Norfolk
Former County constituency
for the House of Commons
1290–1832
Seatstwo
Replaced byEast Norfolk, West Norfolk

Norfolk was a County constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290 to 1707, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament. In 1832 the county was divided for parliamentary purposes into two new two member divisions – East Norfolk and West Norfolk.

History

Boundaries

The constituency consisted of the historic county of Norfolk in the East of England, excluding the city of Norwich which had the status of a county corporate after 1404. (Although Norfolk contained four other parliamentary boroughsCastle Rising, Great Yarmouth, King's Lynn and Thetford – each of which elected two MPs in its own right for part of the period when Norfolk was a constituency, these were not excluded from the county constituency: owning property within a borough could confer a vote at the county election. This was not the case, though, for Norwich.)

Franchise and electorate

As in other county constituencies the franchise between 1430 and 1832 was defined by the Forty Shilling Freeholder Act, which gave the right to vote to every man who possessed freehold property within the county valued at £2 or more per year for the purposes of land tax; it was not necessary for the freeholder to occupy his land, nor even in later years to be resident in the county at all.

Except during the period of the Commonwealth, Norfolk had two MPs elected by the bloc vote method, under which each voter had two votes. In the nominated Barebones Parliament of 1653, five members represented Norfolk. In the First and Second Parliaments of Oliver Cromwell's Protectorate, however, there was a general redistribution of seats and Norfolk elected ten members, while the two smallest of the county's boroughs (Castle Rising and Thetford) lost their seats. The traditional arrangements were restored from 1659.

At the time of the Great Reform Act in 1832, Norfolk had a population of approximately 390,000, though only a fraction of these could vote: the highest recorded turnouts in Norfolk were at the 1802 and 1806 elections, at each of which under 12,000 votes were cast, even though each voter could cast two votes.

Political character

Norfolk's electorate was predominantly rural, partly as an effect of the Norwich freeholders voting in the city rather than the county. It has been estimated from the pollbooks that in the early 19th century only around one in six of the voters lived in towns, with Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn contributing the largest numbers of these. Fittingly for such a constituency, the families of two of the best-known pioneers of the agrarian revolution, Coke of Holkham and "Turnip" Townshend, frequently provided the county's Members of Parliament.

Nevertheless, no one or two families controlled the constituency, and competition was fostered by the leading families lining up on different sides of the partisan divide. The leading Whig families around the turn of the 18th century were those of Walpole and Townshend, while the most important Tory interests were those of the Wodehouse and Astley families, until Sir Jacob Astley defected to the Whigs before the 1715 election. By the middle of the 18th century, the list of local peerage families who could expect to exert influence at Norfolk elections had grown to include the Hobart Earls of Buckinghamshire, the Earls Cholmondeley and the Lord Suffield, but these magnates remained divided, with contention between support for the "court" and "country" factions within the Whigs as well as between Whigs and Tories.

Consequently, the independent voters generally held the balance of power. But this did not prevent the various leading families from monopolising the representation between them, a process that accelerated in the 18th century: 16 different families represented Norfolk in the 22 Parliaments from 1660 to 1746, but only 7 in the 18 Parliaments from 1747 to 1832. The minor gentry could not expect to secure election for themselves, only to choose between the candidates of the major families. The Cokes of Holkham were generally regarded as the champions of the independent freeholders, and were frequently elected. Elections in Norfolk were therefore rarely a foregone conclusion, and often hard-fought at the canvassing stage even when the contest was not carried to a poll.

Elections were held at a single polling place, Norwich, and voters from the rest of the county had to travel to the county town to exercise their franchise. It was normal for voters to expect the candidates for whom they voted to meet their expenses in travelling to the poll, making the cost of a contested election substantial. Contested elections were therefore the exception rather than the rule, potential candidates preferring to canvass support beforehand and usually not insisting on a vote being taken unless they were confident of winning; at all but 8 of the 29 general elections between 1701 and 1832, Norfolk's two MPs were elected unopposed, with only two contests after 1768. But this was more frequent than in many other counties of Norfolk's size.

