Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Population pyramid of Bosnia Herzegovina in 2020
Population3,219,415 (2022 est.)
Growth rate-0.22% (2022 est.)
Birth rate8.41 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate10.26 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy77.98 years
 • male75.02 years
 • female81.15 years
Fertility rate1.36 children born/woman (2022 est.)
Infant mortality rate5.21 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-0.38 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years13.18%
65 and over16.22%
Sex ratio
Total0.95 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
At birth1.07 male(s)/female
Under 151.07 male(s)/female
65 and over0.42 male(s)/female
Nationality
NationalityBosnian
Major ethnicBosniak (50.1%)
Minor ethnicSerb (30.7%) ,Croat (15.4%)
Language
OfficialBosnian, Serbian, Croatian
SpokenBosnian, Serbian, Croatian

Demographic features of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Demographic characteristics

Population

Vital statistics

Population density in Bosnia and Herzegovina by municipality, early data from the 2013 census

[1]

Source: Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina[2]

Average population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate Female fertile population (15-49 years)
1947 2,532,000 84,600 38,900 45,700 33.4 15.4 18.0
1948 2,581,987 90,700 41,600 49,100 35.1 16.1 19.0 647,112
1949 2,641,990 98,200 42,200 56,000 37.2 16.0 21.2 669,152
1950 2,662,010 102,680 35,991 66,689 38.6 13.5 25.1 5.17 691,192
1951 2,721,009 92,330 46,358 45,972 33.9 17.0 16.9 4.51 713,232
1952 2,790,991 112,216 34,817 77,399 40.2 12.5 27.7 5.33 735,272
1953 2,863,124 110,373 41,199 69,174 38.5 14.4 24.2 4.84 757,312
1954 2,916,007 115,854 35,158 80,696 39.7 12.1 27.7 4.93 765,462
1955 2,973,986 110,866 40,513 70,353 37.3 13.6 23.7 4.59 773,612
1956 3,025,000 111,561 38,320 73,241 36.9 12.7 24.2 4.48 781,761
1957 3,076,006 102,649 36,830 65,819 33.4 12.0 21.4 4.02 789,911
1958 3,126,012 110,332 30,123 80,209 35.3 9.6 25.7 4.22 798,061
1959 3,185,005 108,123 32,507 75,616 33.9 10.2 23.7 4.06 806,211
1960 3,240,010 110,499 33,360 77,139 34.1 10.3 23.8 4.06 814,360
1961 3,291,684 108,076 29,413 78,663 32.8 8.9 23.9 3.91 822,510
1962 3,338,505 106,826 31,087 75,739 32.0 9.3 22.7 3.86 838,877
1963 3,385,326 104,240 29,161 75,079 30.8 8.6 22.2 3.75 855,245
1964 3,432,147 101,147 29,846 71,301 29.5 8.7 20.8 3.62 871,612
1965 3,478,968 101,351 27,814 73,537 29.1 8.0 21.1 3.61 887,979
1966 3,525,789 97,689 25,138 72,551 27.7 7.1 20.6 3.46 904,347
1967 3,572,609 92,972 26,195 66,777 26.0 7.3 18.7 3.28 920,714
1968 3,619,430 89,134 26,031 63,103 24.6 7.2 17.4 3.14 937,081
1969 3,666,251 87,687 27,805 59,882 23.9 7.6 16.3 3.05 953,448
1970 3,713,072 79,296 26,355 52,941 21.4 7.1 14.3 2.74 969,816
1971 3,759,893 82,694 24,915 57,779 22.0 6.6 15.4 2.83 986,183
1972 3,797,523 82,068 26,844 55,224 21.6 7.1 14.5 2.76 998,220
