Onehunga
Suburb
Onehunga Mall viewed from near the southern end
Onehunga Mall viewed from near the southern end
Coordinates: 36°55′20″S 174°47′02″E / 36.9223°S 174.7838°E / -36.9223; 174.7838
CountryNew Zealand
CityAuckland
Local authorityAuckland Council
Electoral wardMaungakiekie-Tāmaki ward
Local boardMaungakiekie-Tāmaki Local Board
Board subdivisionMaungakiekie
Established1843 (European)
Area
[1]
 • Land570 ha (1,410 acres)
Population
 (June 2022)[2]
 • Total12,590
Train stationsOnehunga railway station
Royal Oak One Tree Hill Oranga
Hillsborough
Onehunga
 Te Papapa
(Manukau Harbour) (Manukau Harbour), Māngere Bridge (Manukau Harbour)

Onehunga is a suburb of Auckland in New Zealand and the location of the Port of Onehunga, the city's small port on the Manukau Harbour. It is eight kilometres (five miles) south of the city centre, close to the volcanic cone of Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill.

Onehunga is a residential and light-industrial suburb. There are almost 1,000 commercial and industrial businesses in the area.[3] Onehunga stretches south from Royal Oak to the northern shore of the Manukau Harbour. To the east are the areas of Oranga and Te Papapa; to the west, Hillsborough. On the southern shore of the Manukau Harbour, and linked to Onehunga by two bridges, is the suburb of Māngere Bridge.

Geography

Onehunga lies on the Auckland isthmus, on the northern shore of Mangere Inlet, an arm of the Manukau Harbour, and just south of the volcanic cone of Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill. The Port of Onehunga, on Manukau Harbour, is now much smaller than Auckland's east coast port on the Waitematā Harbour, but in the 19th century it was the larger. The wharves are located on reclaimed land bordering a low volcanic crater called Te Hopua, once occupied by a tidal lagoon opening to the southwest, but which has also been reclaimed.[4]

Onehunga's southwestern side, near the Manukau Harbour, lost its direct waterfront access when the Southwest Motorway was built there in the 1970s. Only a tidal lagoon remains on the city side, though in 2008, there were proposals that the motorway (which was to be widened) could be sunk into a trench to provide direct access to the harbour again.[5] In 2013, a project was underway to restore the Onehunga foreshore,[6] to be connected to the city-side park by a pedestrian and cycle bridge over State Highway 20.

A substantial aquifer flows underground beneath Onehunga, fed by rainwater soaking through the lava flows around Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill. Up to 21 million litres of potable water a day is pumped from the Onehunga aquifer and treated in a local plant before being supplied to Onehunga as part of the Auckland water supply network.[7] While most of Auckland's potable water comes from reservoirs in the Hunua and Waitākere Ranges, or from the Waikato River, the Onehunga aquifer provides around 5%. In contrast, while the isthmus's other major aquifer, the Western Springs aquifer, is also fed by water seeping through lava fields, it is no longer used as a source of potable water.

History

Etymology

The name Onehunga is from the Māori language and means a "beach composed of mixed sand and mud" or "alluvial soil", according to Williams's Dictionary of the Maori Language.[8]

Claims have been made for other names and meanings. Ethnographer George Graham was told by one Māori informant that the name was Ōnehunga, with the etymology of ō (the place of) nehunga (burial), but Graham said that was later contradicted.[9][10] He said that the name was actually Oneunga (Oneūnga in modern orthography), meaning one (beach or sand) ūnga (landing), in reference to canoes being drawn up there. He also said that Onehunga meant "friable" or "pulverous soil" and that this was "a very correct name".[11]

The New Zealand Geographic Board approved Onehunga as the official name in 2019.[12][13]

Māori origins

Onehunga was close to one of the richest areas of the Auckland isthmus, and saw many battles between Māori groups in pre-European times.[3] In the late 1830s, before Europeans arrived in larger numbers in the area, it was the main settlement for Ngāti Whātua, who had moved back to the northern shore of the Manukau Harbour after retreating to the Waikato during the Musket Wars.[14]

Early European town

1859 map of Onehunga and nearby volcanoes
Photo of Onehunga before urbanisation

The European village of Onehunga was founded as a Fencible settlement by Governor Grey. The Fencibles were former soldiers, many of them Irish, who were granted land to settle on, with the implied understanding that if Māori threatened the Auckland isthmus, they would defend it.[14] Onehunga was the first village for Fencibles in New Zealand. Grey chose the site in 1846[15] and the Fencibles arrived in 1847.[16]

