Orionidans
Temporal range:
Middle Jurassic–Present, Possible Early Jurassic record
1st row (carnosaurs/non-coelurosaurian orionidans):
Allosaurus fragilis, Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, Torvosaurus tanneri;

2nd row (non-maniraptoran coelurosaurians):
Gallimimus bullatus, Tyrannosaurus rex, Compsognathus longipes;
3rd row (non-eumaniraptoran maniraptorans):
Alvarezsaurus calvoi, Alxasaurus elesitaiensis, Avimimus portentosus;
4th row (eumaniraptorans):
Velociraptor mongoliensis, Hesperornis regalis, Ardenna carneipes.

Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Clade: Tetanurae
Clade: Orionides
Carrano, Benson & Sampson, 2012
Clades
Synonyms

Orionides is a clade of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic to the Present. The clade includes most theropod dinosaurs, including birds.[2]

Relationships

Although many phylogenetic analyses found basal tetanurans that were outside both Megalosauroidea and Avetheropoda, the core dichotomy was named only in 2012. Carrano, Benson and Sampson (2012) named that clade Orionides, and defined it as the node comprising Megalosauroidea, Avetheropoda, their most recent common ancestor, and all its descendants.[2] In 2015, Hendrickx, Hartman and Mateus clarified this definition, specifying it as the least inclusive clade including Allosaurus fragilis, Megalosaurus bucklandii, and Passer domesticus.[3] The cladogram presented below follows a phylogenetic analysis published by Zanno and Makovicky in 2013.[4]

Orionides
Megalosauroidea

Piatnitzkysauridae

Megalosauria

Spinosauridae

Megalosauridae

Avetheropoda

Coelurosauria

Allosauroidea

Metriacanthosauridae

Allosauria

Allosauridae

Carcharodontosauria

Neovenatoridae

Carcharodontosauridae

In 2019, a basal Allosauroid by the name of Asfaltovenator was discovered that provided more evidence to the idea of a monophyletic Carnosauria that contained both Megalosauroid and Allosauroid groups. While this did cast doubt on the validity of Avetheropoda, Orionides as group was still maintained however this could also imply that the name Orionides is synonymous with Avetheropoda.

Range

Large, predatory spinosaurids and allosaurids flourished during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, especially in Gondwana, but seem to have died out before the end of the Cretaceous, possibly due to competition from abelisaurid ceratosaurs and tyrannosaurid coelurosaurs. The diverse coelurosaurs persisted until the end of the Mesozoic Era, when all except for crown clade avians died out. Modern birds are the only living representatives of the clade Tetanurae.

Etymology

The clade name "Orionides" was first established by Matthew T. Carrano, Roger B. J. Benson and Scott D. Sampson in 2012. It is derived from Orion, the giant hunter of Greek mythology in references to the large size and carnivorism of basal orionidans. The name also refers to the alternative name for the constellation of Orion, Alektropodion, meaning "rooster foot".[2]

References

  1. ↑ Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; Pol, Diego (2019-12-11). "Probable basal allosauroid from the early Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina highlights phylogenetic uncertainty in tetanuran theropod dinosaurs". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 18826. Bibcode:2019NatSR...918826R. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-53672-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6906444. PMID 31827108.
  2. 1 2 3 Carrano, M. T.; Benson, R. B. J.; Sampson, S. D. (2012). "The phylogeny of Tetanurae (Dinosauria: Theropoda)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 10 (2): 211–300. doi:10.1080/14772019.2011.630927.
  3. ↑ Hendrickx, C.; Hartman, S.A.; Mateus, O. (2015). "An overview of non-avian theropod discoveries and classification". PalArch's Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology. 12 (1): 1–73.
  4. ↑ Zanno, L. E.; Makovicky, P. J. (2013). "Neovenatorid theropods are apex predators in the Late Cretaceous of North America". Nature Communications. 4: 2827. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2827Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms3827. PMID 24264527.


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