Members of Parliament

1290–1640

  • Constituency created (1290)
ParliamentFirst memberSecond member
c1290–1327Robert Baynard
1377 (Jan)Sir Stephen Hales
1379Sir Thomas Gissing
1380 (Jan)Sir Stephen Hales
1380Sir Thomas Gissing
1380Sir Roger Walsingham
1381Sir Stephen HalesSir Thomas Gerbridge
1382 (May)Sir Stephen HalesSir Thomas Gerbridge
1382 (Oct)Sir Stephen HalesSir Roger Walsingham
1383 (Feb)Sir Stephen Hales
1383 (Oct)Sir Stephen Hales
1383Sir Roger Walsingham
1384 (Nov)Sir Stephen Hales
1386Sir Stephen HalesSir Thomas Gerbridge[1]
1388 (Feb)Sir John StrangeSir John White[1]
1388 (Sep)Sir John StrangeSir John White[1]
1390 (Jan)William ReesSir John White[1]
1390 (Nov)Sir Robert BerneyHugh Fastolf[1]
1391Sir Robert BerneySir John White[1]
1393Sir Ralph SheltonSir John Curson[1]
1394William ReesSir John White[1]
1395Sir Robert BerneySir John White[1]
1397 (Jan)William ReesSir John Curdon[1]
1397 (Sep)Sir Nicholas DagworthSir Edmund Thorpe[1]
1399Sir Robert BerneyJohn Gurney[1]
1401John PaynJohn Wynter[1]
1402Sir Ralph SheltonSir Robert Berney[1]
1404 (Jan)John ReymesJohn Wynter[1]
1404 (Oct)John GurneySir Edmund Oldhall[1]
1406Sir Edmund NoonJohn Reymes[1]
1407Sir Edmund ThorpeJohn Wynter[1]
1410John WodehouseJohn Wynter[1]
1411Sir Edmund OldhallJohn Wynter[1]
1413 (Feb)
1413 (May)Sir Edmund OldhallJohn Wynter[1]
1414 (Apr)Sir Robert BerneyJohn Wynter[1]
1414 (Nov)Sir John IngoldisthorpeJohn Wodehouse[1]
1415
1416 (Mar)Sir Edmund OldhallJohn Wodehouse[1]
1416 (Oct)
1417Sir Edmund OldhallJohn Wodehouse[1]
1419John Lancaster[2]Oliver Groos[1]
1420Sir John RadcliffeEdmund Winter[1]
1421 (May)John Lancaster[2]John Wodehouse[1]
1421 (Dec)John Lancaster[2]Edmund Winter[1]
1422John Lancaster[2]Edmund Winter
1427Edmund Winter
1429Edmund Winter
1432Edmund WinterSir Thomas Tuddenham
1435Edmund WinterSir Thomas Tuddenham
1437Edmund Winter
1442Sir Thomas Tuddenham
1449Thomas Shernborne [3]
1450Henry Gray
1460John Paston[3]
1461John Paston[3]
1463William Knyvett[4]
1467John Paston[3]
1467William Knyvett[4]
1470William Knyvett[4]
1491__? Calthorpe[5]
1492Ralph Shelton
1495Sir Thomas Lovell[6]
1510–1523No names known[7]
1529Sir Roger TownsendSir James Boleyn[7]
1536 ?Sir Roger Townsend ?[7]
1539Richard SouthwellEdmund Wyndham[7]
1539 ?Sir Nicholas Hare
1542Sir Roger Townsend ?Sir Richard Southwell[7]
1545Sir Thomas PastonChristopher Heydon[7]
1547Sir Edmund Knyvet, died 1550
and repl.Jan 1552 by
Sir Robert Dudley
Sir Nicholas Lestrange[7]
1553 (Mar)Sir Robert DudleySir Thomas Radcliffe[7]
1553 (Oct)Sir Richard SouthwellSir Henry Bedingfield[7]
1554 (Apr)Sir Richard SouthwellSir Henry Bedingfield[7]
1554 (Nov)Sir Richard SouthwellSir John Shelton[7]
1555Sir John ClereJohn Appleyard[7]
1558Sir Henry BedingfieldSir William Woodhouse[7]
1558–59Sir Robert DudleySir Edmund Wyndham[8]
1562–63Sir William WoodhouseSir Edward Warner
1566Both died and replaced 1566 by Clement Paston and Roger Townshend[8]
1571Sir Christopher HeydonSir William Butts[8]
1572Henry WoodhouseFrancis Wyndham made judge
and repl. 1581 by
Sir Roger Woodhouse[8]
Parliament of Oct 1584–1585 Sir Drue Drury Nathaniel Bacon
Parliament of 1586–1587 Thomas Farmer William Gresham[9]
Parliament of 1588–1589 Sir Henry Woodhouse Christopher Heydon
Parliament of 1593 Edward Coke Nathaniel Bacon
Parliament of 1597–1598 Henry Gawdy Sir John Townshend
Parliament of 1601 Sir Bassingbourne Gawdy
Parliament of 1604–1611 Sir Nathaniel Bacon Sir Charles Cornwallis
Addled Parliament (1614) Sir Henry Bedingfield Sir Hamon le Strange
Parliament of 1621–1622 Drue Drury
Happy Parliament (1624–1625) Sir Thomas Holland Sir John Corbet, 1st Baronet
Useless Parliament (1625) Sir Edward Coke Sir Edmund Bacon, 2nd Baronet, of Redgrave
Parliament of 1625–1626 Sir Anthony Drury
Parliament of 1626 Sir Edward Coke Sir Robert Bell
Parliament of 1628 Sir Roger Townshend, 1st Baronet John Heveningham
1629–1640No Parliaments summoned

