Moʻorea
View of Moʻorea
Moorea as seen from Sentinel 2
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates17°32′S 149°50′W / 17.533°S 149.833°W / -17.533; -149.833
ArchipelagoSociety Islands
Area134 km2 (52 sq mi)
Highest elevation1,207 m (3960 ft)
Highest pointMont Tohiveʻa[1]
Administration
France
Overseas collectivityFrench Polynesia
Administrative subdivisionWindward Islands
CommuneMoʻorea-Maiʻao
Capital cityʻĀfareaitu
Largest settlementPao Pao–Maharepa
(4,244 inhabitants)
Demographics
Population16,191[2] (Aug. 2007 census)
Pop. density121/km2 (313/sq mi)
Official nameLagon de Moʻorea
Designated15 September 2008
Reference no.1834[3]

Moʻorea (English: /ˌmoʊ.oʊˈreɪ.ɑː/ or /ˈmoʊ.oʊreɪ/;[4] Tahitian: Moʻoreʻa, [moʔore(ʔ)a]), also spelled Moorea, is a volcanic island in French Polynesia. It is one of the Windward Islands, a group that is part of the Society Islands, 17 kilometres (11 mi) northwest of Tahiti. The name comes from the Tahitian word Moʻoreʻa, meaning "yellow lizard": Moʻo = lizard ; Reʻa (from reʻareʻa) = yellow.[5] An older name for the island is ʻAimeho, sometimes spelled ʻAimeo or ʻEimeo (among other spellings that were used by early visitors before Tahitian spelling was standardized). Early Western colonists and voyagers also referred to Moʻorea as York Island or Santo Domingo.[6]

History

Marae Tiʻi-rua

Prehistory

According to recent archaeological evidence, the Society Islands were probably settled from Samoa and Tonga around 200 CE.[7]

Nine tribal principalities emerged in the enclosed valleys, which in turn were subdivided into individual clans. The stratified society was characterized by a hierarchical leadership whose elite combined both political and religious power. The leading families of Moʻorea remained linked by marriage and kinship for centuries with those of the neighboring island of Tahiti. These connections led to important alliances, but at other times were also the source of bloody conflicts.[8]

Intensive research on the Opunohu Valley, which continues to this day, initiated by Kenneth P. Emory in the 1920s and continued in the 1960s by archaeologist Roger C. Green of the University of Auckland, provides an exemplary picture of the evolution of Moʻorean society. The interaction between increasing population density and human modification of the environment resulted in major changes in the form of society.

The so-called Pre-Atiroʻo phase, prior to 1000 CE, is characterized by extensive clearing and cultivation of the valley slopes, which by the end of the period had led to erosion and the formation of alluvial soils. Society was not yet stratified, but was relatively homogeneous.[9]

In the Atiroʻo period (1000–1650 CE), artificial cultivation terraces were built on the slopes and simple stone buildings, such as the Marae Tapauruʻuru. The remains of rectangular houses (fare haupape) and those with elongated oval floor plans (fare poteʻe), reserved for the power elite, indicate a strictly stratified and hierarchical form of society.[10]

The later Marama period (1650–1788 CE) is marked by the conquest of the Opunohu Valley by the chiefs (ariki) of the Marama tribe, originally settled on the coast, who succeeded in uniting all the other clans in the valley under their rule. In addition to a further increase in population, this phase also saw a lively construction activity of representative religious structures - large marae in the style of a step pyramid. Towards the end of this period, the Opunohu valley became a refuge for the Ariki who resisted European influence.[7]

Early European influence

The first European to sight the island was Pedro Fernandes de Queirós, in 1606.[11] The first European settlers arrived during the 18th century. The first Europeans to arrive on the island were the Englishmen Samuel Wallis and James Cook. Captain James Cook first landed on Tahiti, where he planned the 1769 Transit of Venus observed from Tahiti and Moʻorea. At Moʻorea, where Taʻaroa was chief, Cook first landed in ʻŌpūnohu Bay, Cook's Bay was later named in his honor. Spanish sailor Domingo de Bonechea visited it in 1774 and named it Santo Domingo.[6][12]

It is likely that Teraura, a Polynesian woman who accompanied the Bounty mutineers to Pitcairn Island, was from Moʻorea.[13]

