The Opportunities Party
AbbreviationTOP
LeaderVacant
General SecretaryHayden Cargo
Deputy LeaderNatalia Albert
FounderGareth Morgan
Founded4 November 2016 (2016-11-04)
Headquarters90 Crawford Street, Dunedin 9011
Youth wingYoung TOP[1]
IdeologyRadical centrism[2]
Political positionRadical centre[2]
Slogan"A Fresh Voice"[3]
MPs in the House of Representatives
0 / 120
Website
www.top.org.nz

The Opportunities Party (usually referred to as TOP) is a centrist political party in New Zealand.[4] It was founded in 2016 by economist and philanthropist Gareth Morgan. The party is based on the idea of evidence-based policy, with some 2023 policies including achieving a “fair tax system” by implementing a "tax switch" (including a tax-free threshold of $15,000) and implementing the "Teal Card" for young people, as well as specific investments for the city of Christchurch.[5]

The party received 2.4% of the party vote in the 2017 general election, after which Morgan resigned from the leadership. It received 1.5% of the party vote in the 2020 general election, and 2.2% of the party vote in the 2023 general election. The party won an elected office for the first time in the 2022 New Zealand local elections, with one member elected to the Featherston Community Board in the South Wairarapa District.

Policies and principles

For the 2023 New Zealand general election, the party's policies included:

Fiscal policy

Phase 1 (2023–2026)[6]

  • Restructure income tax to include a tax-free threshold on income up to $15,000, a 20% tax rate for income between $15,000 and $80,000, a 35% rate for income between $80,000 and $180,000, a 42% rate on income between $180,000 and $250,000, and a 45% rate for income beyond $250,000.
  • Introduce a land value tax (LVT) of 0.75% on urban residential land (excluding rural, conservation and Māori land) while offering to superannuants to defer payment until a change in ownership of their property. This tax is designed to decrease land speculation, offset the cuts in income tax, and shift the burden of taxation from productive work to land ownership.
  • Remove unfair constraints on benefits, such as relationship status determining benefit allowances.
  • Increase income support for people with disabilities by $400 million and streamline the process of accessing that support.
  • Cancel debt owed to the Ministry of Social Development.
  • Extend the In-Work Tax Credit to all children of low-income families ($500 million).

Phase 2 (2026 onwards)[7]

  • Replace the Jobseeker Support with a universal basic income (UBI) of $16,500 per year for all adults between the ages of 18 and 65; and to the parents of children under 18, an additional UBI of $2,340.
  • Simplify the personal, company, and trust income tax rates to a single 35% flat tax rate.
  • Increase the land value tax rate to 1.25%.

Housing policy[8]

  • Remove the current Bright Line Test and allow tax deductibility of interest for landlords, which is replaced by the land value tax.
  • Require a deposit of 100% of the value of an existing home when purchased for investment purposes.
  • Return the GST on new residential builds back to the local councils to fund further infrastructure development.
  • Establish a $3 billion development fund for Community Housing Associations with the goal of clearing the public housing waiting list within its first 3 years of operation.
  • Support more urban densification for central cities and transit nodes. Councils will be required to demonstrate that they have enough land zoned for new residential housing in line with the NPS-UD and MDRS.

Climate and Environment policy[9]

  • Support the shift to public transport, e-bikes and electric vehicles through targeted subsidies, more affordable fares and long-term investment.
  • Support a rapid introduction of the National Adaptation Plan.
  • Support the preservation of local ecosystems.
  • Support farming initiatives such as planting riverbanks and erosion-prone land.

Teal Card policy[10]

The Teal Card is aimed towards New Zealand Citizens and Residents under 30.

  • Fully-funded public transport.
  • Fully-funded healthcare.
  • Universal Savings Boost which is paired with a National Civic Service programme.