European settlement of the Manukau Harbour area was begun from and long focused on Onehunga. When the New Zealand Wars later occurred, it was mostly fought with regular soldiers rather than Fencibles.[14] Naval volunteers based at Onehunga raided Māori territories on the south side of the harbour during the wars.[17]

During the 19th century most shipping between New Zealand and Great Britain came to Onehunga, via South Africa and Australia. While some shipping entered the Waitematā Harbour and docked at Auckland, much of it entered the Manukau Heads and docked at Onehunga, thus saving several days sailing around North Cape.[14] The Manukau Harbour was treacherous however (as evidenced by the sinking of HMS Orpheus in 1863, killing 180 people) but the coastal Steamship lines carried virtually all passenger and freight trade between Auckland and Wellington via Wanganui and Onehunga.

Onehunga was also the main route to and from the south, as most shipping routes were shorter via the western coast of the North Island than around the east coast to the Waitematā Harbour. Until 1908 a steamer from Onehunga was the fastest means of travel from Auckland to Wellington, the capital of the colony (initially the sea journey went all the way, then later it connected to the New Plymouth Express instead).[14][18] In 1909 a typical coastal freight connection was a steamer from Onehunga to locations such as Raglan, Kawhia and Waitara.[19] Onehunga was the Northern Steamship's base for serving the west coast, including also Āwhitu, Hokianga and Waiuku.[20]

By the First World War Onehunga was no longer an important commercial port, this was partly because of a general increase in the size of ships, which meant the Waitematā Harbour was favoured especially as it was wider and deeper. More significant however was the completion of the North Island Main Trunk railway in 1908 – this effectively made the coastal passenger and freight steamship trade on both coasts of the country largely unprofitable. The port does still serve coastal traders and some local fishing, there is also a cement and sand company which maintains facilities at Onehunga.[21]

In 1874, the town of Onehunga had 2,044 inhabitants, compared with Wellington's 10,547, reflecting the importance of the smaller port towns during an age when New Zealand was booming, but internal transport links were still rudimentary.[22] In 1876, Onehunga was declared a borough with a mayor and 16 councillors.[14]

From 1883, until around 1903 when it was partially demolished, the Onehunga Ironworks was situated in the town.[23][24] It operated until around 1895.[25] The ironworks was located opposite the original Onehunga railway station.[24] Its chimney and some structures survived into the late 1960s.[26]

From 1885, the town became known for its wool industry (several firms maintained factories here including one which produced blankets). This weaving industry saved the area from more serious decline when the shipping trade reduced after 1908. As the centre of the Auckland isthmus became covered by suburban developments the Onehunga foreshore became an attraction for families from Mount Eden, Epsom and One Tree Hill. The beach at Onehunga became popular after the electric tram route was completed in 1906 and the Tea Rooms situated at the tram terminus, overlooking the harbour were an attraction in their own right.

After the Municipal Abattoir was relocated from Freeman's Bay to Westfield and Southdown, Onehunga started to suffer from the toxic discharges the freezing works pumped into the harbour.[14] This effectively put an end to Onehunga's emerging role as a seaside resort and also made it a less attractive place to live. By the late 1930s the water quality of the harbour was poor, with a discernible downturn in fish and wildlife numbers. It became unsafe to eat any shellfish for example and fish numbers dwindled. The installation of a large sewerage treatment plant in the harbour in the 1960s only made things worse. Since the decommissioning of the freezing works at Westfield and Southdown and a redesign of the Manukau Sewerage Treatment Works, the quality of the water has increased significantly.

In 1893, Elizabeth Yates became mayor of Onehunga. While she was defeated at the polls only one year later, she was the first woman in the British Empire to hold such a post.[27]

Merging with Auckland

While in 1891 Onehunga was one of the "25 most populous urban areas/towns of New Zealand", with about 5,000 inhabitants,[28] by the First World War it had ceased to be a port of importance. It gained a new role as a shopping and service centre as it was engulfed by the suburban development of Auckland, and was amalgamated with Auckland City in 1989.

