Yoruba Ife bronze casting of a King, Nigeria c. 1300
Ife bronze casting of a King, dated around twelfth century
Drummers at Ooni's Palace
A picture of an imagined Oduduwa sculpture at the Ooni of Ife palace

The Ooni of Ile-Ife (Ọọ̀ni of Ilè-Ifẹ̀) is the traditional ruler of Ilé-Ifẹ̀ and the spiritual head of the Yoruba people. The Ooni dynasty existed before the reign of Oduduwa which historians have argued to have been between the 7th-9th centuries A.D.

After the demise of Oduduwa and Ogun’s loss of the throne, Oduduwa's support base dispersed out of Ile-Ife. Another account but not in tandem with existing evidences states that Ogun purposely sent all Oduduwa's children on different journeys to effect Yoruba territory expansion.

Whatever the case, after Oduduwa’s short reign, Ọbàtálá re-emerged as the king of Ile-Ife and the throne was rotated between Obatala and Obalufon houses until the return of Oranmiyan who briefly interrupted the succession pattern. Popular history as associated Ooni Lajamisan with Oranmiyan as his son. However, Ife tradition shows that Lajamisan was indeed a descent of Oranfe lineage. Nevertheless, Lajamisan is often said to have opened the modern Ife history.

Prior to the 20th century, the succession pattern of the Ooni was fluid. However, with the modernity that came with colonialism, the succession pattern was structured to the existing four actual Ruling Houses[1] are named from Ooni Lafogido, Ooni Osinkola, Ooni Ogboru and Ooni Giesi. The structure has been heavily critiqued for being influenced by politics, personal vendetta and obfuscation of history. For instance, while the first three were said to have been sons of Ooni Lajodogun, certain figures regarded as siblings of Ogboru have either been completely excluded or subsumed. The current Ooni is Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II (born October 17, 1974).

Various authors have various lists

The primary sources for the history of the Yoruba are from oral tradition. The oral traditions of Ile-Ife indicate that Oranfe was an Olofin and likewise Obatala who is credited with the ownership of the Are (the Ife crown). Since there were not ceremonial recitations of the list of the Oonis (at burial or at crowning), there are in fact several oral traditions, that have generated an unusual number of different written transcriptions. In what follows, #nn is the index of the Ooni in the A list (see table, column LA). Nevertheless, the existing literature have excised Oranfe and Obatala from the lists of the rulers of Ile-Ife.

Books and research papers

  1. Ojo Bada 1954[2] quotes 15 names for the Oduduwa to Lajamisan period.[3][4] See column 5.
  2. Chief Fabunmi 1975 quotes 7 names for the same period.[3] See column 6. Chief Fabunmi is known for his Historical notes.[5]
  3. Chief Fasogbon 1976 quotes 12 names for this period.[3] See column 7.
  4. Chief Awosemo 1985 quotes 22 names from Oduduwa to Giesi.[3] See column 8.
  5. Eluyemi 1986 quotes 41 names from Oduduwa to nowadays.[3] See column 9.

Sources for the 50 items A list

  1. Awoyinfa, Dele, 1992 [6][7] pages 30–35.
  2. Prince L. A. Adetunji 1999,[8] pages 70–77. The prince, from the Giesi family, was one of the contenders for the 2015 designation.[9] See column LA.

Sources for the 50 items B list

  1. Ologundu 2008,[10][11] pages 58–59. Lists 48 names, that are the B list, except from Obalufon Alayemore (#5) and Aworokolokin (#12). Moreover, Osinkola (#18) is at #25 (strange place)
    Araba Adedayo Ologundu was a native of Ile-Ife, Nigeria. See column Og.
  2. Lawal 2000,[12] page 21 (nevertheless, this book is Google described as a 19 pages book !). See column LB.

Web sources

  1. Source 2015.[13]
  2. Leadership.ng 2015.,[14] 2015. No references are given. One typo: Ademiluyi Ajagun (1930-19800).[15]
  3. Ooni Ojaja II web site,[16] 2016 quotes 51 names. Same as list B, differs only by the diacritics. No references are given. This list was already in use before 2015.