Public Services policy[11]

The Party introduced its first batch of Public Service policies for the 2023 General Election, starting with Health on 16 August 2023.[12] [13]

Health

  • Strengthen workforce retention of all healthcare workers by ensuring they have fair liveable wages and safer hour rosters.
  • Increase placements at medical, nursing and dentistry schools.
  • Introduce an accelerated post-graduate medical programme for people who have completed clinical or science degrees.
  • Support increased funding to the voluntary bonding scheme for nurses, midwives, doctors and all allied health workers.
  • Support a fully funded ambulance service.
  • Fully fund contraception (including long-acting reversible contraception).
  • Fully fund antenatal ultrasounds (and associated GP visits), alongside more support for maternity services.
  • Review funding model for primary care to empower more GP practices to provide fully funded care in the community (e.g. cervical screening and minor skin surgery).
  • Support Te Whatu Ora to provide public GP practices in under-served rural areas that do not currently have a primary care provider.

Law and Order

  • Provide funding for a national rollout of the specialist Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Court which has been successful in reducing reoffending.
  • Introduce a new offence for ‘stalking’ to provide clearer guidance for police investigating criminal harassment.
  • Provide better support to victims, particularly for violent offending, through specialist counselling and financial assistance, as well as greater influence in name suppression decisions.
  • Improve access to legal aid by increasing income thresholds and removing relationship status requirements as well as increase funding for the public defence service.
  • Respond to increasing cybercrime threats through improved regulation, data management, enforcement and response.
  • Legalise, regulate and tax the sale and supply of cannabis, by incorporating it into the Sale and Supply of Alcohol Act 2012, and remove cannabis from the Misuse of Drugs Act 1975.
  • Introduce a Community Constable Trial in Christchurch as part of raising community visibility of the Police.

Economy policy[14]

The Party introduced its first batch of Economy policies for the 2023 General Election, starting with Immigration on 20 August 2023. [15]

Immigration

TOP is wanting to implement a Teal Visa which is aimed harness high net worth individuals who want to invest and live in New Zealand, using their investment to create a new Climate Resettlement Programme. [16]

TOP Wants to:

  • Review the Accredited Employer Visa Scheme with a view to including more checks and balances to stamp out cases of migrant worker exploitation.
  • Reduce the salary bands for Skilled Work visas, which many businesses, including our growing tech sector, say are too high.
  • Introduce a new Regional Talent Visa to let regions recruit directly on behalf of local companies and sectors, easing the pressure on Auckland and attracting much-needed talent into our regions.

Democracy and Governance

TOP released their Democracy and Governance policies on the 6 September 2023.[17]

Some of their policies are:

Electoral reform

  • Lower the MMP threshold to 3.5% (as recommended by the Independent Electoral Review).
  • Introduce caps on political donations.
  • Strengthen our MMP system through civics education in schools, with a view to lowering the voting age to 16.
  • Shift to a 4 year parliamentary term.
  • Introduce more systematically innovative democratic techniques for consultation – both digital and participatory.

Parliamentary reform

  • Introduce an Anti-Corruption Commission.
  • Tighten regulation and transparency of lobbyists.
  • Upgrade the Select Committee system to improve performance.
  • Appoint a Future Generations Commissioner.
  • Reduce the number of sitting weeks for Parliament.

Local government

  • Remove GST on rates and use ‘land value’ only for the rating base.
  • Develop a 30 year National Infrastructure Plan in collaboration with central Government.
  • Support amalgamation of local and regional councils where supported locally.
  • Shift to a 4 year term in line with Parliamentary elections.
  • Shift to Ranked Choice Voting (STV).

History

Foundation

Economist Gareth Morgan founded TOP in 2016.