Onehunga had for a short time Auckland's first zoo. However, the zoological garden that John James Boyd created near today's Royal Oak did not meet with local approval – mainly due to concerns about the smells and crowds. Eleven years after its November 1911[29] opening, the animals were bought and transferred to the new Auckland Zoo at Western Springs.[30]

Although the area was a predominantly working-class suburb for much of the 20th century, it has undergone some gentrification since the 1990s.[31] In recent times, many of the bungalows of the 1920s (along with the earlier villas) have undergone restoration and Dress Smart has reinvigorated commerce in the area. Secondary schools located conveniently are Onehunga High School, One Tree Hill College and Marcellin College. Some boys also attend St Peter's College.[32]

The hit TV show Back of the Y was filmed in 'Auckland's beautiful Onehunga'.

Local government

Onehunga had its own local government authority, Onehunga Borough Council, which started in 1877. It merged into Auckland City Council in 1989. All of Auckland's councils amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.

Mayors of Onehunga Borough Council

  • John Dickenson Jackson, 1877–1877
  • James William Waller, 1877–1878
  • Thomas Geroge Blakey, 1878–1879
  • George Codlin, 1879–1880
  • Thomas Geroge Blakey, 1880–1881
  • George Codlin, 1881–1883
  • Dr. William George Scott, 1883–1884
  • John Dickenson Jackson, 1884–1885
  • Dr. William George Scott, 1885–1886
  • Dr. William Robert Close Erson, 1886–1887
  • Charles Colville Fleming, 1887–1888
  • Captain Michael Yates, 1888–1892
  • Dr. William Robert Close Erson, 1892–1893
  • Elizabeth Yates, 1893–1894
  • Donald Alexander Sutherland, 1894–1897
  • Frederick William Court, 1897–1898
  • Dr. William Robert Close Erson, 1898–1901
  • Donald Alexander Sutherland, 1901–1904
  • Angus William Gordon, 1905–1905
  • John Rowe, 1906–1917
  • John James Boyd, 1917–1917
  • John Stoupe, 1917–1919
  • John Park, 1919–1923
  • James Edward Cowell, 1923–1927
  • William Charles Coldicutt, 1927–1929
  • Edward Morton, 1929–1935
  • John Park, 1935–1938
  • Archer Garside, 1944–1959
  • Leon Abraham Manning, 1959–1968
  • Thomas Victor Gerrard Beeson, 1968–1974
  • Leon Abraham Manning, 1974–1980
  • John Lawrence Henderson, 1980–1986
  • Graham Johnson Mountjoy, 1986–1989

Demographics

Onehunga comprises four statistical areas. Onehunga West, North and Central are primarily residential/commercial. Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial is primarily industrial.

Individual statistical areas
NameArea
(km2)		PopulationDensity
(per km2)		HouseholdsMedian ageMedian
income
Onehunga West1.133,8553,4121,30536.0 years$42,000[33]
Onehunga North0.773,7984,9321,33234.4 years$39,900[34]
Onehunga Central0.863,2493,7781,27236.8 years$39,100[35]
Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial2.9487029636936.0 years$38,300[36]
New Zealand37.4 years$31,800

Residential area

The residential/commercial area of Onehunga covers 2.75 km2 (1.06 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 11,370 as of June 2022,[2] with a population density of 4,135 people per km2.

Historical population for the residential areas
YearPop.±% p.a.
20069,618—    
201310,209+0.86%
201810,902+1.32%
Source: [37]

The residential area had a population of 10,902 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 693 people (6.8%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 1,284 people (13.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 3,909 households, comprising 5,397 males and 5,505 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.98 males per female, with 2,007 people (18.4%) aged under 15 years, 2,283 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 5,469 (50.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 1,143 (10.5%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 57.0% European/Pākehā, 10.4% Māori, 16.3% Pacific peoples, 26.9% Asian, and 3.6% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 37.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 43.9% had no religion, 39.1% were Christian, 0.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 5.2% were Hindu, 2.2% were Muslim, 1.8% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 3,324 (37.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 1,041 (11.7%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,166 people (24.4%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 5,142 (57.8%) people were employed full-time, 1,143 (12.8%) were part-time, and 333 (3.7%) were unemployed.[37]

Industrial area

Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial covers 2.94 km2 (1.14 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 1,220 as of June 2022,[2] with a population density of 415 people per km2.

