Harmony in Blue and Gold:
The Peacock Room
ArtistJames McNeill Whistler and Thomas Jeckyll
Year1877 (1877)
TypeRoom installation
MediumOil paint and gold leaf on canvas, leather, and wood
MovementAestheticism and Japonisme
Dimensions421.6 cm × 613.4 cm × 1026.2 cm (166.0 in × 241.5 in × 404.0 in)
LocationFreer Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates38°53′16.50″N 77°01′37.00″W / 38.8879167°N 77.0269444°W / 38.8879167; -77.0269444
AccessionF1904-61

Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room (better known as The Peacock Room[1]) is a masterpiece of interior decorative art created by James McNeill Whistler and Thomas Jeckyll, translocated to the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. Whistler painted the paneled room in a rich and unified palette of brilliant blue-greens with over-glazing and metallic gold leaf. Painted between 1876–77, it now is considered one of the greatest surviving Aesthetic interiors, and best examples of the Anglo-Japanese style.[2]

History

The Peacock Room was originally designed to serve as the dining room in the townhouse located at 49 Prince's Gate in the neighbourhood of Kensington in London, and owned by the British shipping magnate Frederick Richards Leyland.[3][4] Leyland engaged the British architect Richard Norman Shaw to remodel and redecorate his home.[5] Shaw entrusted the remodelling of the dining room to Thomas Jeckyll, another British architect experienced in the Anglo-Japanese style.[3][5] Jeckyll conceived the dining room as a Porzellanzimmer (porcelain room).

He covered the walls with 16th-century wall hangings of Cuir de Cordoue that had been originally brought to England as part of the dowry of Catherine of Aragon. They were painted with her heraldic device, the open pomegranate, and a series of red roses, Tudor roses, to symbolize her union with Henry VIII. They had hung on the walls of a Tudor style house in Norfolk for centuries before they were bought by Leyland for £1,000.[6][7][5] Against these walls, Jekyll constructed an intricate lattice framework of engraved spindled walnut shelves that held Leyland's collection of Chinese blue and white porcelain, mostly from the Kangxi era of the Qing dynasty.[5][7]

To the south of the room, a walnut Welsh dresser was placed in the centre, just below the large empty leather panel, and flanked on both sides by the framework shelves. On the east side, three tall windows parted the room overlooking a private park,[5] and covered by full-length walnut shutters.[7] To the north a fireplace, over which hung the painting by American painter James McNeill Whistler, Rose and Silver: The Princess from the Land of Porcelain,[3] that served as the focal point of the room. The ceiling was constructed in a pendant panelled Tudor-style, and decorated with eight globed pendant gas light fixtures. To finish the room, Jekyll placed a rug with a red border on the floor.[5]

The Princess from the Land of Porcelain, in situ in the Peacock Room.

Jeckyll had nearly completed his decorative scheme when an illness compelled him to abandon the project. Whistler, who was then working on decorations for the entrance hall of Leyland's house, volunteered to finish Jeckyll's work in the dining room. Concerned that the red roses adorning the leather wall hangings clashed with the colours in The Princess, Whistler suggested retouching the leather with yellow paint, and Leyland agreed to that minor alteration.[2] He also authorised Whistler to embellish the cornice and wainscoting with a "wave pattern" derived from the design in Jeckyll's leaded-glass door, and then went to his home in Liverpool. During Leyland's absence, however, Whistler grew bolder with his revisions.[2]

Well, you know, I just painted on. I went on—without design or sketch—it grew as I painted. And toward the end, I reached such a point of perfection—putting in every touch with such freedom—that when I came round to the corner where I started, why, I had to paint part of it over again, as the difference would have been too marked. And the harmony in blue and gold developing, you know, I forgot everything in my joy in it![2]

— James McNeill Whistler

Upon returning, Leyland was shocked by the "improvements". The artist and patron quarreled so violently over the room and the proper compensation for the work that the important relationship for Whistler was terminated. At one point, Whistler gained access to Leyland's home and painted two fighting peacocks meant to represent the artist and his patron, which he titled Art and Money: or, The Story of the Room.[3][2]

Whistler is reported to have said to Leyland, "Ah, I have made you famous. My work will live when you are forgotten. Still, per chance, in the dim ages to come you will be remembered as the proprietor of the Peacock Room."[6]