The Opportunities Party was founded by economist and philanthropist Gareth Morgan in November 2016. Morgan launched the party on 4 November outside Parliament House in Wellington. On 10 January 2017 the party announced that it had 2,000 members and was applying for registration. It also announced that it was considering standing electorate candidates.[18][19] The Electoral Commission posted notice of the registration application on 21 January.[20]

The party announced that then party chief of staff Geoff Simmons would contest the Mount Albert by-election on 25 February 2017.[21] During the by-election the party was criticised by David Seymour for offering free bus trips for Mount Albert voters, which he asserted breached the Electoral Act.[22] However, the Electoral Commission cleared TOP of any wrongdoing.[23] Simmons received 623 votes (4.56% of the total vote), placing him third.[24]

2017 general election

The party was registered by the Electoral Commission on 6 March 2017.[25] On 24 May 2017, Gareth Morgan announced the party's first four electoral and list candidates for the general election on 23 September 2017,[26] and announced further candidates in the following months[27][28][29] including former Green Party candidate Teresa Moore who joined Geoff Simmons as co-deputy leader.[30][31] TOP's final list had 26 party list candidates of which 21 were also contesting electorates.[32]

TOP took TVNZ to court after being excluded from its televised election debates, but lost the case.[33] Leader Gareth Morgan faced controversy during the campaign for referring to Labour leader Jacinda Ardern as "lipstick on a pig", suggesting that the new leader had style but not substance.[34] Morgan also faced backlash when he criticised the public for being sad over the death of Jacinda Ardern's cat. This backlash included an email from TOP candidate Jenny Condie, who said, "It is not merely Gareth’s comments themselves – these are a reflection of the culture that exists within the party. There is a mismatch between our policies and our culture: between what we say we want to accomplish and how we actually behave." In response, Morgan told Condie to resign from the party.[35]

At the 2017 general election, TOP gained 2.4% of the vote and won no seats in the New Zealand House of Representatives.[36] Morgan vowed to continue fighting for a "fairer New Zealand" and maintained that TOP was not a failure since it was the fifth most popular party.[37]

Post election developments

In December 2017, three months after the election, Gareth Morgan resigned as leader and the party's deputy leader Geoff Simmons and two candidates also stepped down from their roles. Morgan said the party would contest the 2020 election but he would not lead it.[38]

In the week that followed the resignations, candidates Jessica Hammond Doube and Jenny Condie announced the launching of a splinter group from TOP with the placeholder name "Next Big Thing". Both candidates attributed their low list rankings to their having raised questions over Morgan's controversial remarks during the election campaign.[39] Condie would become a councillor for Wellington in 2019,[40] while Jessica Hammond would return to TOP for the 2020 election,[41] after a culture shift within the party during its rebuilding phase.

On 9 July 2018, Morgan announced that the Board of The Opportunities Party had decided to cancel the party's registration since the party lacked the time and resources to contest the 2020 general election. In late July, Morgan and the party's board announced that he would reconsider his decision to cancel the party's registration after receiving expressions of interest from people sympathetic to the party's goals. Morgan also indicated in a Facebook post that he was willing to fund candidates and leaders sympathetic to the goals of The Opportunities Party.

In August 2018, The Opportunities Party appointed a new board and Geoff Simmons was appointed interim leader. The new team embarked on a "Listening Tour" across the country to gauge supporter reaction and future interest.[42]

In December 2018, an internal leadership election was run by digital voting company Horizon State. The candidates for leader were Geoff Simmons, Donna Pokere-Phillips, Amy Stevens, Anthony Singh, and Jessica Hammond-Doube. An election was also held for the member-representative to the Board. On 8 December 2018, the board announced that Geoff Simmons had been elected[43] and that Donna Pokere-Phillips had won the race for Member Representative.[44]

2020 general election

After gathering enough support to restart the party and continuing to register with the Electorate Commission, a rebrand and relaunch was held in October 2019. In the brand launch speech, leader Geoff Simmons called for a universal basic income and advances in environment and housing, and to "break the Labour / National duopoly".[45]

TOP nominated candidates in multiple electorates.[46] The Ōhāriu electorate was a particular focus: their Ōhāriu candidate Jessica Hammond Doube said that TOP intended to pour resources into that campaign, as it was the only seat that the party believed it could win.[47] However, she lost the seat to incumbent representative Greg O'Connor by 18,494 votes. Receiving 4,443 votes herself, she came third.[48]

