Povilas Plechavičius
Plechavičius, c. late 1920s
Born(1890-02-01)February 1, 1890
Bukančiai farmstead, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire (now Židikai eldership, Mažeikiai district, Lithuania)
DiedDecember 19, 1973(1973-12-19) (aged 83)
Chicago, Illinois, United States
NationalityLithuanian
OccupationsGeneral of the Lithuanian army
Years activeNovember 23, 1918 – February 10, 1929
SpouseIrena Grinbergaitė (Plechavičienė after marriage) (1897–1983)
Children
Irena Plechavičiūtė (1920–2001)
Povilas Plechavičius (1923–2000)
Norbertas Plechavičius (1926–?)
Parent(s)Ignas Plechavičius (1852–1928)
Konstancija Bukontaitė-Plechavičienė (1862–1959)

Povilas Plechavičius (1 February 1890 – 19 December 1973) was a Lithuanian military officer and statesman. His military career began in the Imperial Russian Army as a yunker during World War I. Then, Plechavičius climbed the ranks of the interwar period Lithuanian Army from captain to lieutenant general.[1]

He is best known for his actions during the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, when the partisans he led fought against the Soviet invasion of northwest Lithuania, liberated Seda, Mažeikiai and Telšiai, and later forced out the Bermontians.[2] He is also known for organizing the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état and creating and leading the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force during the German occupation of Lithuania.[3] Plechavičius is the subject of much controversy and debate.[4]

Early life

Povilas Plechavičius was born on 1 February 1890, in the Bukančiai farmstead, in Židikai eldership, Mažeikiai district, to the Lithuanian farmer Ignas Plechavičius[2] who had Polish roots (some sources provide the Polish equivalent of the surname Paweł Plechowicz ). His mother was Lithuanian noblewoman Konstancija Bukontaitė.[2] Povilas Plechavičius was baptized in the Church of the Holy Trinity in Pikeliai.[2] According to a list of languages made by Plechavičius himself, in addition to his native Lithuanian mother tongue, he also knew the Latvian, Russian, Polish and German languages, as well as some English and French.[5] Plechavičius is also known to have spoken Samogitian.[6]

Plechavičius graduated from a gymnasium in Moscow in 1908.[2] Because Plechavičius was proud of his Samogitian background, he was disliked by the Russian teachers and thus suffered because of it.[7] Later, he graduated from the Moscow Commercial Institute in 1911.[2][3] Plechavičius then graduated from the Orenburg Cossack Yunker School on May 13, 1914.[2][7]

World War I

During World War I, he fought in the 5th Cavalry Regiment of the Imperial Russian Army against the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire.[1][2][3] During the war, he was wounded.[1][3] The first time he was wounded was in the fights near Šiauliai.[7] Some sources give the number of his wounds as three,[1][3] but his biography claims that he was wounded as many as 29 times during the war.[7] In one case, he was unconscious for three days after receiving an injury.[7]

Russian Revolution in 1917

In October 1917, the Bolshevik coup began and the Russian army fell apart, including in the Caucasus where the Plechavičiai brothers were involved in the campaign against the Ottoman army.[1]

While in southern Russia during the Russian Revolution, Plechavičius also fought against the Bolsheviks.[2] On news of the outbreak of the Lithuanian–Soviet War, both brothers Povilas and Aleksandras left their regiments for Samogitia.[1] The Plechavičiai brothers used this opportunity to return home to Lithuania.[1]

Lithuanian Wars of Independence

1918

Summer

The situation in Lithuania in 1918 was chaotic due to the rampage of robbers as well as the requisitions and robberies by the Imperial German Army units.[8] The robbers were mostly composed of former Russian prisoners of war on their way to Russia, which included Bolsheviks, and local criminals.[9] The robbers frequently engaged in brutal acts like beating people up, burning their soles, and even skinning live people, thereafter burning them with all their homesteads.[9] A lot of those robbers ran rampant in the vicinity of Seda, Pikeliai, Židikai and Skuodas.[9]

The German Empire had already signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Soviet Russia on March 3, 1918, thus ending the hostilities on the Eastern Front between the Russian and German armies.[9] Germany had also recognized Lithuanian independence on March 23, but negotiations were still going on regarding the form of its governance.[9] Regardless, the German soldiers remained in Lithuania, looting and requisitioning from it.[9]