Influence on king making

The filling of the stool of a deceased Ooni of Ife is not a simple local affair as it may seem but has national ramifications. Since Ife is regarded as the cradle of the Yoruba, this town has always been the leading religious center of the Yoruba people. But other roles are also involved. Especially, the Ooni of Ife is often presented as the highest ranked Oba or, even more, as the natural chairman of the Council of Yoruba Chiefs.[17] The rules to fill a vacant stool are the Chiefs Law Cap 25 Laws of Osun State (modified 2002).[18] And the Declaration made in 1980 by the traditional Chiefs under Section 4(2) of this Chief Law. In 1957, the former Declaration recognised four ruling houses and established the following order of rotation:

  1. The Oshinkola House, Iremo (present) [as of 1957]
  2. The Ogboru House, Ilare
  3. The Giesi House, More
  4. The Lafogido House, Okerewe

In 1977, references to locations in Ife were suppressed. And the January 1980 Declaration confirmed everything just before the death of Adesoji Aderemi.[18] These families are tagged in column desc, as sourced from Vanguard[19] for Lafog, Osink, Ogbor, Giesi. And Newz[20] for the rest. (Both sources don't give their own sources).

In 2015, it was the turn of the Giesi Family, as confirmed by the Ife kingmakers.[21] Nevertheless:

  • Olakunle Aderemi (leader of Osinkola) said that, despite having produced Adesoji Aderemi (1930-1980), Osinkola house deserved to produce the new King because the family produced the fewest of the Ooni among the four ruling houses. Ife Chieftaincy Declaration of 1980 technically throws open the contest for filling the stool of Ooni, he added.[22]
  • The Lafogido house went to court, describing the Chieftaincy Declaration as unfair. Lafogido house had been constantly marginalized in chieftaincy reviews in Ife since 1957 they said.[23] 14 Oonis have been enthroned from Lajodogun and only 8 from Lafogido ruling house they added.[24]
  • Adetowo Aderemi (of Osinkola) got even further, faulting the 1957 and 1980 Ife Traditional Council Declarations, describing them as a fraud. That they are against the customary law of succession of the Ife people, he said. He also faulted the inclusion of Giesi Ruling House among eligible royal families to fill the stool of Ooni, saying that Giesi was only invited to complete the term of Ogboru, not being from the male lineage with right to the stool as the grandson of Ogboru.[25]

Finally, Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, from the Giesi house, was elected October 26, 2015.[26]

Avoiding original research when consolidating the various lists

Consolidation at the price of the diacritics

The Yoruba language is written nowadays with an alphabet that uses many diacritic signs. But this alphabet was not strictly codified before being integrated as one of the components of the modern Pan-Nigerian alphabet (1981). Like for the McCune–Reischauer system for Korean, many authors of the West have used this alphabet with some laziness, omitting many of the diacritics for various reasons, or even ignoring all of them. But, while poor romanizations of Korean can be fixed by comparing with the hangul/hanja original text, this cannot be done with the Yoruba oral sources of the past. The romanizations of the proper nouns became dependent the pronunciation of a specific speaker and the skill of a specific transcriber, leading to large variations in spelling. Some examples are (diacritics removed):

OjajiiLBEluyemi (x86)
OgunOgunOgun
Odidimode RogbeesinOdidimode Rogbesin
GboonijioGbodo-NijioGbodo-Nijio
OkanlajosinOkunlajosin-
AdegbaluAdegboluAdegbolu
LuwooLuwo (Female)Luwo (Female)
OjelokunbirinOje LokunsinrinOjee Lokunsinrin
LarunnkaLarinkaLarinka
Adegunle AdewelaAdegunle AbeweelaAbewela
DegbinsokunDegbin KumbusuDegbinna-okun
OrarigbaOrayigba OjajaOrayigbi

Also note that, in the aggregated table, differences that clearly come only from pronunciation have been ignored.

Consolidation at the price of the obvious discrepancies

Typographic issues

Printing fixes everything, even the typographic issues.