The island was among those visited by the United States Exploring Expedition on its tour of the South Pacific in 1839.[14]

Charles Darwin found inspiration for his theory regarding the formation of coral atolls when looking down upon Moʻorea while standing on a peak on Tahiti. He described it as a "picture in a frame", referring to the barrier reef encircling the island.[15]

Don the Beachcomber lived here briefly in the late 1920s. His houseboat was destroyed by tropical cyclones after he moved it from Waikiki after 1947.[15]

On October 7, 1967, construction was completed on the Moʻorea Airport, which opened the following month.[16]

Geography

Mount Tohivea (Mont Tohiea), Moʻorea

The island was formed as a volcano 1.5 to 2.5 million years ago, the result of the Society hotspot in the mantle under the oceanic plate that formed the whole of the Society Archipelago.[1] It is theorized that the current bays were formerly river basins that filled during the Holocene searise.

Moʻorea is about 16 km (10 miles) across. There are two small, nearly symmetrical bays on the north shore. The one to the west is called ʻŌpūnohu Bay. The main surrounding communes of the bay are Pihaʻena in the east and Papetōʻai to the west. The one to the east is Cook's Bay, also called Pao Pao Bay since the largest commune of Moʻorea is at the bottom of the bay. The other communes are Pihaʻena to the west and busy Maharepa to the east. The highest point is Mount Tohivea, near the center of Moʻorea. It dominates the vista from the two bays and can be seen from Tahiti. There are also hiking trails in the mountains. Vaiʻare Bay is another small inlet, smaller than the two main bays, on the east shore. The main village is located just south of the bay.

Geology

Moʻorea is an atoll whose main island consists mainly of igneous rocks. The island, like neighboring Tahiti, formed as part of the "Society Chain" from a hot spot on the Pacific Plate and is between 1.5 and 2 million years old.[17][18] The enclosed reef surrounds the entire island, but has several navigable passages. The reef is relatively close to the island, so Moʻorea has formed only a narrow lagoon.

Climate

Moʻorea is located in the Earth's tropical belt. The climate is tropical-warm and very humid, which favors the lush vegetation of the island. The average temperature ranges between 28 and 30 °C, with little difference between months. The rainiest months are from December to February, the (winter) months from July to September are drier. There is a constant wind that moderates temperatures. However, an occasional cyclone cannot be ruled out. In the 1982–83 season, a series of cyclones in the Society Islands also caused considerable property damage in Moʻorea.

Demographics

The island had a population of 14,226 inhabitants in the 2002 census which increased to 17,718 in 2017, distributed in the associated communes of Afareaitu, Haʻapiti, Paopao, Papetōʻai, and Teavaro. Together with Maiʻao it forms the commune of Moʻorea-Maiʻao, which had 14,550 inhabitants by 2002.

The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known through population censuses conducted in the municipality since 1977. Since 2006, the INSEE publishes annually the legal populations of the municipalities, but the law on local democracy of February 27, 2002, in its articles dedicated to the population census, introduced population censuses every five years in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Mayotte and the Wallis and Futuna islands, which was not the case before. For the municipality, the first comprehensive census under the new system was conducted in 2002; previous censuses took place in 1996, 1988, 1983, 1977 and 1971.

Bays

Sunset in Moʻorea

The most famous sight of Moʻorea is Cook's Bay,[19] where cruise ships regularly anchor. It is a deep blue bay that often has white sailing yachts and in the background the 830 m high Mount Mouaputa, this being probably the most photographed South Seas image. Next door is Opunohu Bay, where many exterior shots of the 1984 movie The Bounty were filmed.