The dispute between Whistler and Leyland did not end there. In 1879, Whistler was forced to file for bankruptcy, and Leyland was his chief creditor at the time. When the creditors arrived to inventory the artist's home for liquidation, they were greeted by The Gold Scab: Eruption in Frilthy Lucre (The Creditor), a large painted caricature of Leyland portrayed as an anthropomorphic demonic peacock playing a piano, sitting upon Whistler's house, painted in the same colours featured in the Peacock Room.[8] He referenced the incident again in his book, The Gentle Art of Making Enemies.[9] Adding to the emotional drama was Whistler's fondness for Leyland's wife, Frances, who separated from her husband in 1879.[10] Another result of this drama was Jeckyll who, so shocked by the first sight of his room, returned home and was later found on the floor of his studio covered in gold leaf; he never recovered and died insane three years later.[11][12]

Having acquired The Princess from the Land of Porcelain, American industrialist and art collector Charles Lang Freer anonymously purchased the entire room in 1904 from Leyland's heirs, including Leyland's daughter and her husband, the British artist Val Prinsep. Freer then had the contents of the Peacock Room installed in his Detroit mansion.[2] After Freer's death in 1919, the Peacock Room was permanently installed in the Freer Gallery of Art at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. The gallery opened to the public in 1923.[3]

The Peacock Room was closed for renovation, along with other parts of the gallery, in January 2016. It reopened to the public in the summer of 2017;[13] it also underwent extensive restoration in 2022.[2]

Legacy

Filthy Lucre, an installation by contemporary artist Darren Waterston, replicates The Peacock Room in a state of decay and disrepair. It opened in May 2015.[14]

In March 2020, Church Life, a journal of the University of Notre Dame's McGrath Institute, published "The Art of Madness and Mystery," an essay which uses The Peacock Room and Waterson's Filthy Lucre to examine at length the differences and inherent character of traditional art (especially in the context of Aestheticism) and Contemporary Art.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Harmony in Blue and Gold: The Peacock Room". Freer Sackler: Smithsonian"s Museums of Asian Art. Retrieved 2022-01-20.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Catlin, Roger (29 September 2022). "Whistler's 'Peacock Room' Open After Weeks of Restoration". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2 October 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Merrill, Linda (2000). The Peacock Room: A Cultural Biography.
  4. ↑ Smithsonian National Museum of Asian Art, The Peacock Room
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Schulz, Max F (1985). Paradise Preserved: Recreations of Eden in Eighteenth– and Nineteenth– Century England. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 306. ISBN 9780521301732. LCCN 85005959. OCLC 11867731. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  6. 1 2 Peters, Lisa N (1996). James McNeill Whistler. New York City: Smithmark. p. 37. ISBN 9781880908709. OCLC 40598527. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  7. 1 2 3 Freer Gallery of Art; Arthur M. Sackler Gallery; Wayne State University's Library System (2014). "The Story of the Beautiful". Visual History > In London. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  8. ↑ Hogarty, Sarah Bailey (2012-05-30). "FRAME WORK: The Gold Scab: Eruption in Frilthy Lucre (The Creditor) by James McNeill Whistler". De Young. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  9. ↑ Whistler, James McNeill (1890). "'Noblesse Oblige'". The Gentle Art of Making Enemies. New York City: Stokes. pp. 174–175. ISBN 9780486218755. OCLC 181673833.
  10. ↑ Anderson, Ronald K; Koval, Anne (15 July 2002). James McNeill Whistler: Beyond the Myth. New York City: Carroll & Graf. p. 209. ISBN 9780786710324. LCCN 95008187. OCLC 249340890. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  11. ↑ Elizabeth Robins, Pennell; Pennell, Joseph (1921). The Whistler Journal. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co. pp. 109–111. LCCN 22000469. OCLC 1878264. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  12. ↑ Hobbs, Susan (1980). The Whistler Peacock Room (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art. p. 15. ISBN 9780934686341. LCCN 80020516. OCLC 6626888. Retrieved 2014-04-30.
  13. ↑ BOWLEY, GRAHAM (10 February 2015). "Freer Gallery to Close for Renovations in January". New York Times. New York. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  14. ↑ Guducci, Marc (15 May 2015). "Darren Waterston's Filthy Lucre Is Whistler's Peacock Room on Acid". New York Times. New York. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  15. ↑ Shindler, Michael (March 2, 2020). "The Art of Madness and Mystery". Church Life Journal. The McGrath Institute for Church Life, University of Notre Dame. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

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