1973 3,835,154 77,896 24,672 53,224 20.3 6.4 13.9 2.57 1,010,257
1974 3,872,784 77,833 23,661 54,172 20.1 6.1 14.0 2.52 1,022,293
1975 3,910,414 78,844 25,571 53,273 20.2 6.5 13.6 2.51 1,034,330
1976 3,948,045 79,061 25,178 53,883 20.0 6.4 13.6 2.47 1,046,367
1977 3,985,675 75,669 24,821 50,848 19.0 6.2 12.8 2.32 1,058,404
1978 4,023,305 73,306 26,016 47,290 18.2 6.5 11.8 2.21 1,070,441
1979 4,060,935 71,120 25,370 45,750 17.5 6.2 11.3 2.10 1,082,477
1980 4,098,566 70,928 26,115 44,813 17.3 6.4 10.9 2.06 1,094,514
1981 4,136,196 71,031 26,222 44,809 17.2 6.3 10.8 2.03 1,106,551
1982 4,160,280 73,375 26,775 46,600 17.6 6.4 11.2 2.09 1,105,958
1983 4,184,363 74,296 29,999 44,297 17.8 7.2 10.6 2.12 1,105,366
1984 4,208,447 74,539 29,046 45,493 17.7 6.9 10.8 2.13 1,104,773
1985 4,232,531 72,722 28,966 43,756 17.2 6.8 10.3 2.08 1,104,181
1986 4,256,615 71,203 29,127 42,076 16.7 6.8 9.9 2.04 1,103,588
1987 4,280,698 70,898 29,382 41,516 16.6 6.9 9.7 2.03 1,102,995
1988 4,304,782 70,711 29,555 41,156 16.4 6.9 9.6 2.03 1,102,403
1989 4,328,866 66,809 30,383 36,426 15.4 7.0 8.4 1.92 1,101,810
1990 4,352,949 66,952 29,093 37,859 15.4 6.7 8.7 1.93 1,101,218
1991 4,377,033 64,769 30,680 34,089 14.8 7.0 7.8 1.87 1,100,625
1992*
1993*
1994*
1995*
1996 3,368,597 46,594 25,152 21,442 13.8 7.5 6.4 1.88 862,840
1997 3,398,264 48,061 27,875 20,186 14.1 8.2 5.9 1.95 866,251
1998 3,423,921 45,007 28,679 16,328 13.1 8.4 4.8 1.83 870,474
1999 3,445,172 42,464 28,637 13,827 12.3 8.3 4.0 1.73 874,188
2000 3,462,336 39,563 30,482 9,081 11.4 8.8 2.6 1.61 876,695
2001 3,478,679 37,717 30,325 7,392 10.8 8.7 2.1 1.54 879,484
2002 3,493,146 36,485 30,831 5,654 10.4 8.8 1.6 1.49 881,166
2003 3,498,291 34,691 32,018 2,673 9.9 9.2 0.8 1.42 879,547
2004 3,501,467 33,862 32,223 1,639 9.7 9.2 0.5 1.38 877,903
2005 3,503,634 33,233 33,925 -692 9.5 9.7 -0.2 1.36 875,167
2006 3,500,212 33,038 32,652 386 9.4 9.3 0.1 1.36 871,089
2007 3,498,023 32,801 34,392 -1,591 9.4 9.8 -0.5 1.35 867,212
2008 3,493,737 34,023 33,871 152 9.7 9.7 0.0 1.41 859,217
2009 3,491,327 34,449 34,709 -260 9.9 9.9 -0.1 1.43 851,596
2010 3,488,441 33,445 34,905 -1,460 9.6 10.0 -0.4 1.40 847,365
2011 3,484,154 31,694 34,820 -3,126 9.1 10.0 -0.9 1.33 843,765
2012 3,479,339 32,414 35,578 -3,164 9.3 10.2 -0.9 1.36 839,698
2013 3,473,826 30,551 35,379 -4,828 8.8 10.2 -1.4 1.30 832,872
2014 3,466,507 30,134 35,692 -5,558 8.7 10.3 -1.6 1.29 825,060
2015 3,456,500 29,647 37,876 -8,229 8.6 11.0 -2.4 1.28 815,928
2016 3,447,001 29,985 36,065 -6,080 8.7 10.5 -1.8 1.30 806,794
2017 3,437,453 30,061 37,453 -7,392 8.7 10.9 -2.2 1.31 797,851
2018 3,427,369 29,328 37,237 -7,909 8.6 10.9 -2.3 1.29 789,269
2019 3,415,752 28,192 38,237 -10,045 8.3 11.2 -2.9 1.26 781,299
2020 3,403,638 27,156 43,808 -16,652 8.0 12.9 -4.9 1.23 772,876
2021 3,378,821 26,993 49,682 -22,689 8.0 14.7 -6.7 1.24 763,709
2022 3,358,496 26,516 40,692 -14,176 7.9 12.1 -4.2 1.23 755,419