Simmons himself contested Rongotai and came fourth with 3,387 electorate votes out of 45,649 cast.[49] At the beginning of his campaign for the seat Simmons spelled the name of the electorate incorrectly in his advertising as "Rongatai".[50]

The party won 43,449 party votes in the election, or 1.5% of the total.[51] During the party's AGM held on 3 November 2020, the first after the preliminary results had been released, Geoff Simmons resigned as leader and Shai Navot became interim leader.[52]

On 27 January 2022, former Christchurch City Councillor and independent candidate for Ilam, Raf Manji, was announced as the party's third leader.[53][54]

2022 local elections

The party fielded four candidates in the 2022 local elections, the first time they had contested them. With the final votes tallied, the party had its first elected representative in John Dennison who won a seat on the Featherston Community Board in the South Wairarapa District.[55]

2023 general election

As of May 2023, TOP averaged around 1–2% in opinion polls. Its leader, Raf Manji, said that realistically it would need to win the electorate of Ilam to enter Parliament. Manji had contested the electorate in 2017, as an independent, and came second. Manji said, "Essentially, you've got a backbench MP from Labour, or backbench MP from National, or the former city councillor for the ward who knows the issues".[56] On 4 August 2023, TOP announced their new party list where they put forward 13 electorate candidates throughout New Zealand. On the same day, Natalia Albert was announced as the new Deputy Leader of the party.[57]

During the 2023 general election held on 14 October, TOP received 2.22% of the party vote. It failed to win any seats or meet the five percent threshold needed to enter Parliament.[58] Manji came second in Ilam, with 10,863 votes compared to the winner National candidate Hamish Campbell's 18,693 votes.[59]

During the party's Annual General Meeting on 3 December 2023, Manji stepped down as leader.[60]

The party initially used a variant of the Wā kāinga / Home flag as its logo. In a November 2016 blog post, Gareth Morgan noted it had won the Morgan Foundation's flag competition in 2016 and that it symbolised "the transition we currently have underway in Aotearoa".[61] The creators of the Red Peak flag criticised the party for using a logo similar to their flag without discussing it with them.[62] TOP attempted to register this as their logo in January 2017 at the same time as the party;[20] the party was registered in March 2017 but approval of the logo was deferred due to a by-election in March.[63]

The party then changed to a logo consisting of the letters, T, O, and P in black, red, and dark blue respectively. The party applied to register this with the Electoral Commission in April 2017[64] and it was approved in May 2017.[65] In October 2019, the party updated its website, including a new logo. This logo shows a T, O, P, and full stop; the T and P are in black and the O and full stop are the same colour, though that colour varies from use to use. The logo can appear with a slogan "Vote Different", in a typewriter font.[66] This new logo was registered in February 2020.[67] In the run up to the 2020 New Zealand general election, the party changed the slogan beneath its logo from "Vote Different" to "A Vote For Change".[68]

Electoral results

General election Candidates nominated Seats won Party Vote
Votes  %
Electorate List
2017 21 26
0 / 120
 63,261 2.4% Steady
2020 21 21
0 / 120
 43,449 1.5% Decrease
2023 13 13
0 / 120
 63,330 2.2% Increase

Officeholders

Leader

# Name Image Assumed office Left office Notes
1 Gareth Morgan 4 November 2016 14 December 2017 Party founder
2 Geoff Simmons 18 August 2018 3 November 2020
- Shai Navot 3 November 2020 27 January 2022 Interim leader
3 Raf Manji 27 January 2022 3 December 2023 Candidate for Ilam, came 2nd in 2017 and 2023

Deputy leader

# Name Image Assumed office Left office Notes
1 Geoff Simmons 24 May 2017 14 December 2017
2 Teresa Moore 28 August 2017 9 July 2018 Appointed co-deputy leader along with Simmons
3 Shai Navot 30 April 2020[69] 3 November 2020 Became leader
3 March 2023 4 August 2023 Co-deputy leaders[70]
4 Jessica Hammond
5 Natalia Albert 4 August 2023 Present Appointed Deputy Leader following 2023 general election candidate list announcement[57]

