Brachypodium distachyon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Subfamily: Pooideae
Genus: Brachypodium
Species:
B. distachyon
Binomial name
Brachypodium distachyon

Brachypodium distachyon, commonly called purple false brome[1] or stiff brome,[2] is a grass species native to southern Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia east to India. It is related to the major cereal grain species wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, rye, sorghum, and millet. It has many qualities that make it an excellent model organism for functional genomics research in temperate grasses, cereals, and dedicated biofuel crops such as switchgrass. These attributes include small genome (~270 Mbp) diploid accessions, a series of polyploid accessions, a small physical stature, self-fertility, a short lifecycle, simple growth requirements, and an efficient transformation system. The genome of Brachypodium distachyon (diploid inbred line Bd21) has been sequenced and published in Nature in 2010.[3]

Model organism

Although Brachypodium distachyon has little or no direct agricultural significance, it has several advantages as an experimental model organism for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of temperate grasses. The relatively small size of its genome makes it useful for genetic mapping and sequencing. In addition, only ~21% of the Brachypodium genome consists of repetitive elements, compared to 26% in rice and ~80% in wheat, further simplifying genetic mapping and sequencing.[3] At about 272 million base pairs and with five chromosomes, it has a small genome for a grass species. Brachypodium distachyon's small size (15–20 cm) and rapid life cycle (eight to twelve weeks) are also advantageous for research purposes.[4] For early-flowering accessions it can take as little as three weeks from germination to flower (under an appropriate inductive photoperiod). The small size of some accessions makes it convenient for cultivation in a small space. As a weed it grows easily without specialized growing conditions.

This Brachypodium is emerging as a powerful model with a growing research community. The International Brachypodium Initiative (IBI) held its first genomics meeting and workshop at the PAG XIV conference in San Diego, California, in January 2006. The goal of the IBI is to promote the development of B. distachyon as a model system and will develop and distribute genomic, genetic, and bioinformatics resources such as reference genotypes, BAC libraries, genetic markers, mapping populations, and a genome sequence database. Recently, efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation systems have been developed for a range of Brachypodium genotypes,[5][6][7] enabling the development of T-DNA mutant collections.[6][8][9] The characterization and distribution of T-DNA insertion lines has been initiated to facilitate the understanding of gene function in grasses.[10]

By now, Brachypodium distachyon has established itself as an important tool for comparative genomics.[11] It is now emerging as a model for crop plant disease, facilitating the model-to-crop transfer of knowledge on disease resistance.[12] Brachypodium distachyon is also becoming a useful model system for studies of evolutionary developmental biology, in particular to contrast molecular genetic mechanisms with dicotyledon model systems, notably Arabidopsis thaliana.[13] The finding of higher genetic diversity in eastern Iberian populations occurring in basic soils suggests that these populations can be better adapted than those occurring in western areas of the Iberian Peninsula where the soils are more acidic and accumulate toxic Al ions.[14]

Notes

  1. ↑ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Brachypodium distachyon". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  2. ↑ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  3. 1 2 The International Brachypodium Initiative (2010). "Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon". Nature. 463 (7282): 763–8. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..763T. doi:10.1038/nature08747. PMID 20148030.
  4. ↑ Li, Chuan; Rudi, Heidi; Stockinger, Eric J.; Cheng, Hongmei; Cao, Moju; Fox, Samuel E.; Mockler, Todd C.; Westereng, Bjørge; Fjellheim, Siri; Rognli, Odd Arne; Sandve, Simen R. (2012). "Comparative analyses reveal potential uses of Brachypodium distachyon as a model for cold stress responses in temperate grasses". BMC Plant Biol. 12 (65): 65. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-12-65. PMC 3487962. PMID 22569006.
  5. ↑ Vogel, John P.; Garvin, David F.; Leong, Oymon M.; Hayden, Daniel M. (2006). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and inbred line development in the model grass Brachypodium distachyon". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture. 84 (2): 100179–91. doi:10.1007/s11240-005-9023-9. S2CID 23419929.
  6. 1 2 Vain, Philippe; Worland, Barbara; Thole, Vera; McKenzie, Neil; Alves, Silvia C.; Opanowicz, Magdalena; Fish, Lesley J.; Bevan, Michael W.; Snape, John W. (2008). "Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of the temperate grass Brachypodium distachyon (genotype Bd21) for T-DNA insertional mutagenesis". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 6 (5): 236–45. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00308.x. PMID 18004984.
  7. ↑ Alves, Sílvia C; Worland, Barbara; Thole, Vera; Snape, John W; Bevan, Michael W; Vain, Philippe (2009). "A protocol for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Brachypodium distachyon community standard line Bd21". Nature Protocols. 4 (5): 638–49. doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.30. PMID 19360019. S2CID 21608193.
  8. ↑ Thole, Vera; Alves, Sílvia C; Worland, Barbara; Bevan, Michael W; Vain, Philippe (2009). "A protocol for efficiently retrieving and characterising Flanking Sequence Tags (FSTs) in Brachypodium distachyon T-DNA insertional mutants". Nature Protocols. 4 (5): 650–61. doi:10.1038/nprot.2009.32. PMID 19360020. S2CID 24001172.
  9. ↑ Thole, Vera; Peraldi, Antoine; Worland, Barbara; Nicholson, Paul; Doonan, John H.; Vain, Philippe (2012). "T-DNA mutagenesis in Brachypodium distachyon". J Exp Bot. 63 (2): 567–76. doi:10.1093/jxb/err333. PMID 22090444.
  10. ↑ Thole, Vera; Worland, Barbara; Wright, Jonathan; Bevan, Michael W.; Vain, Philippe (2010). "Distribution and characterization of more than 1000 T-DNA tags in the genome of Brachypodium distachyon community standard line Bd21". Plant Biotechnology Journal. 8 (6): 734–47. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7652.2010.00518.x. PMID 20374523.
  11. ↑ Huo, Naxin; Vogel, John P.; Lazo, Gerard R.; You, Frank M.; Ma, Yaqin; McMahon, Stephanie; Dvorak, Jan; Anderson, Olin D.; Luo, Ming-Cheng; Gu, Yong Q. (2009). "Structural characterization of Brachypodium genome and its syntenic relationship with rice and wheat". Plant Mol Biol. 70 (1–2): 47–61. doi:10.1007/s11103-009-9456-3. PMID 19184460.
  12. ↑ Goddard, Rachel; Peraldi, Antoine; Ridout, Chris; Nicholson, Paul (2014). "Enhanced Disease Resistance Caused by BRI1 Mutation Is Conserved Between Brachypodium distachyon and Barley (Hordeum Vulgare)". Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 27 (10): 1095–1106. doi:10.1094/MPMI-03-14-0069-R. PMID 24964059.
  13. ↑ Pacheco-Villalobos, David; Sankar, Martial; Ljung, Karin; Hardtke, Christian S. (2013). "Disturbed Local Auxin Homeostasis Enhances Cellular Anisotropy and Reveals Alternative Wiring of Auxin-ethylene Crosstalk in Brachypodium distachyon Seminal Roots". PLOS Genetics. 9 (6): e1003564. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003564. PMC 3688705. PMID 23840182.
  14. ↑ Marques, Isabel; Shiposha, Valeriia; López-Alvarez, Diana; Manzaneda, Antonio J.; Hernandez, Pilar; Olonova, Marina; Catalán, Pilar (2017-06-15). "Environmental isolation explains Iberian genetic diversity in the highly homozygous model grass Brachypodium distachyon". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (1): 139. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0996-x. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 5472904. PMID 28619047.

References

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