1640–1832

Ashe Windham was an MP for Norfolk from 1708 to 1710.
Year1st Member1st Party2nd Member2nd Party
April 1640 Sir Edmund Moundeford[10]Parliamentarian Sir John Holland, BtParliamentarian
November 1640 (Sir) John Potts[11]Parliamentarian
1645 Sir John Hobart, Bt
1647 Sir John Palgrave, Bt
December 1648 Palgrave and Potts excluded in Pride's Purge – both seats vacant
Norfolk was represented by five members in the Barebones Parliament
1653 Robert Jermy (?); Tobias Frere; Ralph Wolmer; Henry King; William Burton
Norfolk was represented by ten members in the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate
1654 Sir John Hobart; Sir William D'Oyly; Sir Ralph Hare, Bt; Thomas Weld; Robert Wilton
Thomas Sotherton; Philip Wodehouse; Robert Wood (senior); Philip Bedingfield (senior); Tobias Frere
1656 Sir John Hobart; Charles Fleetwood; Sir William D'Oyly; Sir Ralph Hare, Bt; Sir Horatio Townsend; Colonel Robert Wilton
Philip Wodehouse; Colonel Robert Wood; John Buxton; Thomas Sotherton
Representation reverted to two members in the Third Protectorate Parliament
January 1659 Sir Horatio Townsend Sir William D'Oyly
May 1659 Not represented in the restored Rump
April 1660 The Lord Cramond Sir Horatio Townshend
1661 Sir Ralph Hare, Bt
1673 Sir John Hobart, Bt
1675 Sir Robert Kemp, Bt
February 1679[12] Sir Christopher Calthorpe Sir Nevill Catlin
May 1679 Sir John Hobart, Bt
August 1679 Sir Peter Gleane, Bt
1685 Sir Thomas Hare, Bt Sir Jacob Astley, BtTory
1689 Sir William Cook, BtTory Sir Henry Hobart, BtWhig
1690 Sir Jacob Astley, BtTory
1695 Sir Henry Hobart, BtWhig
1698 Sir William Cook, BtTory
January 1701 Hon. Roger TownshendWhig
December 1701 Sir John Holland, Bt
1702 Sir Jacob Astley, BtTory
1705 Hon. Roger TownshendWhig
1708 Ashe Windham
1710 Sir John Wodehouse, BtTory Sir Jacob Astley, BtTory
1713 Sir Edmund Bacon, Bt Whig
1715 Thomas de GreyWhig
1722 Sir Thomas CokeWhig
1727 Sir John Hobart, BtWhig
1728 Harbord Harbord Sir Edmund Bacon, BtTory
1734 William WodehouseTory
1737 Armine Wodehouse[13]Tory
1741 Viscount CokeWhig
1747 Hon. George TownshendWhig
1764 Thomas de Grey
1768 Sir Edward Astley, Bt
1774 Wenman Coke
1776 Thomas Coke
1784 Sir John Wodehouse, Bt
1790 Thomas CokeWhig
1797 Jacob Astley[14]
1806[15] William WindhamWhig
March 1807 Edward CokeWhig Sir Jacob Astley, BtWhig
May 1807 Thomas CokeWhig
1817 Edmond WodehouseTory
1830 Sir William ffolkes, BtWhig
1832 Constituency abolished see: Norfolk East and Norfolk West

