Shocked on her Short Sharp Shocked release, an extra verse she sings live is not on the album: "You see in order to determine that Michael Stewart was strangled to death / The coroner had to use Michael Stewart’s eyeballs, his eyes, as evidence, / So now when I tell you it was Michael Stewart’s eyes that the coroner lost / Do you know what I mean when I say that justice is blind."[24]
  • "Hold On" from Lou Reed's album New York contains the following line: "The dopers sent a message to the cops last weekend they shot him in the car where he sat. And Eleanor Bumpurs and Michael Stewart must have appreciated that."
  • Artist Jean-Michel Basquiat created Defacement (The Death of Michael Stewart) as a response to his death.[25][26][27]
  • Stewart's girlfriend Suzanne Mallouk informed SoHo art galleries and the downtown New York City nightclubs such as the Berlin and the Pyramid Club where they both worked to help raise financial support and awareness of Stewart's death.[28] Keith Haring donated money and Madonna performed at a benefit at Danceteria.[29][7]
  • For his 1985 show at Tony Shafrazi gallery Keith Haring did a painting about Stewart’s death, titled Michael Stewart – USA for Africa.[30] It depicts a black man being strangled while handcuffed to a skeleton holding a key. People from all nations drown in a river of blood below, while others shield their eyes from the scene, and the green hand of big money oversees the scene.[31]
  • In his 1987 film Police State, Nick Zedd makes reference to Michael Stewart in a scene depicting a conversation between a cop and a young man, leading to an unlawful arrest. The film was a black comedy about police brutality, inspired in part by the Michael Stewart case and Operation Pressure Point, an operation designed to "clean up" and gentrify the Lower East Side of NYC.[32]
  • In 2019, Chaédria LaBouvier curated a solo exhibition at the Guggenheim which included the painting by Basquiat. In addition to the painting, the history and story behind Stewart's death was examined.[25]

Legacy

Spike Lee dedicated the film Do the Right Thing to the family of Michael Stewart and other victims.[33]

References

  1. ↑ "Who is Michael Stewart?". Basquiat's Defacement: The Project. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  2. ↑ "Date Is Set for Officers' Trial In Death of Michael Stewart". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 15, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2018.
  3. ↑ Nielson, Erik (September 16, 2013). "'It Could Have Been Me': The 1983 Death Of A NYC Graffiti Artist". NPR. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krajicek, David (September 14, 2013). "Police dodge slay rap in 1983 death of graffiti artist Michael Stewart". NY Daily News. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  5. ↑ "JRE #1353". YouTube. September 16, 2019. Archived from the original on December 13, 2021.
  6. ↑ Farber, M. a (July 24, 1985). "3 Witnesses Say Stewart Appeared Sober on the Night He Was Arrested". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 Clement, Jennifer (2014). Widow Basquiat: A Love Story. Crown. pp. 117–120. ISBN 978-0-553-41992-4.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Wilkerson, Isabel (November 25, 1985). "Jury Acquits All Transit Officers in 1983 Death of Michael Stewart". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  9. ↑ Gruson, Lindsey (September 30, 1983). "Injuries of a Police Prisoner Did Not Kill, Autopsy Finds". The New York Times: II 2:1.
  10. ↑ Farber, M.A. (July 23, 1985). "Student Recalls She Saw Police Beating Stewart". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "Who Killed Michael Stewart?". Vimeo. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  12. ↑ Schanberg, Sydney H. (January 14, 1984). "NEW YORK; THE STEWART CASE". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  13. 1 2 Gopstein, Doron (March 30, 1984). "Hon. Edward I. Koch, Re: Role of Medical Examiner's Office in the investigation of the death of Michael Stewart" (PDF). La Guardia and Wagner Archives, Edward I. Koch Collection, Koch Collection Subject Files (Memorandum). New York, NY: 38. Retrieved December 26, 2017 – via LaGuardia Community College/CUNY.
  14. ↑ Dowd, Maureen (February 4, 1985). "Gross Responds to Allegations Over Autopsies". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  15. ↑ Chambers, Marcia (February 22, 1985). "6 Transit Officers Indicted in Death in Graffitti [sic] Arrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  16. ↑ Roberts, Sam (November 3, 1983). "Injury Reported in Death of Man After His Arrest". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  17. ↑ "The Death of Michael Stewart, Cont". The New York Times. February 23, 1985. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  18. 1 2 Chambers, Marcia (February 22, 1984). "6 Transit Officers Indicted in Death in Graffiti Arrest". The New York Times: A 11.
  19. ↑ "NameBright - Coming Soon".
  20. ↑ "Film/Video". FRANCK LAZARE. Retrieved December 31, 2020.
  21. ↑ Levine, Richard (March 28, 1987). "M.T.A. Won't Charge 10 in Michael Stewart Case". The New York Times.
  22. ↑ "Spike Lee and Jimmy Watch His Powerful Tribute to George Floyd". YouTube. Archived from the original on June 10, 2020. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  23. ↑ "The Enduring Urgency of Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing" at Thirty". The New Yorker. June 28, 2019. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
  24. ↑ "Blind Justice". Archived from the original on May 17, 2009. Retrieved June 19, 2009.
  25. 1 2 Mitter, Siddhartha (July 30, 2019). "Behind Basquiat's 'Defacement': Reframing a Tragedy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  26. ↑ Fretz, Eric. Jean-Michel Basquiat: A Biography. Greenwood Press, 2010. pp. xvii, 112, 180
  27. ↑ Basquiat's Memorial To a Young Artist Killed by Police, New Yorker, July 1, 2019, retrieved March 6, 2021
  28. ↑ Barker, Matt. "The brutal death that politicised New York's art world". BBC. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  29. ↑ "3 Teens Kill 4 and Madonna Michael Stewart Benefit at Danceteria". Brian Butterick. February 9, 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2021. Retrieved May 2, 2021.
  30. ↑ Keith Haring. Michael Stewart – USA for Africa (1985) acrylic and oil on canvas, 305 x 458 cm.
  31. ↑ Kolossa, Alexandra Keith Haring, 1958-1990 Taschen, 2004
  32. ↑ Parenti, Christian (2000). Lockdown America : police and prisons in the age of crisis. London: Verso. pp. 58-59. ISBN 9781859843031.
  33. ↑ Brody, Richard (June 28, 2019). "The Enduring Urgency of Spike Lee's "Do the Right Thing" at Thirty". The New Yorker. Retrieved September 8, 2021.
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