The two bays are connected by a steep, winding scenic road. In the once densely populated Opunohu Valley, the indigenous Polynesians built numerous worship platforms (marae). The remains of these religious sites can be found everywhere off the road, some of them are signposted. Marae Titiroa is surrounded by banyan trees and was reconstructed in the late 1960s. A few hundred meters away is the multi-level Marae Ahu-o-Mahine, also well preserved. The trail continues to the Belvédère lookout overlooking Mount Rotui, Cook Bay and Opunohu Bay.[20]

Fauna and flora

A shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in Moʻorea

Due to the short distance to Tahiti and similarities in climate and soil structure, the flora of Moʻorea is comparable to that of Tahiti. The narrow coastal strip is dominated by anthropic plants, due to dense settlement and centuries of human use. However, significant remnants of the original plant communities have survived in the uninhabited and partially inaccessible interior of the island. The University of California at Berkeley maintains a permanent research institute on Moʻorea, Gump Station, to study tropical biodiversity and interactions between cultural processes and the ecosystem. From 2008 to 2010, Moʻorea was the site of the Moʻorea Biocode project, the first comprehensive inventory of all macroscopic (>2mm) life in an ecosystem.[21] They collected specimens, photographs, and genetic barcodes for over 5700 species of plants, animals, and fungi.[22]

Terrestrial mammals did not originally exist on the Society Islands; they were introduced exclusively by humans.[23] Early Polynesian settlers brought dogs, pigs, chickens and the Polynesian rat as food animals, while Europeans introduced goats, cows, sheep and horses. The indigenous land animals are only insects, land crabs, snails and lizards.

Many Moʻorean endemic species that have gone extinct or been extirpated. The Polynesian tree snails of the genus Partula were largely wiped out after the rosy wolf snail was introduced in 1977,[24] although captive and small refuge populations on Tahiti still exist.[25] In 2019 the Partula rosea and Partula varia were reintroduced to the island.[26] Until the 1980s, the Moʻorea reed warbler, an endemic species, was recorded on the island. This songbird was closely related to the Tahiti reed warbler and may have been displaced by the common myna.[27] Another bird species extinct on Moʻorea is the Moʻorea sandpiper, of which only two specimens are known from 1777. The tree Glochidion nadeaudii is endemic to the island, growing in montane rain forests above 400 meters elevation.[28]

There are no animals on Moʻorea that are dangerous to humans. Sand fleas on the beach and mosquitoes, which are everywhere in the interior of the island, can be unpleasant. The marine fauna of the lagoon and coral reef is very rich in species. In addition to more than 500 species of coral fish, divers and snorkelers can observe numerous molluscs, echinoderms, and crustaceans of the tropical sea. Behind the fringing reef are sharks, rays, swordfish, and sea turtles. From July to October, humpback whales pass by the island. Whale and dolphin watching is offered to tourists.

Politics

The island is administratively part of the commune (municipality) of Moʻorea-Maiʻao, itself in the administrative subdivision of the Windward Islands. The main village is ʻĀfareaitu.[29] The largest village is Pao Pao at the bottom of Cook's Bay. The second largest is Maharepa.

Economy

Bungalows of Hotel Hibiscus, Haurū Point, Moʻorea

This island is one of the main tourist destinations in French Polynesia, where there are several luxury resorts.

Transportation to this island is usually done from Tahiti by air transport in flights of about 5 minutes or through numerous ferries that move from the port of Papeʻete to Moʻorea. It is also possible to hire a private boat transport.

Tourism

Moʻorea is visited by many western tourists who travel to French Polynesia. Especially popular as a honeymoon destination, Moʻorea can often be seen in advertisements in American wedding magazines. Arthur Frommer declared in Frommer's travel guide that he considered it "the most beautiful island in the world".[30]

The main source of income is the tourism from the decade of 1960. An American company constructed in 1961 the Bali Shark Hotel, the first hotel of luxury of Moʻorea, in the north coast, near the town of Maharepa. Since then, the tourism has continuously increased, so that at the present time - according to affirm some guides of trips - Moʻorea has even more tourist hotels than Tahiti. The hotel complex are located mainly on the north and northwest coast. Most of the beaches on the northwest coast belong to hotels and are not open to the public. On the northeast coast, in Temaʻe, near the airfield, there is a public beach.

Moʻorea, view from the sky (Motu Fareona)

Moʻorea is sometimes visited by cruise ships.

On the west coast, a traditional Polynesian village, the Tiki Village, has been rebuilt for tourists. There are dance performances, demonstrations of Polynesian handicrafts, and souvenir stores.

The race called the Moʻorea Marathon, held annually in February, is promoted by the tourism industry as the most beautiful in the world. Another international sporting event is the Aitoman Triathlon, held in October each year.