Election results 1710–1832

Note on percentage change calculations: Where there was only one candidate of a party in successive elections, for the same number of seats, change is calculated on the party percentage vote. Where there was more than one candidate, in one or both successive elections for the same number of seats, then change is calculated on the individual percentage vote.

Note on sources: The information for the election results given below is taken from Sedgwick 1715–1754, Stooks Smith 1715–1754, Namier and Brooke 1754–1790 and Stooks Smith 1790–1832.

1710s1720s1730s1740s1750s1760s1770s1780s1790s1800s1810s1820s1830s

Elections in the 1710s

General election 1710: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory John Wodehouse 3,216 27.73 N/A
Tory Jacob Astley 3,200 27.60 N/A
Nonpartisan Ashe Windham 2,783 24.00 N/A
Whig Robert Walpole 2,397 20.67 N/A
Turnout 11,596 N/A N/A
  • Note (1710): Stooks Smith, whose compilation of results normally starts with the 1715 general election, is the source for this result. He gives no party classification for the candidates, but for three of them the position is obvious from the survey of Norfolk politics in The History of Parliament 1715–1754. Windham was probably a Whig, but this has not yet been confirmed.
  • Note (1713): No source for the full result of this election has yet been located. Sir Jacob Astley was re-elected as a Tory but defected to the Whigs during the Parliament.
General election 18 February 1715: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas de Grey 3,183 27.17 N/A
Whig Jacob Astley 3,059 26.11 N/A
Tory Sir Ralph Hare[16] 2,840 24.24 N/A
Tory Erasmus Earle 2,635 22.49 N/A
Turnout 11,717 N/A N/A

Elections in the 1720s

General election 11 April 1722: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Thomas de Grey Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 23 August 1727: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig John Hobart Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
By-Election 26 June 1728: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Edmund Bacon Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan Harbord Harbord Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1730s

General election 22 May 1734: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Edmund Bacon 3,224 25.58 N/A
Tory William Wodehouse 3,153 25.01 N/A
Whig William Morden 3,147 24.97 N/A
Whig Robert Coke 3,081 24.44 N/A
Turnout 12,605 N/A N/A
  • Death of Wodehouse
By-Election 23 March 1737: Norfolk
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Armine Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1740s

General election 13 May 1741: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Armine Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Edward Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 1 July 1747: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Armine Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig George Townshend Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1750s

General election 8 May 1754: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig George Townshend Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory Armine Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1760s

General election 1 April 1761: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig George Townshend Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory Armine Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
By-Election 11 April 1764: Norfolk
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Thomas de Grey Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan hold Swing N/A
General election 23 March 1768: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Edward Astley 2,978 27.02 N/A
Nonpartisan Thomas de Grey 2,754 24.99 N/A
Nonpartisan Armine Wodehouse 2,680 24.32 N/A
Nonpartisan Wenman Coke 2,609 23.67 N/A
Turnout 11,021 N/A N/A
  • Note (1768): Stooks Smith has different figures for Astley (2,977) and Coke (2,510).

