Lower Egypt
ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ, ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲉⲛϩⲓⲧ
مصر السفلى
c. 3500 BC–c. 3100 BC
CapitalMemphis
Common languagesAncient Egyptian
Religion
Ancient Egyptian religion
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
 Unknown
Unknown (first)
 c. 3150 BC
Unknown (last)
History 
 Established
c. 3500 BC
 Disestablished
c. 3100 BC
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Prehistoric Egypt
Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)
Today part ofEgypt
Map of Lower Egypt showing important sites that were occupied during the Protodynastic Period of Egypt (clickable map)
Deshret, the Red Crown of Lower Egypt
Map of Lower Egypt with its historical nomes

Lower Egypt (Arabic: مصر السفلى Miṣr as-Suflā; Coptic: ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ, romanized: Tsakhet) is the northernmost region of Egypt, which consists of the fertile Nile Delta between Upper Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea, from El Aiyat, south of modern-day Cairo, and Dahshur. Historically, the Nile River split into seven branches of the delta in Lower Egypt.

Lower Egypt was divided into nomes and began to advance as a civilization after 3600 BC.[1] Today, it contains two major channels that flow through the delta of the Nile River – Mahmoudiyah Canal (ancient Agathos Daimon) and Muways Canal (Arabic: بحر موَيس, "waterway of Moses").

Name

In Ancient Egyptian, Lower Egypt was known as mḥw which means "north".[2] Later on, during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, Greeks and Romans called it Κάτω Αἴγυπτος or Aegyptus Inferior both meaning "Lower Egypt", but Copts carried on using the old name related to the north – Tsakhet (Coptic: ⲧⲥⲁϧⲏⲧ) or Psanemhit (Coptic: ⲡⲥⲁⲛⲉⲙϩⲓⲧ) meaning the "Northern part". It was further divided into a number of regions or nomes (Coptic: ⲡⲧⲟϣ, romanized: ptosh) – Niphaiat (Coptic: ⲛⲓⲫⲁⲓⲁⲧ, lit.'Libyan (nome)', Ancient Greek: Μαρεωτης) in the west, Tiarabia (Coptic: ϯⲁⲣⲁⲃⲓⲁ, lit.'Arabia') in the east, Nimeshshoti (Coptic: ⲛⲓⲙⲉϣϣⲟϯ, lit.'fields') in the north-east and Bashmur (Bashmuric Coptic: ⲡⲥⲁⲙⲏⲣ, lit.'sand shore') in the north. Champollion adds another region in the middle of the Delta which he calls Petmour (Coptic: ⲡⲉⲧⲙⲟⲩⲣ, lit.'the one which bounds, girds')[3] based on Ancient Greek: Πτιμυρις mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium, but it is unclear if this is a separate region or just a Greek rendering of the name Bashmur.[4]

After the Muslim conquest, the middle part of the Delta was called al-Rif (Arabic: الريف) which means "countryside, rural area" and which is derived from Ancient Egyptian

r
Z1
pr Z1
niwt

r-pr, "temple", because the rural areas were administered by them.[5] The eastern part roughly comprising the ancient Tiarabia was called al-Hawf (Arabic: الهوف) meaning "edge, fringe".[6]

Geography

Today, there are two principal channels that the Nile takes through the river delta: one in the west at Rashid and one in the east at Damietta.

The delta region is well watered, crisscrossed by channels and canals.

Owing primarily to its proximity to the Mediterranean Sea, the climate in Lower Egypt is milder than that of Upper Egypt, the southern portion of the country. Temperatures are less extreme and rainfall is more abundant in Lower Egypt.

History

It was divided into twenty districts called nomes, the first of which was at el-Lisht. Because Lower Egypt was mostly undeveloped scrubland, filled with all types of plant life such as grasses and herbs, the organization of the nomes underwent several changes.

The capital of Lower Egypt was Memphis. Its patron goddess was the goddess Wadjet, depicted as a cobra. Lower Egypt was represented by the Red Crown Deshret, and its symbols were the papyrus and the bee. After unification, the patron deities of both Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were represented together as the Two Ladies, Wadjet and Nekhbet (depicted as a vulture), to protect all of the ancient Egyptians.