  1. The two printed quotations[3][4] of the printed Ojo Bada[2] have discrepancies: Otaataa=Otasasa, Arirereokewe=Arirekewe, Lajamusan=Lajamisan.
  2. When Awosemo 1985 (quoted by Sina Ojuade[3]) says Giesi before Ogboruu, this is probably a typo. Indeed, all other sources are saying that Ogboruu #23 was the maternal grand father of Giesi #24.
  3. The quotation of Ademakinwa[4] (p158) uses Kworokolokun: this is probably Aworokolokun.
  4. In column x86, Lagunja is repeated. How to correct ?
  5. Perhaps Ologundu 2008 ranging Osinkola #18 at place #25 is also a typo ?

Remaining discrepancies

  1. In list A, Lajamisan is ranked #11. This can be tracked to the 1973 Daily Sketch kinglist[4] (p158). This is strange since a list from start to Lajamisan should end by Lajamisan. Moving this one just before Otujabiojo #17 would synchronize the ordering of all the kinglists from Oduduwa to Lajamisan. This should be checked in detail.
  2. While list A sources put both Aworokolokin and Ajuimuda Ekun before Lajamisan, most of the list B sources are saying that Aworokolokin, Ajuimuda and Ekun were three descendants of Lajodoogun. We can only underline the discrepancy. Moreover, Ologundu don't quote Aworokolokin at all in his lists. (green in the table).
  3. The same occurs with the only woman that became Ooni. Most of the time, she is quoted as "Luwoo Gbagida" #18 and placed before Lajodogun #19. But also as "Luwo (Female)" and placed after Giesi #24. (green in the table).
  4. Efon Ayioye #6 in Awoyinfa is quite surely the same person as "Ayioye" in Bada and Fasogbon. But they are not ranked the same by the sources relatively to Ajimuda Ekun #7. Perhaps this was the reason of the comment no matter how ripe the okra is, it cannot be older than itself.
  5. 9 names aren't part of list A or list B.

"At least, it can be said that the existence of numerous variants requires explanation, and an interpretation can be assessed according to how satisfactorily it accounts for their existence. The method might be described as one of reductio ad non absurdum."[27]