Elections in the 1770s

General election 26 October 1774: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Edward Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan Wenman Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
  • Death of Coke
By-Election 8 May 1776: Norfolk
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan hold Swing N/A

Elections in the 1780s

General election 20 September 1780: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Edward Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 14 April 1784: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Edward Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan John Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1790s

General election 1790: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan John Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 1796: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan John Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1800s

By-Election November 1801: Norfolk
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Nonpartisan Jacob Henry Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
Nonpartisan hold
General election 1802: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke 4,317 37.72 New
Whig Jacob Henry Astley 3,612 31.56 N/A
Tory John Wodehouse 3,517 30.73 New
Majority 95 0.83 N/A
Turnout 11,446 (7,251 voted) N/A N/A
Whig gain from Nonpartisan Swing
Whig gain from Nonpartisan Swing
  • Note (1802): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for eight days
General election 1806: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke 4,118 36.59 −1.13
Whig William Windham 3,772 33.51 N/A
Tory John Wodehouse 3,365 29.90 −0.83
Majority 107 3.61 +2.78
Turnout 11,255 N/A N/A
Whig hold Swing
Whig hold Swing
  • Note (1806): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for six days
  • Election declared void
By-Election March 1807: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Jacob Henry Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Edward Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 1807: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Jacob Henry Astley Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1810s

General election 1812: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig Jacob Henry Astley Unopposed N/A N/A
  • Death of Astley
By-Election May 1817: Norfolk
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Tory Edmond Wodehouse 3,861 54.00 New
Whig Edward Roger Pratt 3,289 46.00 N/A
Majority 572 8.00 N/A
Turnout 7,150 N/A N/A
Tory gain from Whig
  • Note (1817): Stooks Smith records that the polls were open for five days.
General election 1818: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory Edmond Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1820s

General election 1820: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory Edmond Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 1826: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Tory Edmond Wodehouse Unopposed N/A N/A

Elections in the 1830s

General election 1830: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig William ffolkes Unopposed N/A N/A
General election 1831: Norfolk (2 seats)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Whig Thomas Coke Unopposed N/A N/A
Whig William ffolkes Unopposed N/A N/A

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 "History of Parliament". Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 History of Parliament Online: John Lancaster II, accessed November 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Davis, Norman. The Paston Letters: A Selection in Modern Spelling.
  4. 1 2 3 Colonel the Right Honourable Josiah C. Wedgwood, DSO, MP; Anne D. Holt, MA (1936). History of Parliament: Biographies of the Members of the Commons House 1439-1509. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. pp. 520–521. Retrieved 8 February 2023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Cavill. The English Parliaments of Henry VII 1485-1504.
  6. Cavill. The English Parliaments of Henry VII 1485-1504.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "History of Parliament". Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "History of Parliament". Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  9. Christopher Heydon was defeated, but the Privy Council ordered a fresh poll, which Heydon won; the House of Commons then challenged the Council's right to interfere in elections, and the second poll was quashed. See Capp, Bernard, Heydon, Sir Christopher (1561–1623), soldier and writer on astrology in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  10. Died 1643
  11. Created a baronet, August
  12. On petition, Calthorpe and Sir Nevill Catlin were adjudged not to have been duly elected, and the House of Commons ordered the arrest of two of the under-sheriffs responsible for conducting the election.
  13. Succeeded to a baronetcy, October 1754
  14. Succeeded to a baronetcy, March 1802
  15. On petition, Coke and Windham were adjudged not to have been duly elected, and a by-election was held. Windham had also been elected for New Romney, and sat for that borough for the remainder of the Parliament.
  16. 3rd Baronet of Stow Bardolph, son of Sir Thomas Hare, 2nd Baronet

Bibliography

  • Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807)
  • D. Brunton & D. H. Pennington, Members of the Long Parliament (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)
  • John Cannon, Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972)
  • Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808)
  • Maija Jansson (ed.), Proceedings in Parliament, 1614 (House of Commons) (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1988)
  • Lewis Namier & John Brooke, The History of Parliament: The House of Commons 1754–1790 (London: HMSO, 1964)
  • J. E. Neale, The Elizabethan House of Commons (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)
  • T. H. B. Oldfield, The Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland (London: Baldwin, Cradock & Joy, 1816)
  • J Holladay Philbin, Parliamentary Representation 1832 – England and Wales (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)
  • Romney Sedgwick, The House of Commons 1715–1754 (London: HMSO, 1970)
  • M Stenton (ed.), Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832–1885 (Harvester Press, 1976)
  • M Stenton (ed.), Who's Who of British Members of Parliament, Volume II 1886–1918 (Harvester Press, 1978)
  • Henry Stooks Smith, The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847 (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig – Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)
  • Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs – Constituencies beginning with "N" (part 2)
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