Worship

9th century Padmavati relief in Chitharal Jain Monuments

Goddess Padmavati along with Ambika, Chakreshvari are held as esteemed deities and worshipped by Jains along with tirthankaras.^[7][8] Ambika and Padmavati are associated with tantric rituals. Both Padmavati and Dharanendra are revered exclusively as powerful intercessor deities.^[1] These tantric rites involves yantra-vidhi, pitha-sthapana and mantra-puja.^[9][6] Friday of every week is particularly popular day to worship the Goddess.^[10]

In literature

• Bhairava-Padmavati-Kalpa written by Mallisena in 12th century is tantric text to worship Padmavati. The text discusses rites connected with Padmavati, namely, stambha, vasya, akarsana, nimitta-jnana, garuda tantra etc.^[11]
• Adbhuta-Padmavati-Kalpa is Shvetambar text composed by Shri Chandra Suri, 12th century.^[11]
• Padmavati-astaka composed by Shvetambar scholar Parshvadeva gani is commentary of various tantric rites.^[11]
• Padmavati-catusadika composed by Jinaprabha suri.^[11]
• Padmavati-Pujanama, Padmavati-strota, Padmavati-sahasra-nama-strota, Rakta-Padmavati-Kalpa are tantric text dedicated to Padmavati.^[11]

Iconography

A snake's hood covers her head, and she sits on a lotus flower. Often a small image of the Lord Parshvanatha is placed in her crown. She may be depicted as four-armed, carrying noose and rosary (japa mala), elephant goad, lotus and a fruit.^[4] Yaksha-Yakshi pair sculptures of Padmavati Ambika and Dharanendra are one of the most favoured along with Gomukha-Chakreshwari and Sarvahanabhuti-Ambika.^[12]

• 
  'Mandala of Padmavati', bronze, Walters Art Museum, 11th century
• 
  Sculpture of Goddess Padmavati in Akkana Basadi, 12th century
• 
  Sculpture of Padmavati in the Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh. Chola dynasty, 13th century
• 
  Goddess Padmavati at Walkeshwar Jain Temple
• 
  Padmavati at Shri Mahavirji
• 
  Goddess Padmavati at Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir, Jabalpur

Main temples

• Padmakshi Gutta
• Padmavati temple, Humcha, 7th century temple

• 
  Padmavati Basadi, Karkala, Karnataka
• 
  Padmavati temple, Humcha

Citation

Source

• Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (Second ed.), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-26605-5
• Shah, Umakant P. (1987), Jaina Iconography, Abhinav Publications, ISBN 978-81-7017-208-6
• Jain, Jyotindra; Fischer, Eberhard (1978), Jaina Iconography, Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-90-04-05259-8
• Cort, John (2010). Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199739578.
• Babb, Lawrence A. (1996). Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520203242. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
• Tiwari, Dr. Maruti Nandan Prasad (1989). Ambika in Jaina Art and Literature. Bharatiya Jnanpith.
• Krishna, Nanditha (2014). Sacred Plants of India. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351186915.
• Chawdhri, L. R. (1992). Secrets of Yantra, Mantra and Tantra. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 9781845570224.
• Sūri, Padmasundara; Raval, D. P; Shah, Nagin J (1987). Padmasundarasūriviracita Yadusundaramahākāvya. L. D. Series 105 (in Sanskrit). Ahamadābād: Lālabhāī Dalapatabhāī Bhāratīya Saṃskṛti Vidyāmadira.
• Cort, John (1 January 1987). "Medieval Jaina Goddess Traditions". Numen. 34 (2): 235–255. doi:10.1163/156852787x00047. ISSN 1568-5276.