On July 25, 1918, Povilas and Aleksandras returned to their farmstead, from where they had not heard from for a long time while serving in the Russian army.[2][10] In August, the two brothers organized a Gegužinė (Lithuanian version of May Day) in Juodeikėliai to celebrate the Act of Independence of Lithuania.[11] It was a mass gathering of the region's locals, where patriotic speeches were made, Samogitian pipe orchestras played, people sang patriotic songs and danced.[11] The celebrations were held in a garden.[11] Several local communists disturbed the celebrations by firing shots.[11] Plechavičius chose a couple of men, told them to catch those communists, spank them and let them go, which the men succeeded in doing.[11] The people were calmed down and continued dancing.[11] The May Day had a great significance for the local residents, as it strengthened their patriotism, united them and encouraged them to fight for freedom.[11]

Autumn

In the autumn of 1918, Povilas Plechavičius went by train to Vilnius, where Council of Lithuania, the provisional government of Lithuania, was already located.[12] Because the Germans still de facto occupying the country, the Council of Lithuania could not really do much even if it was functioning.[12] The Council of Lithuania appointed Plechavičius as the Seda County Commander on November 15 and authorized him to organize the militia, military headquarters (komendantūra), self-defence units and local administration in Samogitia and to strengthen the Lithuanian state there in all ways.[2][12] After receiving the wide-ranging mandate from the Lithuanian government, Plechavičius started an uncompromising fight against the Bolsheviks, whose foremost enemy he became.[2] On November 23, Plechavičius volunteered to join the Lithuanian army.[2]

In November 1918, encouraged by the Council of Lithuania, self-government structures began to form throughout Lithuania, such as parish, district and county committees, militias, self-defence groups, military volunteers, and soon even town and district military headquarters began to be created.[13] However, most of the government structures were unprotected and most of the militias lacked weapons.[13]

Winter

The situation was worsened by the Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919, when the Soviet Red Army was approaching Lithuania.[8] Local Bolsheviks were emboldened by this and began creating Revolutionary committees, also known as Soviets.[9][13] By the end of 1918, they had formed Soviets in Skuodas, Salantai, Ylakiai, Leckava, Tirkšliai, Viekšniai, Plungė and Židikai.[9] The Bolshevik Soviets tried to consolidate their power through murder, terror and robbery, hoping to subjugate Lithuania to Soviet Russia.[2]

When the Bolsheviks seized control in Seda in late 1918, the two militarily experienced brothers Povilas and Aleksandras, supported by the local population, began to organize a local partisan unit.[1][2][13] Plechavičius began organizing the partisans after first receiving weapons from the inhabitants and, later on, also from the German military units in Latvia.[1][13] Plechavičius taught military drill to the partisans and the militiamen that joined them.[13] They also had basic shooting practice.[13] The centre for their activity was Skuodas.[13] Plechavičius was assigned military commander of Skuodas and its surroundings by the Council of Lithuania.

Povilas Plechavičius photographed in the front of the Lithuanian Wars of Independence, 1919

1919

Plechavičius' organizational talent, awareness of his responsibility and duty, combined with the public support for him and his fighters, soon gave tangible achievements.[2] Together with his brother Aleksandras, Plechavičius succeeded in creating volunteer partisan units.[2] On February 9, the partisans of Skuodas swore an oath and paraded through its streets on February 16, the day of the restoration of Lithuanian independence.[14]

In the first half of 1919, the threat posed by Bolshevism to Lithuania was huge, because the Red Army had invaded up to the line along Mažeikiai, Seda, Telšiai, Šiluva, Kėdainiai, Jonava, Kaišiadorys, Alytus and Merkinė.[2] The Samogitian partisans stopped the Soviet invasions into Samogitia in the areas where there was no German military.[14]

With the help of a German battalion and an artillery battery, the partisans liberated Seda and Mažeikiai by the end of February.[14] The retreating Bolsheviks were being pursued until Kuršėnai, while in the north, they were followed in the direction of Laižuva and Žagarė until the Latvian border.[14] Thus, in February 1919, Plechavičius was appointed the Commandant of Seda.[3]

After reorganizing, the partisan headquarters moved to Seda.[14] The nearby Telšiai received a military headquarters group for the town and its district from Kaunas.[14] The commandant was the officer B. Zaleskis.[14] Military headquarters were also established in Mažeikiai.[14] The general situation throughout the war-torn lands was improving.[14] The partisan self-defence squads had roughly 200 soldiers in them, while the local militia had a similar amount as well.[14]