By approximately 3600 BC, Neolithic Egyptian societies along the Nile River had based their culture on the raising of crops and the domestication of animals.[7] Shortly after 3600 BC, Egyptian society began to grow and advance rapidly toward refined civilization.[1] A new and distinctive pottery, which was related to the pottery in the Southern Levant, appeared during this time. Extensive use of copper became common during this time.[1] The Mesopotamian process of sun-dried bricks, and architectural building principles—including the use of the arch and recessed walls for decorative effect—became popular during this time.[1]

Concurrent with these cultural advances, a process of unification of the societies and towns of the upper Nile River, or Upper Egypt, occurred. At the same time, the societies of the Nile Delta, or Lower Egypt also underwent a unification process.[1] Warfare between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt occurred often.[1] During his reign in Upper Egypt, King Narmer defeated his enemies in the Delta and merged the kingdoms of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt under his single rule.[8]

List of kings of the Predynastic Period of Lower Egypt

The Palermo stone, a royal annal written in the mid Fifth Dynasty (c. 2490 BC c. 2350 BC) records a number of kings reigning over Lower Egypt before Narmer. These are completely unattested outside these inscriptions:

Name
Hsekiu[9]
Khayu[9]
Tiu[9]
Thesh[9]
Neheb[9]
Wazner[9]
Mekh[9]
(destroyed)[9]

In contrast, the following kings are attested through archeological finds from Sinai and Lower Egypt: Double Falcon, Crocodile.

List of nomes

NumberEgyptian NameCapitalModern name of capital siteEnglish TranslationGod
1Inebu-hedjIneb Hedj / Men-nefer / Menfe (Memphis)Mit RahinaWhite WallsPtah
2KhensuKhem (Letopolis)AusimCow's thighHorus
3ImntImu (Apis)Kom el-HisnWestHathor
4Zapi-ResPtkhekaTantaSouthern shieldSobek, Isis, Amun
5Zapi-MehZau (Sais)Sa el-HagarNorthern shieldNeith
6KhasetKhasu (Xois)SakhaMountain bullAmun-Ra
7A-ment(Hermopolis Parva, Metelis)DamanhurWest harpoonHu
8A-btTjeku / Per-Atum (Heroonpolis, Pithom)Tell el-MaskhutaEast harpoonAtum
9AtiDjed (Busiris)Abu Sir BaraAndjetiOsiris
10Ka-khemHut-hery-ib (Athribis)Banha (Tell Atrib)Black bullHorus
11Ka-hesebTaremu (Leontopolis)Tell el-UrydamHeseb bullIsis
12Theb-kaTjebnutjer (Sebennytos)SamanudCalf and CowOnuris
13Heq-AtIunu (Heliopolis)Materiya (suburb of Cairo)Prospering SceptreRa
14Khent-abtTjaru (Sile, Tanis)Tell Abu SefaEastmostHorus
15TehutBa'h / Weprehwy (Hermopolis Parva)BaqliyaIbisThoth
16KhaDjedet (Mendes)Tell el-RubˁFishBanebdjedet, or Hatmehyt
17SemabehdetSemabehdet (Diospolis Inferior)Tell el-BalamunThe throneAmun-Ra
18Am-KhentPer-Bastet (Bubastis)Tell Bastah (near Zagazig)Prince of the SouthBastet
19Am-PehuDja'net (Leontopolis Tanis)Tell Nebesha or San el-HagarPrince of the NorthUatchet
20SopduPer-SopduSaft el-HinnaPlumed FalconSopdet

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons: New York, 1966) p. 52-53.
  2. "TM Places". www.trismegistos.org. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
  3. Champollion, Jean-François (1814). L'Égypte sous les pharaons, ou recherches sur la géographie, la religion, la langue, les écritures et l'histoire de l'Égypte avant l'invasion de Cambyse. Paris: Bure. p. 5.
  4. "Schwartze, Moritz Gotthilf: Das alte Aegypten oder Sprache, Geschichte, Religion und Verfassung des alten Aegyptens: nach den altägyptischen Original-Schriften und den Mittheilungen der nichtägyptischen alten Schriftsteller (Band 2) (Leipzig, 1843)". digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  5. "ريف - Wiktionary". en.wiktionary.org. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  6. Adel, Arsanious (23 December 2019). "Administrative Organization Of Egypt - Coptic Wiki". Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  7. Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing: New York, 1966) p. 51.
  8. Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times (Charles Scribner's Sons Publishers: New York, 1966), p. 53.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Breasted (1909) p.36
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