Pichu Pichu
Highest point
Elevation5,664 m (18,583 ft)
ListingList of mountains in the Andes
Coordinates16°26′28″S 71°14′25″W / 16.4411388889°S 71.2403888889°W / -16.4411388889; -71.2403888889
Geography
Pichu Pichu is located in Peru
Pichu Pichu
Pichu Pichu
Location of Pichu Pichu within Peru
LocationArequipa, Peru
Parent rangeAndes

Pichu Pichu[1][2][3] or Picchu Picchu[4] is an inactive[3] eroded volcano[2] in the Andes of Peru.[5] It is located in the Arequipa Region, Arequipa Province, on the border of Pocsi and Tarucani districts.[5] Pichu Pichu reaches a height of 5,664 metres (18,583 ft)[1] and is part of Salinas and Aguada Blanca National Reserve.[3]

Name

The name possibly stems from Quechua pikchu pyramid; mountain or prominence with a broad base which ends in sharp peaks.[6] The duplication is probably meant to imply that the mountain has multiple peaks.[7]

Location

Pichu Pichu, together with Nevado Chachani and El Misti, border the city of Arequipa towards the northeast. These volcanoes are found southwest of the principal Cordillera Occidental in the region.[8]: 896 

Geography and geology

Pichu Pichu is an extinct volcano[9] with the form of a 10-kilometre-long (6 mi) ridge which drops off steeply on its western side. The volcano features four different heavily eroded craters.[10] It was active 6.7 million years ago, given the results of potassium-argon dating. Its arcuate shape is the result of a large sector collapse one million years ago, which formed the "Arequipa volcanic landslide".[11] The landslide was violent enough to melt the rocks in the slide, forming pseudotachylite[12] which has been dated to have formed 2.42 million years ago. The landslide reached a distance of 28 kilometres (17 mi) from the volcano and appears to have departed from a multi-sector collapse of the edifice.[13]

Pichu Pichu was glaciated in the past, and this glaciation has left recognizable traces on the mountains including cirques, glacial troughs, hanging valleys and moraines.[8]: 914  These moraines occur at elevations of 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) and outwash plains are located beneath them.[14] The removal of the western flank of the volcano was also originally considered to be the result of glacial erosion.[10] A series of hills at the base of Pichu Pichu may be erosion products of moraines or moraines proper associated with the volcano.[8]: 910 A fault runs between Pichu Pichu and Coropuna volcano and was active during the last 43,000 years.[15]: 8 

Climate and vegetation

The climate of the region is relatively dry, with most precipitation falling during the summer months[8]: 896  when the mountain commonly develops a snow cover.[16] The Poroto and Polobaya rivers originate at the foot of Pichu Pichu and are tributaries of the Rio Chili. The proposed Yanaorco–Paltaorco reservoir would also draw water from the mountain.[17] The Laguna Salinas closed basin northeast of the volcano also receives runoff from Pichu Pichu.[16] Between 3,000–3,700 metres (10,000–12,000 ft) elevation, shrub vegetation occurs on Pichu Pichu and the neighbouring volcanoes, whereas above the grassline a Nototriches species is found.[18] Forests of Polylepis rugulosa grow on the mountain.[19]

Archeology

The mountain was considered to be sacred by the ancient inhabitants of the region. Pichu Pichu is visible from the Wari site at Cerro Baúl and some buildings at that site are constructed in such a way as to point to Pichu Pichu. Processions along the hillside staircase of Cerro Baúl would have the mountain in view.[20] Stone structures are also found on Pichu Pichu itself, including a high altitude staircase that overcomes a steep pitch[21] and a tambo (waystation).[7] Human sacrifices, so-called capacochas, were performed on Pichu Pichu.[22] Mummies were found on the mountain in 1964 along with various archeological findings, but the findings were not published out of fear to avoid attracting graverobbers. An additional body was found in 1996.[23] Overall, three mummies were found on Pichu Pichu.[24] They were probably two females and one male, all 15 years old[24] but one child was about 3.5 years old; probably the youngest human sacrifice known.[7] Anthropomorphic and animal-like statues were recovered from Pichu Pichu.[25]