Historical population for the industrial area
YearPop.±% p.a.
2006618—    
2013840+4.48%
2018870+0.70%
Source: [38]

Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial had a population of 870 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 30 people (3.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 252 people (40.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 369 households, comprising 435 males and 432 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.01 males per female. The median age was 36.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 114 people (13.1%) aged under 15 years, 204 (23.4%) aged 15 to 29, 441 (50.7%) aged 30 to 64, and 108 (12.4%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 53.1% European/Pākehā, 14.5% Māori, 13.8% Pacific peoples, 28.3% Asian, and 5.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 44.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 41.0% had no religion, 41.0% were Christian, 0.3% had Māori religious beliefs, 4.8% were Hindu, 3.4% were Muslim, 2.8% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 210 (27.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 96 (12.7%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $38,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 141 people (18.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 441 (58.3%) people were employed full-time, 72 (9.5%) were part-time, and 42 (5.6%) were unemployed.[38]

Foreshore

The current (2009) foreshore, dominated by man-made breakwaters and thus relatively inhospitable

Onehunga's shore is heavily modified by human use. The old volcanic basin that used to link to the Manukau Harbour was filled in, with shorelines reclaimed and straightened for human use (Port of Onehunga, industrial uses and sports fields). The New Zealand State Highway 20 extension further disrupted Onehunga's connection to the shore in the 1970s.[39]

This loss of amenity and space was one of the major complaints of local groups during negotiations over further motorway widening connected to the Māngere Bridge duplication. Proponents of a restored beach eventually won a $18 million commitment from Transit New Zealand (now NZ Transport Agency), which was topped up by a further $10 million from Auckland City Council. The sum is to fund a large-scale new shoreline west of the motorway, connected to downtown Onehunga with new pedestrian/cyclebridges, and creating 11ha of new beach and headland landscape. Three designs out of seven initial competitors have been shortlisted for further work as of late 2009, and it is hoped to complete the restoration of the foreshore by mid-2014.[40]

In mid-2011, the plans for the restoration works were clarified further, and provided for public comment, setting out a 6.4-hectare (16-acre) reclamation area with sanded beaches, new green open space and several new headlands. The area is to receive a new boat ramp, and walk and cycleways including a new walking and cycling bridge over the motorway to Onehunga. Construction has started on 19 November 2012.[39]

The newly-named Taumanu Reserve was officially opened to the public on 14 November 2015, in an event attended by over a thousand people.[41]

Transport

Onehunga Line rail services carry passengers between Onehunga railway station and central Auckland's Britomart Transport Centre along the Onehunga Branch line to a junction with the main line at Penrose station. The Campaign for Better Transport campaigned to have the line extended south from Onehunga across the SH20 Manukau Harbour second crossing bridge to Auckland Airport. Former Auckland Mayor Len Brown also campaigned for this Auckland Airport Line, though it will likely only be developed after the City Rail Link is completed.

Electric services began running between Britomart and Onehunga on 28 April 2014.[42]

Queen St, named after Queen Victoria, led onto the 1920s Māngere Bridge and thence to the suburb of the same name. This was one of the main land routes south out of Auckland and the usual route to the airport until the motorway and regional road system in the 1970s diverted the through traffic away from the Onehunga and Mangere Bridge.

In 1973, Queen St was closed to through traffic, and on 2 April 1973 was renamed Onehunga Mall and reopened as a pedestrian shopping precinct. In 1996, Onehunga Mall was reopened to traffic.[43][44]

Until 1956, a tram line ran all the way from the Auckland CBD to Onehunga.[14]

In 2021 there was a push by the Maungakiekie-Tāmaki Local Board to establish low traffic neighbourhoods[45] keeping through-traffic on the main roads. It adds temporary traffic filtering and interim pocket parks to a residential area of Onehunga, in order to redirect traffic to the arterials, and create quieter local streets. The trail was stop in May 2021[46] after serious concerns to public safety after vandalism and disruption at the project site form local residents that felt the disruption to traffic was intolerable.