On February 27, the Samogitian partisans and German soldiers combined forces to liberate Luokė from the Bolsheviks.[14] The Samogitian partisans were also involved in defeating the Soviet 30th Rifle Regiment near Tirkšliai and Mažeikiai on March 2.[15]

The word about Plechavičius as a brave and fearless commander of Samogitian soldiers spread throughout the land and led to him being called the "ruler of Samogitia".[2] Due to Plechavičius' efforts, order was established throughout the Samogitian region.[2]

On May 31, 1919, Plechavičius married Irena Grinbergaitė (1897–1983) in Aleksandrija's Catholic church.[16] According to Rapolas Skipitis, she was of Baltic German descent and from Liepāja.[17]

Bolshevik assassination attempts

The Bolshevik elements tried to assassinate Plechavičius numerous times, but they always failed.[18] For example, once Plechavičius was riding a bike near Seda.[18] Someone shot at him and the bullet made a hole in Plechavičius' hat, but Plechavičius was unscathed.[18] Plechavičius guarded that hat as a souvenir.[18] Another time, in the Ylakiai district, while riding in a carriage from Kivyliai to Klauseikiai, someone threw a grenade into his carriage, but Plechavičius grabbed it and threw it away, with the grenade exploding and not harming anyone.[18]

The Bolsheviks tried to murder Plechavičius in his bed while sleeping, by shooting through the wall, but this failed because the assassin missed.[18] The Bolsheviks installed a maid in Plechavičius' house, who was supposed to kill Plechavičius.[2] Wherever Plechavičius and his partisans went, they encountered resistance, which led them to suspect the maid of being an informant.[18] Feliksas Veitas discovered that the maid was a Bolshevik agent.[18] The maid was arrested, sentenced to death by a court-martial and publicly shot in the middle of the town of Seda, for everyone to see.[2]

After eliminating the danger of Bolshevism in Samogitia, a court case was fabricated against Plechavičius, allegedly for fighting his enemies too brutally. The Social Democrat Liuda Purėnienė, a member of the Seimas, supported the accusation in court.[2] When the floor was given to the accused, Plechavičius laconically stated: "Respected Court, if I had not been there at that time or another similar person, you would not be sitting here today."[2] Plechavičius was acquitted.[2]

In November 1919, Plechavičius was appointed the Commandant of Mažeikiai town and district.[3]

1920

Plechavičius with other Lithuanian officers at the Seinai front in 1920

From January 1920, Plechavičius commanded a company and then a battalion of the 5th Infantry Regiment.[3] As an officer in the Lithuanian Army, he participated in the Polish–Lithuanian War in the battle for Seinai, Augustavas and Varėna in late 1920.[3] At the end of 1920, he served in the 1st and 2nd Cavalry Regiments.[3]

Interwar

From May 1921, Plechavičius was the acting commander of the 1st Cavalry Regiment.[3] From March 1922, Plechavičius was the colonel commanding the 1st Cavalry Regiment.[1] His regiment was renamed to the 1st Hussar Regiment in April 1922.[3] In 1924, Plechavičius graduated from the Higher Officers' Courses in Kaunas, in which he later taught himself.[2][3] In 1926, Plechavičius graduated from the War College in Prague.[2][3]

1926 Lithuanian coup d'état

After the Lithuanian parliamentary election in May 1926, the political regime in Lithuania softened and the communist movement became stronger.[3] Convinced that it was necessary to protect Lithuania from a Bolshevik coup, Plechavičius, who was freed from prison, where he was serving a 20-day sentence for a fistfight with another officer, became one of the leaders of the military coup of December 17, 1926.[3] The coup removed the democratically elected government, assumed power and then handed it to Antanas Smetona.[3]

Smetona period

On January 1, 1927, he was appointed Chief Cavalry Inspector of the Army Headquarters, and at the same time held the position of Chief of the General Staff Board.[3] In July 1927, he was appointed Chief of Cavalry.[3] From August 1927, Plechavičius was the Chief of the General Staff of the Army.[3] He wrote a textbook in 1928 called the Jojų tarnyba, divizijos eskadronas ir mišri žvalgomoji rinktinė (Cavalry service, Divisional Squadron and Mixed Reconnaissance Team).[3] He was given the rank of lieutenant general in 1929.[1] On February 13, 1929, Plechavičius was released to the reserve against his will.[2] He lived as a farmer thereafter.[3]

