Praetorship and proconsulship

Celer became urban praetor in 63 BC. During the year, Titus Labienus (then plebeian tribune^[9]) and Gaius Julius Caesar, indicted an old and obscure senator, Gaius Rabirius, for the killing of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus thirty-seven years earlier.^[10] The precise events of Rabirius' trials is not entirely clear. Michael Alexander's Trials of the late Roman republic has two trials: the first was a farcically archaic^[11] iudicium populi before Lucius Julius Caesar and Gaius Julius Caesar as duumviri perduellionis for the killing of Saturninius which was aborted after conviction by the defendant's appeal to the people;^[12] a second trial, before the comitia tributa, was on various other offences. At this trial, then-consul Cicero spoke in Rabirius' defence and the trial was regardless aborted: Celer interfered in the trial's operations by putting a red flag on the Janiculum which indicated a fictitious enemy raid and the adjournment of all civilian public business.^{[13] [14]}

Later in the year, the Catilinarian conspiracy was discovered. Lucius Aemilius Paullus announced that he intended to prosecute Lucius Sergius Catilina – not yet known to be responsible for the conspiracy – and Catiline attempted to place himself into the custody of the magistrates. Celer, Catiline's third choice, refused to take him; Paullus regardless never brought charges.^[15] As part of the response to the conspiracy's force mustering publicly in the Etruria, Celer was assigned to Picenum to raise forces along with three other magistrates deployed across Italy.^[16] He was at the same time likely prorogued to the province of Cisalpine Gaul pro consule.^[17] After Catiline's involvement became clear and he fled Rome, Celer played an important role in the campaign suppressing the conspiracy. He blocked Catiline's army from escaping Italy across the Apennines into Gaul, allowing the consul Gaius Antonius Hybrida to bring Catiline to battle in early 62 BC. At the resulting Battle of Pistoria, Antonius' forces decisively defeated Catiline.^[18] Some time in 63, Celer was noted as one of the augurs, indicating that he had been inducted by that point into that priestly college.^[19]

Celer continued in Cisalpine Gaul through the remainder of the year.^[20] While there, he supported his adoptive brother Metellus Nepos against Cicero and the majority in the senate.^[21] Nepos as plebeian tribune had attempted to use force in the assemblies to transfer the anti-Catilinarian command from the consul Antonius to Pompey; this triggered a senatus consultum ultimum which saw Nepos flee the city for Pompey's camp.^[22]

Consulship and death

In suo anno ("his year"; ie the first year he was eligible), Celer was elected consul for 60 BC.^[23] Lucius Afranius, a Pompeian ally, was his consular colleague. Prior to 62 BC, Celer and his brother Nepos had supported Pompey's political position at Rome while Pompey was on campaign. By 60 BC, the two had turned against Pompey in part because Pompey had divorced Celer's sister Mucia Tertia. The divorce came shortly after Pompey's return to Italy in December 62 BC as part of Pompey's attempts to realign himself politically. However, the divorce – amid claims of infidelity – harmed the public reputation and dignitas of the Caecilii Metelli: the two brothers of Mucia, Celer and Nepos, took this slight very seriously.^[24] While Dio claims that Pompey supported Celer's consular campaign, this familial quarrel makes Dio's claim unlikely.^[25]

During Celer's consulship, Pompey sought senatorial ratification of his eastern settlements and land grants for his veterans. Lucius Licinius Lucullus, whom Pompey had replaced in command pursuant to the lex Manilia of 66 BC, challenged his rival's actions: instead of approving Pompey's settlements as a whole, Lucullus stalled the entire process by having each element reviewed in committee before separate votes on each part.^[26] In this, Lucullus was supported by Celer, Cato the Younger, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. The combined political influence of the four allies was able to prevent Pompey from securing any of his main goals.^[27] Celer also opposed Crassus' attempts to reduce the taxes expected from the publicani tax farmers in Asia.

For this strong opposition, the pro-Pompeian plebeian tribune Lucius Flavius had Celer thrown into jail and attempted to keep him there by sitting on a bench before the door. Celer, intending to stay the night, had his allies cut a hole in the wall so that senators could attend to him. Pompey, afraid of the political blowback of holding the consul like a political prisoner, had Flavius set Celer free.^[28] Celer also opposed the attempts of his brother-in-law, Publius Clodius Pulcher, in transferring himself from the patricians to the plebeians.^[29]

These victories for Celer, however, saw Pompey join a political alliance with the next year's consul, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Crassus.^[30] When Caesar's consulship began in 59 BC, Celer opposed the three allies.^[2] He died unexpectedly in April 59 BC prior to taking up a proconsulship Transalpine Gaul.^[31]

Modern sources

Ancient sources

• Cassius Dio (1914–27). Roman history. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Cary, Ernest. Cambridge – via LacusCurtius.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Sallust (2010). Catiline's conspiracy, the Jugurthine War, Histories. Translated by Batstone, William Wendell. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282345-8.