References

  1. 1 2 Peru 1:100 000, Characato (33-t). IGN (Instituto Geográfico Nacional – Perú). as Nevado Pichu Pichu
  2. 1 2 "Nevado Pichu Pichu : Climbing, Hiking & Mountaineering : SummitPost". www.summitpost.org. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  3. 1 2 3 "Nevado Pichu Pichu". Inventario Turístico del Perú (in Spanish). MINCETUR. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
  4. ↑ Cardelús, Borja; Guijarro, Timoteo (2013). Cápac Ñan. El Gran Camino Inca (in Spanish). Penguin Random House – Grupo Editorial Perú. p. 352. ISBN 9789972848711.
  5. 1 2 escale.minedu.gob.pe – UGEL map of the Arequipa Province (Arequipa Region)
  6. ↑ Diccionario Quechua – Español – Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005
  7. 1 2 3 Socha, Dagmara M.; Reinhard, Johan; Perea, Ruddy Chávez (2021-05-14). "Inca human sacrifices from the Ampato and Pichu Pichu volcanoes, Peru: new results from a bio-anthropological analysis". Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences. 13 (6): 94. doi:10.1007/s12520-021-01332-1. ISSN 1866-9565. S2CID 234489075.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Fenner, C. N. (1948-09-01). "Pleistocene Climate and Topography of the Arequipa Region, Peru". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 59 (9): 895–917. Bibcode:1948GSAB...59..895F. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1948)59[895:PCATOT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  9. ↑ Thouret, Jean-Claude; Finizola, Anthony; Fornari, Michel; Legeley-Padovani, Annick; Suni, Jaime; Frechen, Manfred (2001-12-01). "Geology of El Misti volcano near the city of Arequipa, Peru" (PDF). Geological Society of America Bulletin. 113 (12): 1593. Bibcode:2001GSAB..113.1593T. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1593:GOEMVN>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0016-7606.
  10. 1 2 Bullard, Fred M. (1962-12-01). "Volcanoes of Southern Peru". Bulletin Volcanologique. 24 (1): 446–447. Bibcode:1962BVol...24..443B. doi:10.1007/BF02599360. ISSN 0366-483X. S2CID 140637499.
  11. ↑ Lebti, Perrine Paquereau; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Wörner, Gerhard; Fornari, Michel (2006-06-15). "Neogene and Quaternary ignimbrites in the area of Arequipa, Southern Peru: Stratigraphical and petrological correlations". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 154 (3–4): 254. Bibcode:2006JVGR..154..251L. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.02.014.
  12. ↑ Bernard, Karine (15 September 2020). "Epithermal clast coating inside the rock avalanche-debris flow deposits from Mount Meager Volcanic Complex, British Columbia (Canada)". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 402: 4. Bibcode:2020JVGR..40206994B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106994. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 224928756.
  13. ↑ Bernard, Karine; van Wyk de Vries, Benjamin; Thouret, Jean-Claude (2019-02-01). "Fault textures in volcanic debris-avalanche deposits and transformations into lahars: The Pichu Pichu thrust lobes in south Peru compared to worldwide avalanche deposits". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 371: 116–136. Bibcode:2019JVGR..371..116B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.01.008. ISSN 0377-0273. S2CID 133940458.
  14. ↑ Juvigné, Étienne; Thouret, Jean-Claude; Gilot, Étienne; Gourgaud, Alain; Graf, Kurt; Leclercq, Louis; Legros, François; Uribe, Miguel (1997). "Étude téphrostratigraphique et bio-climatique du Tardiglaciaire et de l'Holocène de la Laguna Salinas, Pérou méridional". Géographie Physique et Quaternaire (in French). 51 (2): 222. doi:10.7202/033120ar. ISSN 0705-7199.
  15. ↑ Geológico, Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico Dirección de Geología Ambiental y Riesgo (June 2019). "Informe sobre la existencia de fallas geológicas activas en el distrito de Selva Alegre, provincia y región de Arequipa". Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico – INGEMMET.
  16. 1 2 Alvarez-Campos, Odiney; Olson, Elizabeth J.; Welp, Lisa R.; Frisbee, Marty D.; Zuñiga Medina, Sebastián A.; Díaz Rodríguez, José; Roque Quispe, Wendy R.; Salazar Mamani, Carol I.; Arenas Carrión, Midhuar R.; Jara, Juan Manuel; Ccanccapa-Cartagena, Alexander (2022-01-31). "Evidence for high-elevation salar recharge and interbasin groundwater flow in the Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 26 (2): 483–503. Bibcode:2022HESS...26..483A. doi:10.5194/hess-26-483-2022. ISSN 1027-5606. S2CID 246449090.
  17. ↑ Swiech, Theoclea; Ertsen, Maurits W.; Pererya, Carlos Machicao (2012). "Estimating the impacts of a reservoir for improved water use in irrigation in the Yarabamba region, Peru". Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. Recent Advances in Water Resources Management. 47–48: 64–75. Bibcode:2012PCE....47...64S. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2011.06.008.
  18. ↑ Stafford, Dora (1939-07-01). "On the Flora of Southern Peru". Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. 151 (3): 172–181. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1939.tb00228.x. ISSN 0370-0461.
  19. ↑ Quispe-Colca, Oscar M.; Kaderka, Radan; Quispe-Colca, Oscar M.; Kaderka, Radan (July 2020). "Bistriopelma fabianae, una nueva especie de tarántula (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) de un bosque de Queñua en el sur de Perú". Revista Peruana de Biología. 27 (3): 273–282. doi:10.15381/rpb.v27i3.16295. ISSN 1727-9933. S2CID 225209264.
  20. ↑ Williams, Patrick Ryan; Nash, Donna J. (2006-09-01). "Sighting the apu: a GIS analysis of Wari imperialism and the worship of mountain peaks" (PDF). World Archaeology. 38 (3): 465–466. doi:10.1080/00438240600813491. ISSN 0043-8243. S2CID 10340115.
  21. ↑ Ricker, John F. (1977). Yuraq Janka: A Guide to the Peruvian Andes. The Mountaineers Books. p. 4. ISBN 9781933056708.
  22. ↑ Wilson, Andrew S.; Brown, Emma L.; Villa, Chiara; Lynnerup, Niels; Healey, Andrew; Ceruti, Maria Constanza; Reinhard, Johan; Previgliano, Carlos H.; Araoz, Facundo Arias (2013-08-13). "Archaeological, radiological, and biological evidence offer insight into Inca child sacrifice". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (33): 13322–13327. Bibcode:2013PNAS..11013322W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1305117110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3746857. PMID 23898165.
  23. ↑ Chávez, Chávez; Antonio, José (2001-07-01). "Investigaciones Arqueológicas de Alta Montaña en el Sur del Perú". Chungará (Arica). 33 (2): 283–288. doi:10.4067/S0717-73562001000200014. ISSN 0717-7356.
  24. 1 2 Cockburn, Aidan; Cockburn, Eve; Reyman, Theodore A. (1998). Mummies, Disease and Ancient Cultures. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN 9780521589543.
  25. ↑ Mignone, Pablo (2017-04-01). "Análisis distribucional de las estatuillas incaicas encontradas en el volcán Llullaillaco". Bulletin de l'Institut français d'études andines (in Spanish). 46 (1): 77–96. doi:10.4000/bifea.8145. ISSN 0303-7495. S2CID 166205963.
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