The Tiškevičiai noble family deeply respected Plechavičius.[19] One of their family members, Kazys Tiškevičius was a Senior Lieutenant in the 1st Hussar Regiment and also a member of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union.[19]

World War II

After the Soviet occupation of Lithuania, Plechavičius withdrew to Germany in June 1940.[3] He returned to Lithuania in June 1941 after the Operation Barbarossa began, which was the start of the Eastern Front.[3]

Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force

A Waffen-SS unit was never created in Lithuania due to a mass national boycott in 1943 by the Lithuanian anti-Nazi resistance.[20] After German defeats on the Eastern Front and the Red Army approaching Lithuania, the German occupiers of Lithuania were more willing to accept Lithuanian demands for their own military units compared to before.[20] Following protracted Lithuanian-German talks, Plechavičius agreed to form local Lithuanian military units called the Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Vietinė Rinktinė) in February 1944.[21] Seeing the Germans weakening, the Lithuanian anti-Nazi resistance supported the creation of the LTDF because it would be a way to arm Lithuanians for their self-defence.[20] The LTDF was a volunteer military unit led only by Lithuanian officers and was supposed to stay within the borders of Lithuania to defend the country against the Red Army. Plechavičius became commander of the LTDF.[21]

The subject of the LTDF generates controversy between Lithuanian and Polish historians due to their incompatible views on its actions in the Vilnius Region in 1944.[4] While Polish historians claim that the LTDF's soldiers terrorized the local Polish-speaking population and fought only against the Polish Home Army (AK), Lithuanian historians point out that the AK also committed atrocities against Lithuanian civilians.[4] In addition, while the Lithuanian side views eastern Lithuania as lands which Lithuanian military units had the right to defend, the Polish side thought it was rightfully their territory.[4]

On Lithuanian Independence Day (February 16, 1944) Plechavičius made a radio appeal to the nation for volunteers. Some 19,500 men responded to the appeal.[1][3] All Lithuanian political underground organizations supported Plechavičius. This was achieved through constant communication between Lithuanian commanders and resistance leaders. This was enormously successful: more volunteers came forward than was expected. The Germans were very surprised and deeply shocked by the number of volunteers since their own appeals went unheeded.

On March 22, 1944, SS Obergruppenführer and police general Friedrich Jeckeln called for 70–80,000 men for the Wehrmacht as Hiwis. Chief-of-Staff of Army Group North Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model demanded 15 battalions of men to protect the German military airports. Plechavičius rejected their demand on April 5. General Commissioner of Lithuania Adrian von Renteln demanded workers for Germany proper. Other German officials also voiced their demands. Finally, on April 6, the Germans ordered Plechavičius to mobilize the country. Plechavičius responded that the mobilization could not take place until the formation of the detachment was complete.

After the failed offensive against Polish Home Army due to the pre–emptive Polish surprise attack, Jeckeln ordered the detachment units in Vilnius to revert to his direct authority. All other units of the detachment were to come under the command of the regional German commissars. Furthermore, the detachment was to use the "Heil Hitler" greeting. Some soldiers of the LTDF committed crimes against civilian residents of the Vilnius region in April and May 1944. The most tragic incidents took place on May 4–6, in the villages of Pawłowo, Adamowszczyzna and Sienkowszczyzna, where a number of Lithuanian soldiers killed eleven people. They also beat or arrested many others, and also burned down dozens of farms and entire Adamowszczyzna.[22]

In May 1944, the occupying Germans unsuccessfully tried to force the Lithuanian military units into the SS.[21] The Lithuanian headquarters directed the Lithuanian units in the field to obey only the orders of the Lithuanian officers. It also ordered the LTDF Officers' School in Marijampolė to send the cadets home. Plechavičius issued a declaration for his men to disband and disappear into the forests with their weapons and uniforms.[23][24][25] The majority of these soldiers became part of the underground resistance and formed the core of the armed anti-Soviet resistance in Lithuania for the next eight years.[25] Instead of collaborating with the Germans, the Lithuanian units disbanded and Plechavičius and his staff were arrested by the Germans on May 15.[21] Plechavičius and 52 other officers were deported to the Salaspils concentration camp in Latvia.[1] Then he was taken to Gdańsk, then to Klaipėda.[3] Plechavičius was released but remained under the supervision of the Gestapo.[3] As the Soviet Red Army approached, Plechavičius left for Germany.[3]