Notable buildings

Onehunga Mall, the main street of the Onehunga town centre
The former post office
  • Former Post Office, 1902 John Campbell Government Architect. Princes Street & Onehunga Mall. One of the earliest examples of the work of this prolific architect.
  • Anglican Church of St Peter, Onehunga Mall & Church Sts. The Selwyn church built in 1848 has been relocated.[47] The existing building dates from the 1980s and incorporates a gothic revival tower from the 1930s. The churchyard contains the graves of many of Onehunga's early settlers and some of the dead from the Wreck of the Orpheus.
  • The Carnegie Free Library in Princes Street opened in 1912. It was one of eighteen in New Zealand built with funds from the American philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. Its services were eventually absorbed into the public library system and the building has recently been renovated as a restaurant.
  • Church of the Assumption at the corner of Church & Galway Streets. A Roman Catholic church of 1889, the architect Thomas Mahoney. Once standing in open countryside this is a handsome example of a masonry Gothic church. The cemetery contains the graves of many of Onehunga's early settlers.
  • Scoria Blockhouse – 19 Princes Street. A 19th century scoria building used during the Land wars of the 1860s, possibly as a hospital. Once part of the Jandells factory.
  • The Landing – 2 Onehunga Harbour Rd. This 19th Century Pub once stood on one of the busiest waterfronts in the country. It is virtually the sole survivor of the period when Onehunga was an important port for coastal shipping in New Zealand as well as commerce with Australia. In the 19th century most of the shipping came from Great Britain via Cape Town & Melbourne and came to either Wellington or here to Onehunga.
  • War Memorial Arch, Jellicoe Park, Quadrant Road & Grey Street. Opened in 1923 by the Governor General, Lord Jellicoe, Jellicoe Park is the site of Onehunga's Public Swimming Pools. Near the War Memorial Arch is located the splendid John Park Memorial Fountain which is illuminated on special occasions.

Also in Jellicoe Park is a collection of buildings illustrating the early history of the area:

  • The Blockhouse in 1859, a brick building relocated from Princes St.
  • Journeys End a replica of a wooden 1850 house, relocated here in 1968,
  • Laishley House in 1859, relocated from Princes St in 1985,
  • Selwyn St Settlers Cottage in 1850.

Across Grey Street from the park is

  • St Peter's Scout Den. This is the 1848 Selwyn Church, relocated here in 1980.

Nearby in Selwyn Street is

  • The former Onehunga Primary School 1901, now a community centre this building has been recently restored.

In Alfred Street is

Commerce

Dress Smart Auckland opened in Onehunga in 1995,[48] and expanded in 2005.[49] It now covers an area of 13,217 m², with up to 101 tenancies and 735 carparks.[48]

Education

Onehunga High School is a secondary school (years 9–13) with a roll of 989 students.[50]

Onehunga Primary School is a contributing primary school (years 1–6) with a roll of 401 students.[51]

St Joseph's Catholic School is a state-integrated full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 178 students.[52]

Golden Grove School is a private Montessori full primary school (years 1–8) with a roll of 49 students.[53]

All these schools are coeducational. Rolls are as of April 2023.[54]

Sport

Onehunga is home to Onehunga Sports who compete in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier.