*No data for the period 1992-1995

Current vital statistics

[3]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - September 2022 18.492 30.687 -12.195
January - September 2023 18.344 25.807 -7.463
Difference Decrease -148 (-0.80%) Positive decrease -4,880 (-15.90%) Increase +4,732

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 30.IX.2013):[4]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 1 732 270 1 798 889 3 531 159 100
0–4 89 442 84 622 174 064 4.93
5–9 90 881 86 099 176 980 5.01
10–14 98 653 94 022 192 675 5.46
15–19 124 900 117 842 242 742 6.87
20–24 116 883 111 173 228 056 6.46
25–29 129 248 123 070 252 318 7.15
30–34 128 593 124 040 252 633 7.15
35–39 126 145 123 121 249 266 7.06
40–44 121 595 119 543 241 138 6.83
45–49 130 087 130 841 260 928 7.39
50–54 136 153 140 422 276 575 7.83
55–59 125 576 132 961 258 537 7.32
60–64 104 970 118 281 223 251 6.32
65-69 69 066 84 503 153 569 4.35
70-74 59 854 80 601 140 455 3.98
75-79 47 403 69 864 117 267 3.32
80-84 23 769 38 867 62 636 1.77
85+ 9 052 19 017 28 069 0.79
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 278 976 264 743 543 719 15.40
15–64 1 244 150 1 241 294 2 485 444 70.39
65+ 209 144 292 852 501 996 14.22

Vital statistics by entity

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

[5][6]

Source: Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina[7]

Current vital statistics

[15]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - November 2022 14,492 20,519 -6,027
January - November 2023 14,339 18,142 -3,803
Difference Decrease -153 (-1.06%) Positive decrease -2,377 (-11.58%) Increase +2,224

Republika Srpska

[16][17]

Source: Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics[18]

Current vital statistics

[26]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - September 2022 6,238 12,521 -6,283
January - September 2023 6,330 10,229 -3,899
Difference Increase +92 (+1.47%) Positive decrease -2,292 (-18.30%) Increase +2,384

Brčko District

Source: Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Statistics of the Brčko District BiH[27]

Current vital statistics

[36]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - October 2022 710 1,045 -335
January - October 2023 675 902 -227
Difference Decrease -35 (-4.93%) Positive decrease -143 (-13.68%) Increase +108

9/

Marriages and divorces

Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Republika Srpska

Brčko District

Life expectancy at birth in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Life expectancy in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1950
Life expectancy in Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1960 by gender
Period Life expectancy in
Years[38]
1950-1955 53.67
1955-1960 Increase 58.46
1960-1965 Increase 61.93
1965-1970 Increase 64.73
1970-1975 Increase 67.57
1975-1980 Increase 69.87
1980-1985 Increase 70.72
1985-1990 Increase 71.95
1990-1995 Decrease 70.13
1995-2000 Increase 73.61
2000-2005 Increase 74.81
2005-2010 Increase 75.53
2010-2015 Increase 76.53
2015-2020 Increase 77.18

Ethnic groups

According to data from the 2013 census published by the Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosniaks constitute 50.11% of the population, Bosnian Serbs 30.78%, Bosnian Croats 15.43%, and others form 2.73%, with the remaining respondents not declaring their ethnicity or not answering.[39]

The census results are contested by the Republika Srpska statistical office and by Bosnian Serb politicians,[40] who oppose the inclusion of non-permanent Bosnian residents in the figures.[41]

The European Union's statistics office, Eurostat, determined that the methodology used by the Bosnian statistical agency was in line with international recommendations.[42]

In Bosnia and Herzegovina, religion is often linked to ethnicity, i.e. (with the exception of agnostics and atheists) most Bosniaks are Muslim, Serbs are Orthodox Christian, and Croats are Roman Catholic.

