Map of the Russian dialects of the primary formation (Northern Russian is dark green)

The northern Russian dialects make up one of the main groups of the Russian dialects.

Territory

List of sub-dialects

Phonology

  • Lack of vowel reduction:[1] unstressed /ɔ/ does not merge with /a/ (okanye).[2] Unstressed /ɔ/, /a/ and /ɛ/ after soft consonants also do not typically merge.[3]
  • Some dialects have high or diphthongal /e̝~i̯ɛ/ (in the Novgorod subgroup even /i/) as a reflex of Proto-Slavic *ě.[2][3]
  • In the eastern part of the group the change of every Proto-Slavic *e to /ɔ/ before hard (unpalatalized) consonants occurs (in Standard Russian only in stressed syllables). Proto-Slavic *ě also changes to /ɔ/ in these positions but only in stressed syllables.[3]
  • Also in the eastern part of the dialect group there is /o̝~u̯ɔ/ in certain positions instead of Standard Russian /ɔ/.[2][3]
  • Tsokanye: the merger of Standard Russian /t͡ɕ/ and /t͡s/ into one consonant whether /t͡s/, /t͡sʲ/ or /t͡ɕ/ (like in Pskov and Ryazan Southern Russian dialects).[3]
  • In the Vologda region, final hard /ɫ/ is replaced by a semivowel /w~u̯/.
  • /ɡ/, /v/, /f/ are like in Standard Russian (differs from Southern Russian).[3] Nevertheless, in some sub-dialects /v/, /f/ can also be replaced with semivowel /w~u̯/ like in Southern Russian.
  • In some dialects traces of unreduced Proto-Slavic *tl, dl, which normally reduced to /ɫ/ in all of East Slavic: Жерегло /ʐɛrɛˈɡɫɔ/ "the sound between Lake Pskov and Lake Chud" (instead of expected жерело /ʐɛrɛˈɫɔ/), перецок /pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡sɔk/ from earlier перецокл /pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡sɔkɫ/ "reread (past tense)" (instead of standard перечёл /pʲɛrʲɛˈt͡ɕɔɫ/). In these examples the groups *tl, dl dissimilated to /kɫ/, /ɡɫ/ instead of reducing to /ɫ/. Some (Shakhmatov, Durnovo) see this as an indication of possible West Slavic admixture in those areas, while others (Trubetzkoy, Lehr-Spławiński[4]) treat it as an archaism from Proto-Slavic times.[5]

Morphology

  • A suffixed definite article -to, -ta, -te similarly existing in Bulgarian and Macedonian.[2]
  • 3rd person verbal ending with non-palatalized -t as in Standard Russian.[3]

Vocabulary

Northern dialects are characterized by a number of words like, изба ('log hut'), квашня, озимь ('winter crop'), лаять ('to bark'), ухват, орать ('to plough'), жито ('rye'), беседки ('gathering'), шибко ('very much'), баской ('beautiful') and others. They also have about 200 words of Uralic origin.

Notes

  1. Crosswhite 2000, p. 109.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Sussex & Cubberley 2006, pp. 521–526.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kuraszkiewicz 1963, pp. 46–55.
  4. Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1932). "O dialektach prasłowiańskich". Sbornik prací Sjezdu slovanských filologů v Praze 1929. Praha: 577–585.
  5. Kuraszkiewicz 1963, p. 50.

References

See also


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