Notable candidates

References

  1. ↑ "Young TOP".
  2. 1 2 Tibshraeny, Jenée. Mt Albert by-election to test how palatable The Opportunities Party's 'radical centrism' will be in the general election; Geoff Simmons explains why 'it's time for something fresh'. Interest.co.nz. Published 10 February 2017. Retrieved 19 September 2017.
  3. ↑ "A Fresh Voice".
  4. ↑ "The Opportunities Party". Policy.nz. 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
  5. ↑ "TOP Policy". TOP. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
  6. ↑ "A fair tax system". TOP. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "Universal Basic Income". TOP. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  8. ↑ "Affordable Housing". TOP. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  9. ↑ "Climate Resilience". TOP. Retrieved 12 January 2023.
  10. ↑ "Teal Card". TOP. Retrieved 25 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "Public Services". TOP. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  12. ↑ "TOP's health plan: Free contraception, ambulances, antenatal ultrasounds".
  13. ↑ "The Opportunities Party propose fully funded contraception and antenatal ultrasounds". Radio New Zealand. 16 August 2023.
  14. ↑ "Teal Card". TOP. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
  15. ↑ "TOP proposes new investor visa to fund climate refugee intake".
  16. ↑ "Economy".
  17. ↑ Iasona, Seni (6 September 2023). "Election 2023: The Opportunities Party wants to introduce 4-year terms, lower MMP threshold and voting age". Newshub. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  18. ↑ "The Opportunities Party to Register". The Opportunities Party. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 April 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  19. ↑ Sachdeva, Sam (10 January 2017). "Gareth Morgan registers political party to prepare for potential early election". Stuff. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  20. 1 2 "Registration of The Opportunities Party (TOP) and Logo". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  21. ↑ Sachdeva, Sam (1 February 2017). "Gareth Morgan's party to take on Jacinda Ardern in Mt Albert by-election". Stuff. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  22. ↑ "ACT Party says TOP's offer of free bus rides to voters breaks the law". Stuff. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  23. ↑ "The Opportunities Party cleared of 'treating' after giving free rides to voters". Stuff. 21 February 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "Mt Albert – Official Result". www.electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  25. ↑ "Register of political parties". Elections. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
  26. ↑ "Gareth Morgan Announces The Opportunities Party (TOP) First Set of Candidates". TOP. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  27. ↑ "Gareth Morgan Announces The Opportunities Party (TOP) Second Set of Candidates". TOP. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  28. ↑ Jones, Nicholas (15 June 2017). "Mika to stand in Auckland Central for Gareth Morgan's new party". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  29. ↑ "Mika Haka". TOP. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  30. ↑ "Teresa Moore". TOP. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  31. ↑ "Gareth Morgan adds new deputy co-leader of TOP, releases party list". Stuff. 28 August 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  32. ↑ "Party and candidate lists for 2017 Election". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  33. ↑ Manch, Thomas (9 September 2020). "Election 2020: TOP furious as TVNZ includes Advance NZ, Māori Party in debate". Stuff. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  34. ↑ "Storm erupts over Gareth Morgan's 'lipstick on a pig' tweet". NZ Herald. 20 August 2017. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  35. ↑ Rowe, Don (11 November 2017). "'Another day where it feels embarrassing to be associated with TOP': the email which enraged Morgan". The Spinoff. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  36. ↑ "2017 General Election – Official Result". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  37. ↑ Swinnen, Lucy (24 September 2017). "Party 'for a fairer New Zealand' falls flat, as Gareth Morgan's TOP falls far short of 5 per cent". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  38. ↑ "TOP loses leader Gareth Morgan and three other candidates in matter of hours". Stuff.co.nz. 14 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  39. ↑ Cooke, Henry (19 December 2017). "Ex-TOP candidates start new political action group". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  40. ↑ "Councillor Jenny Condie". Wellington City Council. 18 February 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  41. ↑ Simmons, Geoff (23 January 2020). "First Candidate Announcement for 2020". TOP. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