Population of Bosnia and Herzegovina according to ethnic group 1948-2013
Ethnic
group		 census 1948 census 1953 census 1961 census 1971 census 1981 census 1991 census UNHCR 1996 census 2013[43] change 1991-2013
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Muslims/Bosniaks 788,403 30.7 891,800 31.3 842,248 25.7 1,482,430 39.6 1,629,924 39.5 1,902,956 43.48 1,805,910 46.1 1,769,592 50.11 -133,364 +6.63pp
Serbs 1,136,116 44.3 1,264,372 44.4 1,406,057 42.9 1,393,148 37.2 1,320,644 32.0 1,366,104 31.22 1,484,530 37.9 1,086,733 30.78 -279,371 -0.44pp
Croats 614,123 23.9 654,229 23.0 711,665 21.7 772,491 20.6 758,136 18.4 760,852 17.39 571,317 14.6 544,780 15.43 -216,072 -1.96pp
Yugoslavs 275,883 8.4 43,796 1.2 326,280 7.9 242,682 5.55 2,570 0.07
Montenegrins 3,094 0.1 7,336 0.3 12,828 0.4 13,021 0.3 14,114 0.3 10,071 0.23 1,883 0.05
Roma 442 0.0 2,297 0.1 588 0.0 1,456 0.0 7,251 0.2 8,864 0.20 12,583 0.36
Albanians 3,642 0.1 3,764 0.1 4,396 0.1 4,925 0.11 2,569 0.07
Others/undeclared 23,099 0.9 27,756 1.0 28,679 0.8 36,005 1 63,263 1.5 80,579 1.84 58,196 1.5 110,449 3.13
Total 2,565,277 2,847,790 3,277,948 3,746,111 4,124,008 4,377,033 3,919,953 3,531,159

Languages

Bosnia's constitution does not specify any official languages;[44][45][46] however, academics Hilary Footitt and Michael Kelly note that the Dayton Agreement states that it is "done in Bosnian, Croatian, English and Serbian", and they describe this as the "de facto recognition of three official languages" at the state level. The equal status of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian was verified by the Constitutional Court in 2000.[46] It ruled that the provisions of the Federation and Republika Srpska constitutions on language were incompatible with the state constitution, since they only recognised "Bosniak" and Croatian (in the case of the Federation) and Serbian (in the case of Republika Srpska) as official languages at the entity level.

As a result, the wording of the entity constitutions was changed and all three languages were made official in both entities.[46] The three languages are mutually intelligible and are also known collectively as Serbo-Croatian. Use of one of the three varieties has become a marker of ethnic identity.[47] Michael Kelly and Catherine Baker argue: "The three official languages of today's Bosnian state...represent the symbolic assertion of national identity over the pragmatism of mutual intelligibility".[48]

All standard varieties are based on the Ijekavian varieties of the Shtokavian dialect (non-standard spoken varieties including, beside Ijekavian, also Ikavian Shtokavian). Serbian and Bosnian are written in both Latin and Cyrillic (the latter predominantly using the Latin script), whereas Croatian is written only in Latin alphabet. There are also some speakers of Italian, German, Turkish and Ladino. Yugoslav Sign Language is used with Croatian and Serbian variants.

According to the results of the 2013 census, 52.86% of the population consider their mother tongue to be Bosnian, 30.76% Serbian, 14.6% Croatian and 1.57% another language, with 0.21% not giving an answer.[39]

Religion

According to the 2013 census, 50.7% of the population identify religiously as Muslim, 30.75% as Serbian Orthodox Christian, 15.19% as Roman Catholic, 1.15% as other, 1.1% as agnostic or atheist, with the remainder not declaring their religion or not answering.[39] A 2012 survey found that 47% of Bosnia's Muslims are non-denominational Muslims, while 45% follow Sunnism.[49] In Bosnia and Herzegovina, religion is strongly linked to ethnicity.

Demographic statistics

Population pyramid 2016

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

3,378,821[1]

Age structure

0-14 years: 13.18% (male 261,430/female 244,242)
15-24 years: 10.83% (male 214,319/female 201,214)
25-54 years: 44.52% (male 859,509/female 848,071)
55-64 years: 15.24% (male 284,415/female 300,168)
65 years and over: 16.22% (male 249,624/female 372,594) (2020 est.)

Median age

Total: 43.3 years
Male: 41.6 years
Female: 44.8 years (2020 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

Total: 5.32 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 5.44 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 5.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

Total population: 77.74 years
Male: 74.76 years
Female: 80.93 years (2021 est.)

HIV/AIDS

Adult prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (2018)
People living with HIV/AIDS: Less than 500 (2018)
Deaths: less than 100 (2018)

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: 98.5%
Male: 99.5%
Female: 97.5% (2015 est.)

