Oliva is a Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Malagasy and Czech surname meaning "olive".

Notable people with the surname include

• Achille Bonito Oliva (born 1939), Italian art critic
• Aythami Artiles Oliva (born 1986), Spanish footballer
• Carlos Oliva (born 1979), Honduran footballer
• Criss Oliva (1963–1993), American guitarist
• Edel Oliva (born 1965), Cuban race walker
• Erneido Oliva (1932–2020), Cuban-American army general
• Fernando Nicolas Oliva (born 1971), Argentine retired football player
• Fernan Perez de Oliva (c.1492–c.1530), Spanish writer
• Giovanni Paolo Oliva (1600–1681), Italian Jesuit priest
• Christian Oliva (born 1996), Uruguayan footballer
• Ignazio Oliva (17th century), Italian painter
• Isabel Flores de Oliva (1586–1617), Spanish-Peruvian saint
• Jared Oliva (born 1995), American baseball player
• Jay Oliva, American storyboard artist
• Jon Oliva (born 1960), American singer
• José Oliva (1971–1997), Dominican baseball player
• Juan Manuel Oliva (born 1960), Mexican politician
• L. Jay Oliva (1933–2014), American university president
• Mariana Díaz Oliva (born 1976), Argentine tennis player
• Mariana González Oliva (born 1976), Argentine retired field hockey player
• Mauricio Oliva (born 1951), Honduran politician
• Maximiliano Oliva (born 1990), Argentine footballer
• Patrizio Oliva (born 1959), Italian boxer
• Peter Oliva (born 1964), Canadian novelist
• Sergio Oliva (1941–2012), Cuban bodybuilder
• Tony Oliva (born 1938), Cuban baseball player
• Valentin Oliva (born 1998), Argentine singer-songwriter artistically known as Wos
• Vicente Pascual Oliva (died 1848), Spanish Franciscan missionary
• Viktor Oliva (1861–1928), Czech painter

Fictional characters

• Biscuit Oliva, a character from Baki the Grappler