  42. ↑ 21 November 2018, The Opportunities Party. "The Listening Tour: Workshop Results". TOP. Retrieved 10 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ↑ "Parliamentary Leader Results" (PDF). d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  44. ↑ "Member Representative Results" (PDF). d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  45. ↑ "TOP Brand Launch". The Opportunities Party. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  46. ↑ "TOP Candidates". The Opportunities Party. 20 March 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  47. ↑ Manch, Thomas (13 June 2020). "The battle for Ōhāriu: TOP is back, and it's hoping to spoil a fight between Labour and National". Stuff. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  48. ↑ "Ōhāriu – Official Result". New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  49. ↑ MacManus, Joel (9 July 2020). "TOP leader Geoff Simmons announces run in Rongotai". Stuff. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  50. ↑ "The Opportunities Party's Geoff Simmons misspells electorate's name in advertising campaign". The New Zealand Herald. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  51. ↑ "2020 General Election and Referendums – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 6 November 2020. Retrieved 6 November 2020.
  52. ↑ "The Opportunities Party leader Geoff Simmons resigns, interim leader named". Stuff. 3 November 2020. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020.
  53. ↑ "Raf Manji, former Christchurch city councillor named as TOP's new leader". Stuff. 27 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
  54. ↑ "Listen: TOP's third leader joins Gone by Lunchtime". The Spinoff. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2022.
  55. ↑ "Starting at the bottom: Elected TOP candidate wins party milestone". 1 News. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  56. ↑ "Election 2023: TOP bets its future on Ilam – can it win?". 1 News. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  57. 1 2 Manji, Raf (4 August 2023). "The Opportunities Party announces a fresh team to bring new ideas to Parliament at the 2023 General Election". TOP.
  58. ↑ "2023 General Election – Official Resul". Electoral Commission. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  59. ↑ "Ilam – Official Result". Electoral Commission. 3 November 2023. Archived from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  60. ↑ Gill, Sinead (3 December 2023). "TOP leader Raf Manji resigns". The Post.
  61. ↑ Morgan, Gareth (6 November 2016). "Why I chose this for The Opportunities Party logo and what it means". TOP. Archived from the original on 13 April 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  62. ↑ Sachdeva, Sam (4 November 2016). "Explainer: Why is Gareth Morgan entering politics, and what are his chances?". Stuff. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  63. ↑ "Registration of The Opportunities Party (TOP)". elections.nz. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  64. ↑ "Application to register political party logo". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  65. ↑ "Registration of party logo for The Opportunities Party (TOP)". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  66. ↑ "TOP". TOP. Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  67. ↑ "Register of political parties". elections.nz. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  68. ↑ "TOP – The Opportunities Party". www.facebook.com. Retrieved 4 September 2020.
  69. ↑ Opportunities Party (30 April 2020). ""Congratulations to Shai Navot..."". Twitter @top_nz. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  70. ↑ "The Opportunities Party announces sevens team for Parliament". 3 March 2023.
  71. ↑ "Former Minister of Immigration Hon Tuariki Delamere standing for TOP in Auckland Central". Indian Weekender. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  72. ↑ MacManus, Joel (24 October 2020). "How Abe Gray became New Zealand's 'Gandalf of Weed'". Stuff. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
  73. ↑ "Auckland Central – Official Result". electionresults.govt.nz.
  74. ↑ "Jessica Hammond Doube". 24 August 2017.
  75. ↑ "From Bob Dylan to waiting lists: The times they are a-changin' in Ohariu". Stuff. 30 August 2017.
  76. ↑ "The battle for Ōhāriu: TOP is back, and it's hoping to spoil a fight between Labour and National". Stuff. 13 June 2020.
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