See also

Religion:

Groups:

References

  1. 1 2 "Eurostat database". ec.europa.eu.
  2. ↑ "Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina". bhas.gov.ba.
  3. ↑ "Natural population change". bhas.gov.ba.
  4. ↑ "Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. United Nations.
  5. ↑ "Population bulletins". fzs.ba.
  6. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook". fzs.ba.
  7. ↑ "Institute for Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina". fzs.ba.
  8. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook 2006" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  9. ↑ "POPULATION OF THE FEDERATION BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 1996 - 2006" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  10. ↑ "Demographics, 2017" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  11. ↑ "Demographics, 2018}" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  12. ↑ "Demographics, 2019" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  13. ↑ "Demographics, 2020" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  14. ↑ "Demographics, 2021" (PDF). fzs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  15. ↑ "PRIRODNO KRETANJE STANOVNIŠTVA I BRAKOVI PO MJESECIMA (Natural changes of population and marriages by months)". fzs.ba.
  16. ↑ "Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics".
  17. ↑ "Population bulletins". rzs.rs.ba.
  18. ↑ "Republika Srpska Institute of Statistics". rzs.rs.ba.
  19. ↑ "STATISTICAL YEARBOOK OF REPUBLIKA SRPSKA, 2009" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  20. ↑ "DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS, 2019" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  21. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook of Republika Srpska, 2019" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-07-11. Retrieved 2020-01-04.
  22. ↑ "DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS, 2020" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  23. ↑ "Statistical Yearbook of Republika Srpska, 2020" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  24. ↑ "Births and deaths in Republika Srpska, 2020". rzs.rs.ba.
  25. ↑ "Births and deaths in Republika Srpska, 2021". rzs.rs.ba.
  26. ↑ "Monthly statistical review". rzs.rs.ba.
  27. ↑ "Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Statistics of the Brčko District BiH". bhas.gov.ba.
  28. ↑ "Demographics 2002-2003" (PDF). bhas.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  29. ↑ "Demographics 2004-2008" (PDF). bhas.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  30. ↑ "Demographics 2008-2012" (PDF). bhas.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-29. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  31. ↑ "Demographics 2013-2017" (PDF). bhas.ba. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-14.
  32. ↑ "DEMOGRAFIJA u Brčko distriktu BiH 2014-2018.godina" (PDF). bhas.gov.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  33. ↑ "DEMOGRAFIJA u Brčko distriktu BiH 2015-2019.godina" (PDF). bhas.gov.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-15.
  34. ↑ "Statistički podaci BRČKO DISTRIKTA BiH, 2020" (PDF). bhas.gov.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-05-16.
  35. ↑ "Statistički podaci BRČKO DISTRIKTA BiH, 2021" (PDF). bhas.gov.ba.
  36. ↑ "Statistical bulletin, Brčko District". bhas.gov.ba.
  37. ↑ "Marriages and divorces in Republika Srpska, 2019" (PDF). rzs.rs.ba. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-03.
  38. ↑ "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". esa.un.org. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  39. 1 2 3 "Census of population, households and dwellings in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013: Final results" (PDF). Agency for Statistics of Bosnia and Herzegovina. June 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  40. ↑ Toe, Rodolfo (30 June 2016). "Census Reveals Bosnia's Changed Demography". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  41. ↑ Toe, Rodolfo (30 June 2016). "Bosnia to Publish Census Without Serb Agreement". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  42. ↑ "Bosnia-Herzegovina has lost a fifth of its pre-war population". The Guardian. 2016.
  43. ↑ "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija". Popis.gov.ba. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
  44. ↑ Faingold, Eduardo D. (2004). "Language rights and language justice in the constitutions of the world". Language Problems & Language Planning. 28 (1): 11–24. doi:10.1075/lplp.28.1.03fai.
  45. ↑ Sadurski, Wojciech (2005). Rights Before Courts: A Study of Constitutional Courts in Postcommunist States of Central and Eastern Europe. Springer. p. 342. ISBN 1402030061.
  46. 1 2 3 Footitt, Hilary; Kelly, Michael (2012). Languages at War: Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 111–120. ISBN 978-0230368774.
  47. ↑ Greenberg, Robert David (2004). Language and Identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croatian and its Disintegration. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925815-4.
  48. ↑ Kelly, Michael; Baker, Catherine (2013). Interpreting the Peace: Peace Operations, Conflict and Language in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 10. ISBN 978-1137029836.
  49. ↑ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 2012. p. 30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016.

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