Notable people

References

  1. 1 2 3 "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 Discover Onehunga (from the 'onehunga.net.nz' website. Accessed 2008-02-10)
  4. ↑ Searle, Ernest J. (1964). City of Volcanoes: A geology of Auckland. ISBN 0-582-71784-1.
  5. ↑ Dearnaley, Matthew (1 October 2008). "Preparatory work starts on Onehunga duplication". The New Zealand Herald. p. A7. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  6. ↑ Thompson, Wayne (19 November 2012). "Work begins on Onehunga's $28m harbourside parkland". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
  7. ↑ "Groundwater and springs". Watercare. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  8. ↑ Williams, Herbert W. (1971). "One". A Dictionary of the Maori Language (7th ed.). Wellington: A. R. Shearer, Government Printer.
  9. ↑ Simmons, D. R. (1979). "George Graham's Maori Place Names of Auckland". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 16: 20. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906272. Wikidata Q58677091.
  10. ↑ Reed, A. W.; Dowling, Peter (2016). Maori Place Names: Their Meanings and Origins (4th ed.). Oratia, Auckland: Oratia Books. p. 75.
  11. ↑ Graham, George; Simmons, D. R. (1979). ""Maori Place Names" by George Graham". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 16: 4. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906271. Wikidata Q58677089.
  12. ↑ "Onehunga". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  13. ↑ New Zealand Geographic Board (21 June 2019). "Notice of Approved Official Geographic Names". New Zealand Gazette. New Zealand Gazette Office. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Auckland: Soldiers of fortune". The New Zealand Herald. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
  15. ↑ "The history of the grotto". The Onehunga Grotto. 21 April 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  16. ↑ Duffy, Merv (2 May 2017). "More on the Fencibles (2)". Marist Messenger. Retrieved 26 February 2020.
  17. ↑ Bowen, Frederick Ernest (1966). "Manukau Harbour: European settlement". In McLintock, A.H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 26 February 2020 – via Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
  18. ↑ The era of steam – Saving time (from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-03-10.)
  19. ↑ Page 4 Advertisements Column 2 (from the Hawera & Normanby Star, volume LVIII, issue LVIII, 26 January 1910, via the National Library website. Accessed 2008-03-10.)
  20. ↑ "Northern Steamship Co., Ltd". New Zealand Herald. 15 November 1913. Retrieved 1 December 2022 – via paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
  21. ↑ "POAL – Our Story".
  22. ↑ New Zealand Historical Atlas – McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); David Bateman, 1997, Plate 53
  23. ↑ "The Onehunga Iron Works". Colonist. Vol. XXVI, no. 3766. 1 May 1883. p. 4. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
  24. 1 2 "Sales By Auction". New Zealand Herald. Vol. XL, no. 12165. 1 October 1903. p. 8. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via paperspast.natlib.govt.nz.
  25. ↑ "THE TARIFF COMMISSION". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. OTAGO DAILY TIMES, ISSUE 10453. 31 August 1895. p. 2. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  26. ↑ Diamond, John Thomas (July 1968). "Photograph: Old iron works, Onehunga". kura.aucklandlibraries.govt.nz. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  27. ↑ Mogford, Janice C. "Yates, Elizabeth 1840–1848?–1918". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  28. ↑ New Zealand Historical Atlas – McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); David Bateman, 1997, Plate 65
  29. ↑ Truttman, Lisa J. "J. J. Boyd's Royal Oak Zoo". Retrieved 2 September 2012.
  30. ↑ How it all began... (from the Auckland Zoo website. Accessed 2008-03-10.)
  31. ↑ South-Eastern Suburbs: Industrial Heartland (from Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2011-03-31.)
  32. ↑ When the Onehunga suburban line reopened in 2010, there were St Peter's boys on the first trains: Matthew Dearnaley (21 September 2010). "Rail link puts fun back into getting to school". The New Zealand Herald.
  33. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Onehunga West
  34. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Onehunga North
  35. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Onehunga Central
  36. ↑ 2018 Census place summary: Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial
  37. 1 2 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Onehunga West (144100), Onehunga North (144300) and Onehunga Central (145000).
  38. 1 2 "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Onehunga-Te Papapa Industrial (145500).
  39. 1 2 "Onehunga Foreshore". Our Auckland. Auckland Council. July 2011. p. 4.
  40. ↑ Dearnaley, Mathew (29 December 2009). "$28m to rejuvenate Onehunga Bay". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 20 March 2010.
  41. ↑ "Great turnout for Onehunga foreshore opening". 16 November 2015. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
  42. ↑ "'Stunning' electric trains launched – but soon face delays". The New Zealand Herald. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2016.
  43. ↑ "Discover Onehunga's Rich History". Onehunga Business Association. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  44. ↑ "Famous Firsts in Onehunga". Onehunga Business Association. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  45. ↑ "Low-traffic neighbourhoods: which way for Arthur-Grey?". Greater Auckland. 10 May 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  46. ↑ "Arthur Grey Low Traffic Area". AK Have Your Say. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  47. ↑ Knight, Cyril Roy. (1972). The Selwyn churches of Auckland. Wellington [N.Z.]: A.H. & A.W. Reed. p. 28. ISBN 0-589-00705-X. OCLC 596619.
  48. 1 2 Steeman, Marta (18 October 2019). "Australian property giant Lendlease to sell two big Dress Smart outlets, Dunedin mall". stuff.co.nz.
  49. ↑ "Dress-Smart Expansions Near Completion". Dress Smart. 18 October 2005.
  50. ↑ Education Counts: Onehunga High School
  51. ↑ Education Counts: Onehunga Primary School
  52. ↑ Education Counts: St Joseph's Catholic School
  53. ↑ Education Counts: Golden Grove School
  54. ↑ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  55. ↑ Stenson, Marcia (1996). "Morrison, Annie Christina". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 September 2023.
  • The Lively Capital, Auckland 1840–1865. Una Platts. Avon Fine Prints Limited New Zealand 1971.
  • Onehunga Art & Heritage Walks, Onehunga Mainstreet Programme 2003.
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