Plechavičius' grave at Saint Casimir Catholic Cemetery

After World War II

In 1946, the NKVD demanded the extradition of Plechavičius from the British Zone of Occupation and accused him of being a "war criminal", "former Nazi-collaborator" and leading "the recruitment and deployment of paramilitary units which were involved in numerous actions against Jews and Soviet partisans".[26] The British Foreign Office dismissed this, stonewalling the Soviet demands, and said that there were "vital intelligence reasons which preclude the possibility of our handing him over to the Russians."[26]

Although Plechavičius worked with MI6 for some time, he soon opted to better work with the Central Intelligence Agency.[27] The CIA helped Plechavičius with his emigration to the United States in 1949,[3] where his sister and mother lived. He was the chairman of the Board of the Lithuanian Military Veterans' Union Ramovė in 1950–1959.[3]

He died in Chicago on December 19, 1973, and was buried at Saint Casimir Catholic Cemetery.[28] He had three children, who were daughter Irena and sons Povilas and Norbertas, and three grandchildren.[28]

Plechavičius had five brothers and six sisters.[2] Two of the sisters died young, two of the brothers, including Aleksandras, died in forced exile in Siberia, while the rest, including Povilas, ended up in the United States.[2]

Awards

For his accomplishments in the Lithuanian Wars of Independence in defending Lithuania from invaders, Plechavičius was posthumously awarded the highest military Order of Lithuania - the Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis - in 2004.[3]

Commemoration

Commemorations dedicated to Plechavičius are located in several places in Lithuania. The memorial stone dedicated to him is located in Kadrėnai. There is also a bust in the memorial park of Vytautas the Great War Museum in Kaunas, a memorial plaque in Skuodas and at the cadet academy in Kaunas, and a square in Panevėžys.[29] In 2020, 6,600 trees were planted in Kaunas district in memory of Povilas Plechavičius.[30]

In Lithuania, the memory of General Plechavičius gives rise to much debate, for example, due to his role in the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'état against a democratically elected left-wing government, and he is seen as especially controversial by the Polish minority. In 1998, Vilnius city councillors from the Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania blocked the naming of one of Vilnius' streets after Plechavičius.[31] The awarding of the Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Vytis to Plechavičius posthumously by Lithuanian President Rolandas Paksas in 2004 sparked protests among Poles in Lithuania, as well as concern in Poland.[32]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Šiaudinis 2019, p. 4.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Blaževičius 2004.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Zabielskas 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Čekutis & Žygelis 2006.
  5. ↑ "Konstancijos ir Igno Plechavičių anūkės prisiminimuose – artimųjų likimai" [In the memories of the granddaughter of Konstancija and Ignas Plechavičius – the fates of loved ones]. Santarvė.lt (in Lithuanian). November 19, 2021.
  6. ↑ Jurgėla 1978, p. 21-22.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Jurgėla 1978, p. 10.
  8. 1 2 Jurgėla 1978, p. 205.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jurgėla 1978, p. 206.
  10. ↑ Jurgėla 1978, p. 202.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jurgėla 1978, p. 203-204.
  12. 1 2 3 Jurgėla 1978, p. 208.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Lesčius 2004, p. 69.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Lesčius 2004, p. 71.
  15. ↑ Lesčius 2004, p. 72.
  16. ↑ Zabielskas 2006.
  17. ↑ Jurgėla 1978, p. 228.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jurgėla 1978, p. 224.
  19. 1 2 Jurgėla 1978, p. 77.
  20. 1 2 3 Kaszeta 2023, p. 79.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Rogers 2015, p. 21.
  22. ↑ Rokicki 2015, p. 147.
  23. ↑ Audėnas, Juozas (ed.). Twenty Years’ Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania. New York: VLIK, 1963
  24. ↑ Ivinskis 1965, p. 84.
  25. 1 2 Lane 2002, p. 57.
  26. 1 2 Dorril 2002, p. 282.
  27. ↑ Dorril 2002, p. 292.
  28. 1 2 "Obituaries: Povilas Plechavicius". Chicago Tribune. December 25, 1973. p. 54. Retrieved January 7, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ Golinkin, Lev (January 29, 2021). "Nazi collaborator monuments in Lithuania". genocidewatch. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  30. ↑ "6.6 thousand were planted in Kaunas district. oak forest in memory of Povilas Plechavičius". Baltics News. October 10, 2020. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
  31. ↑ Bobryk 2013, p. 198.
  32. ↑ Bobryk 2013, p. 321.

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