Pineapple farming in Moʻorea

Agriculture

Until the end of the 20th century, coffee was still grown on Moʻorea.[31] Due to falling coffee prices, this is no longer profitable and the cultivation of agricultural export crops has shifted to pineapple and Tahitian vanilla. Some small family farms continue to produce copra in the traditional way. Breadfruit, yams, taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, coconuts, and other tropical and subtropical fruits are grown for home consumption and hotel kitchens. Fishing continues to play an important, though declining, role in the island's economy.

Research facilities

The University of California, Berkeley maintains the Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station on the west coast of Cook's Bay.[32] The Gump station is also home to the Moʻorea Coral Reef Long Term Ecological Research Site (MCR LTER), part of a network established by the National Science Foundation in 1980 to support research on long-term ecological phenomena. The Moʻorea Coral Reef LTER became the 26th site in the network in September 2004.

The French École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) and the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Centre for Scientific Research; CNRS) maintain a research station at the end of ʻŌpūnohu Bay. This Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l'Environnement (Centre for island research and environment observatory) is a research site for several international projects, including the monitoring of coral reefs throughout French Polynesia as well as the monitoring of the fish population on the Tīahurā transect of Moʻorea's reef.

Religion

Church of the Holy Family in Haʻapiti (Église de la Sainte-Famille)

The majority of the local population is affiliated with Christianity, a consequence of European colonization and the activity of missionary groups from both the Catholic Church and various Protestant groups. The Catholic Church controls 4 church buildings[33] and a religious center on the island, all under the jurisdiction of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeʻete with headquarters on the island of Tahiti:

St. Joseph Church in Paopao (Église Saint Joseph),[34] Holy Family Church in Haʻapiti (Église de la Sainte-Famille), St. Michael Church in Papetōʻai (Église de Saint-Michel)[35] St. Patrick Church in Afareaitu (Église de Saint-Patrice)[36] and St. Francis Xavier Religious Center in Varari (Centre religieux Saint-François-Xavier).[37]

Near Afareaitu is Moʻorea's oldest worship platform, the Marae Umarea, built around 900 CE, with its enclosure of large coral slabs directly over the lagoon.

