List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations

An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to 80% of those who have had the disease for 15 years or more. Other diseases such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hypertension are commonly found to have associated ocular symptoms.

Systemic allergic diseases

Skin and mucous membrane diseases

Phacomatoses

Angiomatosis retinae (Von Hippel–Lindau disease) (retinocerebellar capillary hemangiomatosis)
Ataxia telangiectasia (Louis–Bar syndrome)
Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge–Weber syndrome) (encephalofacial cavernous hemangiomatosis)
Neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease)
Tuberous sclerosis (Bourneville's syndrome)
Wyburn–Mason syndrome (racemose hemangiomatosis)

Collagen diseases

Ankylosing spondylitis
Dermatomyositis
Periarteritis nodosa
Reactive arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Sarcoidosis
Scleroderma
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Temporal arteritis
Relapsing polychondritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis 50-60% have ophthalmologic manifestations, which can be a presenting feature in a minority of patients. Orbital disease is the most common manifestation, and may result in proptosis, restrictive ophthalmopathy, chronic orbital pain, and in chronic cases, orbital retraction syndrome and intractable socket pain. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis may also cause inflammation of the optic nerve, ophthalmoplegia, conjunctivitis, keratitis, scleritis, episcleritis, dacrocystitis, nasolacrimnal duct obstruction, dacroadenitis, uveitis, and retinal vasculitis.

Systemic viral infections

↑ Bwaka, Mpia A.; Bonnet, Marie-José; Calain, Philippe; Colebunders, Robert; De Roo, Ann; Guimard, Yves; Katwiki, Kasongo R.; Kibadi, Kapay; Kipasa, Mungala A. (1999-02-01). "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical Observations in 103 Patients". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 (Supplement_1): S1–S7. doi:10.1086/514308. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988155.
↑ Ikegami, Tetsuro; Makino, Shinji (2011-05-06). "The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever". Viruses. 3 (5): 493–519. doi:10.3390/v3050493. PMC 3111045. PMID 21666766.
↑ "Dengue Eye Disease". The BMJ. 2017-07-06.
↑ Mehta, Salil; Jiandani, Prakash (September 2007). "Ocular features of hantavirus infection". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 55 (5): 378–380. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.33827. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 2636028. PMID 17699950.

Systemic bacterial infections

Gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum)
Brucellosis
Diphtheria
Lyme disease
Sepsis (bacterial metastatic endophthalmitis)
Tularemia
Leprosy (Hansen's disease)
Tuberculosis
Syphilis

Systemic protozoal infections

Systemic fungal infections

Candida albicans
Histoplasmosis
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcus
Metastatic fungal endophthalmitis
Actinomyces
Streptothrix

Systemic cestode and nematode infections

Chromosomal disorders and genetic syndromes

Cri-du chat syndrome
Schmid–Fraccaro syndrome
Turner's syndrome
Ring-D chromosome
Monosomy-G syndrome
Trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome, D-syndrome)
Trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome, E-syndrome)
Trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Deletion of long arm of chromosome 18
Deletion of chromosome 18
Ciliopathic genetic syndromes—A number of widely variant genetic disorders with occular phenotypes have been identified with genotypical ciliopathy.

Hematologic diseases

Anemia

Cardiovascular diseases

Cardiovascular diseases

Occlusive vascular disease (sudden)

Occlusive vascular disease (slow, progressive)

Venous occlusive disease

Thrombosis
Use of hormonal contraception

Endocarditis
Myxoma
Aortic arch syndrome (takayasu)
Pre-eclampsia (toxemia of pregnancy)
Thromboangiitis obliterans
Hereditary telangiectasia (Rendu–Osler–Weber syndrome)

Endocrine diseases

Gastrointestinal and nutritional disorders

Metabolic disorders

Musculoskeletal disease

Albright's disease (fibrous dysplasia of bone)
Apert syndrome
Conradi's syndrome
Craniofacial syndromes
Facial deformity syndromes
Muscular dystrophy disorders
Myasthenia gravis
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Paget's disease

Pulmonary diseases

Renal disease

Alport's syndrome
Azotemia (acute and chronic pyelonephritis)
Lowe's syndrome
Medullary cystic disease
Nephrotic syndrome (acute glomerulonephritis, diabetic kidney, system lupus erythematosus)
Renal transplantation
Wilms' tumor (nephroblastoma)

Neoplastic diseases with ocular metastases

Carcinoma and sites of primary lesions
Blood

Ovary or cervix
Testis or prostate

Skin

Melanoma

Gut

Thyroid

References

Pavan-Langston, Deborah (1990). Manual of Ocular Diagnosis and Therapy. Little, Brown and Company.

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[1] Bwaka, Mpia A.; Bonnet, Marie-José; Calain, Philippe; Colebunders, Robert; De Roo, Ann; Guimard, Yves; Katwiki, Kasongo R.; Kibadi, Kapay; Kipasa, Mungala A. (1999-02-01). "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Clinical Observations in 103 Patients". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 179 (Supplement_1): S1–S7. doi:10.1086/514308. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 9988155.

[2] Ikegami, Tetsuro; Makino, Shinji (2011-05-06). "The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever". Viruses. 3 (5): 493–519. doi:10.3390/v3050493. PMC 3111045. PMID 21666766.

[3] "Dengue Eye Disease". The BMJ. 2017-07-06.

[4] Mehta, Salil; Jiandani, Prakash (September 2007). "Ocular features of hantavirus infection". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 55 (5): 378–380. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.33827. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 2636028. PMID 17699950.

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