Aggregated list

LBOg8685767554LAdatenameNotesnickname [8]comments [8]
00000000Oranfe (Oramfe)Often regarded as the earliest ruler of Ile-Ife, otherwise known as UgbomekunOkanranjigbo, Onile inaThe ancestor of: Osangangan Obamakin (aka Obalufon Ogbogbodirin); Obalufon Alayemore; and Lajamisan
00000000ObatalaSucceeded Oranfe. He was an important ruler of Ile-Ife whose authority was challenged through an usurpationOlufe, Olofin Iwase, OseremagboDuring the conflict that followed the usurpation of his leadership, he was able to retain the support of the larger number of the 13 major hamlets of the Ugbomekun confederacy who were regarded as 'Elu Meje'. Nonetheless, he lost the support of the other hamlets to Oduduwa, the head of the usurpation group.
00000000OdùduwàRegarded as OlofinHe headed 6 groups out of the 13 major hamlets of the confederacy. Had a troubled and short reign. Was upstaged by Obatala.
111111111ObatalaSeized power at the fall of Oduduwa and re-emerged as the king of Ife. He began the unification process of the previously semi-autonomous hamlets. His strong alliance with Osangangan Obamakin led to the rotation of power between the groups headed by both of them respectively
222OgunCompeer of Oduduwa. A great warrior and hunter who attempted to seize power but was ousted by Ọbalùfọ̀n Ògbógbódirin a.k.a Osangangan Obamakin
44222222Ọbalùfọ̀n ÒgbógbódirinS Oranfe/OduduwaOsangangan Obamakin (Orunmakin)Possibly a son of Oduduwa or Oranfe. He lived and reigned for an unusually long period of time.
55333333Ọbalùfọ̀n AláyémọrẹS Obalufon IRegarded as the First Ooni and carried out the complete unification of Ile-Ife[28]Became the Ooni after his father's death while Oranmiyan was on sojourn or exile. Abdicated after a stiff confrontation with Oranmiyan who returned to Ile-Ife.
6544444Ọ̀raǹmíyaǹS OgunOdede=title ?A son of Ogun through a Lakange whom Oduduwa would later seize. Said to have lived between 1200 and 1300 A.D. Eweka, the Omo n'Oba of Benin, Ajaka and Sango the Alaafin of Oyo were his sons.
4.54.5Ọbalùfọ̀n AláyémọrẹOnigbomoreBack to the throne after Oranmiyan's death. Reigned at the same time as Dada, Alaafin of Oyo.
764.7Ayétise
5555Àwórókọ̀lọ̀kín
6445.55.5Lajuwa (usurper)Okoo olori-ko-yun-ajo (A king's wife, called olorì is forbidden to travel)Head messenger. Said to have usurped the throne at the death of Aworokolokin.
6766Ẹ̀fọ̀n AyíóyèOgbolaajuree (no matter how ripe the okra is, it cannot be older than itself).
556677Ajímúda Ẹkùn
88Láamórò ÒgìjánFrom Molodo compound, Ilode.
99Ọ̀sẹgànderùkùOseganderuku (He who turns the forest into dust).
679.5Otaran
81010Ọyẹ́Okukuyewu Ilode
81010.7Lamoro
87710127151111Lájẹ̀misìnSon of Aiyetise and descendant of Oranmiyan (How?) or Son of Oranfe according to traditions established in Oranfe house [29]Modern Ife history began with his reign which was unusually long.
79111212Lárọ́ọ̀káFrom Moore. Claimed to be a descendant of Ọ̀ranmiyan and Ancestor of Giẹsi. There is one common saying: Larooka built the town hall and Giẹsi constructed a support for it at the bottom.
1313ÒwódòFrom Okerewe, Ife.
8121414Arírere Ọ̀kínwẹ
91515ỌtaataaỌtaataa-kiranFrom Owodo. Alade yokun-saayo-lorun.
910131616LápelékeOro-wuye-oluku-eti
111416.2Oluwo
1717Otújàbíòjò(who scatters the market like rainfall)
91818Lúwo GbàgìdáAyare, AkọsulogbeFrom Owode compound, Okerewe. Descendant of Otaataa (#15). She was married to Chief Ọbalọran of Ilode and became the mother of Adekola Telu, the founder of Iwo town. Was the only woman Ooni. .
981919LájódogunS LajamisanFrom Igbodo, Okerewe. Descendant of Lajamisan.
2020LafogunFrom Igbodo. Descendant of Lajodoogun.