Transportation

Several ferries go to the Vaiʻare wharf in Moʻorea daily from Papeʻete, the Tahitian capital. Moʻorea's Temaʻe Airport has connections to the international airport in Papeʻete and onward to other Society Islands such as Tahiti. There is one road that goes around the island.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. p. 257. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
  2. ↑ Institut Statistique de Polynésie Française (ISPF). "TABLEAU II Population des communes et communes associées de Polynésie française" (PDF) (in French). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-29. Retrieved 2007-12-02.
  3. ↑ "Lagon de Moorea". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. ↑ "Mooréa". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. March 13, 2017.
  5. ↑ Sven Wahlroos (2002). English–Tahitian, Tahitian–English Dictionary (First ed.). Honolulu: The Māʻohi Heritage Press. p. 312, 545. ISBN 0-9627095-7-3.
  6. 1 2 Boenechea, Domingo de Descripción de las islas del Océano Pacífico reconocidas últimamente de ordne de S.M., por Don Domingo de Boenechea, capitan de fragata de la Real Armada, y comandante de la de S.M. nombrada Sta. María Magdalana (alias el Aguila), en los años de 1772 y 1774 Manuscript 476 of the Museo Naval de Madrid, fo. 94
  7. 1 2 Patrick V. Kirch: On the Road of the Wind - An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact, University of California Press, Berkeley-Los Angeles-London 2000
  8. ↑ D. L. Oliver: Ancient Tahitian society, Honolulu 1975
  9. ↑ Patrick V. Kirch: The evolution of the Polynesian chiefdom, Cambridge 1996
  10. ↑ R. C. Green: Settlement patterns and complex society in the Windward Islands - Retrospective commentary from the Opunohu Valley, Moʻorea, in Michel Julien et al.: Mémoire de pierre, mémoire d'homme - Tradition et archéologie en Océanie, Paris 1996, S. 209–228
  11. ↑ Rienzi, M.L. Historia de la Oceanía, o quinta parte del mundo Barcelona, 1845-1846, VII, p.267
  12. ↑ Salmond, Anne (2010). Aphrodite's Island. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 38, 173. ISBN 9780520261143.
  13. ↑ "Teraura". 2008-07-24. Archived from the original on 2008-07-24. Retrieved 2021-11-07.
  14. ↑ Stanton, William (1975). The Great United States Exploring Expedition. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 130. ISBN 0520025571.
  15. 1 2 "Moorea "The Majestic Island"". Fly Tahiti. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
  16. ↑ La SETIL Aéroports exploitant des aéroports: Tahiit Faa'a, Bora Bora, Raiatea, Rangiroa, Huahine, Moorea
  17. ↑ Guillou, H.; Biais, S.; Guille, G.; Maury, R. C.; Le Dez, A.; Cotten, J. (1998). ""Age (K-Ar) and duration of the subaerial build-up of Moorea, Raiatea and Maupiti (Society Islands, French Polynesia)"" (PDF). Géologie de la France (in French). 3: 29–36. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  18. ↑ Uto, K.; Yamamoto, Y.; Sudo, M.; Uchiumi, S.; Ishizuka, O.; Kogiso, T.; Tsunakawa, H. (2007). "New K-Ar ages of the Society Islands, French Polynesia, and implications for the Society hotspot feature" (PDF). The Society of Geomagnetism and Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences. 59 (7): 879–885. Bibcode:2007EP&S...59..879U. doi:10.1186/BF03352750. S2CID 55198201. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Stanley, David (2004-12-03). Moon Handbooks South Pacific. David Stanley. ISBN 978-1-56691-411-6.
  20. ↑ Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Congress: French Polynesian coral reefs. Antenne Museum--EPHE. 1985. ISBN 978-2-905630-00-1.
  21. ↑ Check, Erika (2006-01-01). "Treasure island: pinning down a model ecosystem". Nature. 439 (7075): 378–379. Bibcode:2006Natur.439..378C. doi:10.1038/439378a. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 16437074.
  22. ↑ Leray, M.; Boehm, J. T.; Mills, S. C.; Meyer, C. P. (June 2012). "Moorea BIOCODE barcode library as a tool for understanding predator–prey interactions: insights into the diet of common predatory coral reef fishes". Coral Reefs. 31 (2): 383–388. Bibcode:2012CorRe..31..383L. doi:10.1007/s00338-011-0845-0. ISSN 0722-4028. S2CID 253811036.
  23. ↑ Gillespie, Rosemary G; Claridge, Elin M; Goodacre, Sara L (2008-10-27). "Biogeography of the fauna of French Polynesia: diversification within and between a series of hot spot archipelagos". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1508): 3335–3346. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0124. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 2607382. PMID 18782725.
  24. ↑ Murray, James; Murray, Elizabeth; Johnson, Michael S.; Clarke, Bryan (1988). "The extinction of Partula on Moorea". Pacific Science. 42 (3–4): 150–153.
  25. ↑ Haponski, Amanda E.; Lee, Taehwan; Foighil, Diarmaid Ó (2019). "Deconstructing an infamous extinction crisis: Survival of Partula species on Moorea and Tahiti". Evolutionary Applications. 12 (5): 1017–1033. doi:10.1111/eva.12778. ISSN 1752-4571. PMC 6503832. PMID 31080512.
  26. ↑ McKie, robin (28 September 2019). "Precious escargot: the mission to return tiny snails to Pacific islands". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2023. 
  27. ↑ "Moorea Reed-warbler (Acrocephalus longirostris) - BirdLife species factsheet". datazone.birdlife.org. Retrieved 2022-02-07.
  28. ↑ Florence, J. (1997) Flore de la Polynésie française, vol. 1. Paris: Éditions de l'ORSTOM.
  29. ↑ Archived March 2, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ↑ "Frommer's The Most Beautiful Islands". 2010-03-02. Retrieved 2010-03-02.
  31. ↑ Moorea Par Claude Robineau. Nouvelles Editions Latines.
  32. ↑ Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station
  33. ↑ "Churches in the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Papeete". www.gcatholic.org. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  34. ↑ "Église de Saint-Joseph". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  35. ↑ "Église de Saint-Michel". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  36. ↑ "Église de Saint-Patrice". GCatholic. Retrieved 2021-08-24.
  37. ↑ "HAAPITI PAR. STE FAMILLE". www.diocesedepapeete.com. Retrieved 2021-08-24.

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