1098112121LáfogídoD_LajodogunFrom Igbodo. Descendant of Lajodoogun. Prominent among his children were: (1) Otutu biosun ? (2) Okiti #26.6 (3) Olojo Agbele #30 (4) Adagba #36.4 (5) Wunmọnijẹ #41 (6) Lugbade #26.7 (7) Lumobi #24.2 (8) Yeyelueko, mother of Singbunsin Yanningan ?
111021.01Odidimọdẹ RogbẹṣinD_Lajodogun
1221.02Àwórókọ̀lọ̀kínD_Lajodogun
131121.03ẸkunD_Lajodogun
141221.04AjímúdàD_Lajodogun
1221.1Luciro
1513101321.2Gboo ni jioD_Lajodogun
1614111421.4OkunlajosinD_Lajodogun
1715121521.6AdégbàlúD_Lajodogun
131621.8Odidi Egbesin
1814172222Ọ̀sińkọ́láD_LajodogunDescendant of Lajodoogun.
1822.2Lagbuja
1922.3Omoropo
1522.4Lagunja
191619212323ÒgbórúD_LajodogunDescendant of Lajodoogun. Ogboruu was deposed after reigning for 70 years. Six princes were appointed successively within a year and all died without completing the coronation. Finally, Ogboruu agreeded to bless Giesi, a son of his daughter Mọropo
201720222424Gíẹ̀síD_LajodogunMaternal grandson of Ogboruu
211824.1LuwoD Lafogido
221924.2LúmobiD of Lafogido
25221624.3LagunjaD_Lajodogun
26231724.4LarunkaD_Lajodogun
2724182024.6AdemiluD_Lajodogun
2524.8Ọ̀sińkọ́lá
2525AdéjinléDescendant of Owodo #13 and ancestor of Abeweela #42
2626ÀróganganlàgboFrom Akui.
24212126.3Ojee lokun binrinD_Lajodogun
282626.5ỌmọgbogboD_Lajodogun
30282426.6AdejinlẹD Lafogido
3432252727AríbiwọsọD LafogidoAribiwoso-lode-AkuiFrom Akui.
2828Ṣojuolu Ọ̀gbọnsẹ̀gbọndẹFrom Owodo compound.
2320222929Agbẹ̀dẹ̀gbẹdẹD_LajodogunDescendant of Giẹsi.
3129263030Ọlọ́jọ́D LafogidoAgbele-wojuorun-yanmongiFrom Okerewe.
323030.3OkitiD Lafogido
333130.6LúgbadéD Lafogido
3232Ajífadéseré
3333Otuko
3434Odidimọdẹ RogbẹṣinAncestor of Mọlodo, Awura and Lami (?,?,?)
2927233535Ajílà OòrùnD_LajodogunFrom Moore. Descendant of Agbedegbede #29
3533273135.5Ọ̀sinínladé Òtutùbiọ̀ṣunD LafogidoDescendant of Lafogido.
3636Abigboọla
363436.4ÀdàgbáD Lafogido
3735283737ÒjìgìdìríD_LajodogunLambuwa.From Akui ward, Ife.
383629381770−1800AkínmóyèróD LafogidoIriko dunle biojo (the mist cannot wet the ground like rain).
393730391800−1823GbániárèD_LajodogunGbadioro at x86From Ilare ward, Ife.
403831401823−1835GbégbáajéD_Lajodogun
413932411835−1839Wúnmọníjẹ̀D LafogidoWunmo-nije-soogunA descendant of Lafogido.
424033421839−1849Adégúnlẹ̀ AbewéiláD LafogidoAbewe-ila gberengedẹ (spread out like the leaf of the okra plant).He is said to have died at about 35 years of age.
434134431849−1878Degbin KùmbúsùD LafogidoThe first fall of Ife occurred during his reign in 1849.
444235441878−1880Ọ̀ráyẹ̀gbà ỌjajaD_LajodogunAyikiti-ninu-aran (rolls around in velvet fabric).Imposed by the Ibadan.
454336451880−1894Dérìn Ọlọ́gbénláD GiesiOoni-elect, who never came to be crowned at Ife before he died at Okeigbo. During his reign, the second fall of Ife occurred in 1882.
464437461894−1910Adélékàn Olúbòse ID OgboruEriogun, Akitikori, EbitikimopiriFirst Ooni to reign in Ile Ife after the end of Ekitiparapo war. The evacuation of Modakeke occurred during his reign.
474538471910−1910Adékọ́láD_LajodogunLawarikan, Agbejanla-bofa.From Akui. An Ooni-elect for only two months, June–July 1910.
484639481910−1930Ademiluyi AjagunD LafogidoHe was a descendant of Otutubiosun #31. During his reign the Modákẹ́kẹ́ people returned to Ifẹ̀ in 1921.
494740491930−1980Adesoji AderemiD OsinkolaAinla, Ọmọ Adekunbi IpetuFrom Akui. death=3/7/1980. Doubled as Governor of the Western Region of Nigeria. He was a descendant of Ojigidiri Lambuwa (#37)
504841501980−2015Olubuse IID OgboruGrandson of Adelekan Olubuse. death=28/7/2015. Communal clashes between Modakeke and Ife people was reignited during his reign.

Sijuade Olubuse II banned the sale of the Adetunji's book in ife town because it included a story pertaining to his grandfather Adélẹkàn Olúbùse, which he did not want publicized

51512015−Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja IID Giesi

Further reading

  • I. A. Akinjogbin (2002). Milestones and concepts in Yoruba history and culture: a key to understanding Yoruba history. Olu-Akin Publishers. p. 167. ISBN 9789763331392. (not read)

References

  1. ↑ "The Place Of Oranmiyan In The History Of Ile – Ife". Vanguard (Nigeria). 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  2. 1 2 Ojo, Bada of Shaki (1954). Iwe Itan Yoruba. Apa Kinni, Ibadan, 228 pages. Cited from Ojuade & Obayemi, not read directly.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 J Sina Ojuade (1992). "The issue of Oduduwa in Yoruba genesis: the myths and realities". Transafrican Journal of History. 21: 139–158. JSTOR 24520425. (p.154)
  4. 1 2 3 4 Ade Obayemi (June 1979). "Ancient Ile-Ife: Another Cultural Historical Reinterpretation". Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria. 9 (4): 151–185. JSTOR 41857206. (p.158)
  5. ↑ M. A. Fabunmi (1985). An Anthology of Historical Notes on Ife City. J. West Publications. p. 282. ISBN 9789781630170.
  6. ↑ Awoyinfa, Dele (1992). Ooni of Ife in Yoruba history. Lichfield Nigeria. p. 96. ISBN 9789783049871.
  7. ↑ "Awoyinfa, Dele". Worldcat. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
  8. 1 2 3 Prince L. A. Adetunji (1999). The Glory of Yoruba Nation. Lichfield Nigeria. p. 128. ISBN 9789783049871.
  9. ↑ "The Ooni has spiritual and physical powers". Vanguard (Nigeria). 2015-08-30. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  10. ↑ Ologundudu, Dayo (2008). The cradle of Yoruba culture. Center for Spoken Words. p. 206. ISBN 9780615220635.
  11. ↑ Searchworks. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Lawal, Ladun Kofoworola Owolade (2000). Ile-Ifẹ : the cradle of the Yoruba : with Oduduwa as their progenitor. Ikoyi, Lagos : Ayojide Enterprises. p. 19.
  13. ↑ http://ilfng.org/The-source.html, trustees= Chief Kemade Elugbaju, Hon. Rotimi Makinde, Dr. Akin Awofolaju, Dr. Ramon Adedoyin, Niyi Murele, Sen. Babajide Omoworare, Prince Adedamola Aderemi, Kehinde Awoyele, Prince Adeleke Ijiyode
  14. ↑ "Ooni Of Ife: Ademiluyi Family Set To Produce Successor". Leadership Newspaper. 2015-07-30. Retrieved July 30, 2015.
  15. ↑ "Ooni Ogun & The Obalades crown chiefs of Yoruba Land". Adebola Opaleye. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  16. ↑ "Past Ooni of Ife". Archived from the original on 2016-05-04. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  17. ↑ Olufemi Vaughan (2006). Nigerian Chiefs: Traditional Power in Modern Politics, 1890s-1990s. Rochester studies in African history and the diaspora. University Rochester Press. p. 168. ISBN 9781580462495.
  18. 1 2 Dr. Abiola Sanni. "Erring on the law to fill Ooni stool". Bar Alpha (Nigeria). Archived from the original on 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  19. ↑ "How Giesi Family Joined the Ruling Class". Vanguard (Nigeria). 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  20. ↑ "Names of Ife Ooni, from Oduduwa ascension". Archived from the original on 2016-05-07. Retrieved 2016-04-26.
  21. ↑ "Ife kingmakers narrow selection of Ooni to Giesi Family". Nigerian Tribune. 2015-09-14. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  22. ↑ "New Ooni: As expected, ruling houses have already started fighting". The Scoop (Nigeria). 2015-08-27. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  23. ↑ "Ooni Ogun & The Obalades crown chiefs of Yoruba Land". Dakingsman.com. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  24. ↑ "Ife kingmakers announce that Giesi would produce next Ooni; but one other family is heading to court". The Scoop (Nigeria). 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  25. ↑ "New Ooni: Bickering gets worse as Osinkola Ruling House distances self from rotation of crown". 2015-09-06. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  26. ↑ "Profile of Ogunwusi Ooni-elect". Vanguard (Nigeria). 2015-10-27. Retrieved 2016-04-21.
  27. ↑ R. C. C. Law (1973). "The Heritage of Oduduwa: Traditional History and Political Propaganda among the Yoruba". The Journal of African History. Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 207–222. doi:10.1017/s0021853700012524. JSTOR 180445. p.221.
  28. ↑ Suzanne, Blier (2014). "Kings, Crowns, and Rights of Succession: Obalufon Arts at Ife and other Yoruba Centers". The Art Bulletin. 67 (3).
  29. ↑ Akinjogbin, I. A. (1992). The Cradle of a Race: Ife from the Beginning to 1980. Port Harcourt: Sunray Publications Limited.
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