Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), also known as Green tags, Renewable Energy Credits, Renewable Electricity Certificates, or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), are tradable, non-tangible energy certificates in the United States that represent proof that 1 megawatt-hour (MWh) of electricity was generated from an eligible renewable energy resource (renewable electricity) and was fed into the shared system of power lines which transport energy.[1] Solar renewable energy certificates (SRECs) are RECs that are specifically generated by solar energy.[2]

Background

There are two main markets for renewable energy certificates in the United States – compliance markets and voluntary markets.

Compliance markets are created by a policy that exists in 29 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico, called Renewable Portfolio Standard. In these states, the electric companies are required to supply a certain percent of their electricity from renewable generators by a specified year. For example, in California the law is 33% renewable by 2020, whereas New York has a 24% requirement by 2013.[3] Electric utilities in these states demonstrate compliance with their requirements by purchasing RECs; in the California example, the electric companies would need to hold RECs equivalent to 33% of their electricity sales.[4]

Voluntary markets are ones in which customers choose to buy renewable power out of a desire to use renewable energy. Most corporate and household purchases of renewable energy are voluntary purchases. Renewable energy generators located in states that do not have a Renewable Portfolio Standard can sell their RECs to voluntary buyers, usually at a cheaper price than compliance market RECs.[5]

Marketers

RECs can be traded directly from buyer to seller, but third party marketers, brokers, or asset managers are commonly found in the marketplace. Renewable generation facilities will often sell their credits to these entities, who then resell them on the market at a later date.[6]

Texas developed the first comprehensive RECs system in the U.S., a web-based platform that provides for the issuance, registration, trade, and retirement of RECs. The Texas REC Program, which only tracks renewable energy certificates, started operating in July 2001.[7]

In the Western United States RECs are traded on the Western Renewable Energy Generation Information System (WREGIS) as part of the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC). The WECC encompasses 14 states, 2 Canadian provinces, and the northern Baja Mexico. [8]

Prices

Prices depend on many factors, such as the vintage year the RECs were generated, location of the facility, whether there is a tight supply/demand situation, whether the REC is used for RPS compliance, even the type of power created. Solar renewable energy certificates or SRECs, for example, tend to be more valuable in the 16 states that have set aside a portion of the RPS specifically for solar energy.[9] This differentiation is intended to promote diversity in the renewable energy mix which in an undifferentiated, competitive REC market, favors the economics and scale achieved by wind farms.

In the United States, spot prices for SRECs generally decreased from 2010 to 2014. In New Jersey, the spot price for a 2010 SREC was $665.04 in July 2010 and about $160 in May 2014 for SRECs generated in different years. In Delaware, the spot price for a 2010 SREC was $255 in July 2010 and about $50 in May 2014 for SRECs generated in different years.[10][11][12][13] Rates for 2015 to 2017 RECS purchased have averaged between $0.15—$0.045 per kWh produced.[14] In 2021, SREC prices range from $10 to over $400 depending on the state SREC market.[15][16]

In Canada, 2008–09 BCHydro offers $3 /MWh for "green attributes", for long-term contracts, 20 plus years. Many Independent Power Producers (IPPs) believe that this is much less than "fair market value", but have no alternative.

While the value of RECs fluctuate, most sellers[17] are legally obligated to "deliver" RECs to their customers within a few months of their generation date. Other organizations will sell[18] as many RECs as possible and then use the funds to guarantee a specific fixed price per MWh generated by a future wind farm, for example, making the building of the wind farm a financially viable prospect. The income provided by RECs, and a long-term stabilized market for tags can generate the additional incentive needed to build renewable energy plants.[19]

Certification

RECs are known under functionally equivalent names, such as Green Tags or Tradable Renewable Certificates (TRCs), depending on the market. The U.S. currently does not have a national registry of RECs issued. Though the Center for Resource Solutions and other groups claim to offer programs to prevent double counting, allowing two entities to take environmental credit for the same electricity is, in effect, the same. Under the Green-e Energy program, participants are required to submit to an annual Verification Process Audit[20] of all eligible transactions to ensure the RECs meet the requirements for certification. The certification process requires 3rd party verification to be performed by an independent certified public accountant or a certified internal auditor. CRS maintains a list of auditors who meet the criteria to be listed on the program website.[21] Increasingly RECs are being assigned unique ID numbers and tracked through regional tracking systems/registries such as WREGIS, NEPOOL, GATS, ERCOT, NYGATS, NAR, MIRECS, NC-RETS, NVTREC and M-RETS.

Qualifying technologies

The following generation technologies qualify as producers of RECs:[22][23]

Additionality

"Additionality" in the context of greenhouse gas (GHG) regulations means that a purchased renewable energy certificate introduces new renewable energy onto the electricity grid beyond what would have happened without the project or "business as usual". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) favors performance-based measures of additionality, such as the megawatt-hour (MWh) equivalent per REC.

Critics argue "additionality" amounts to a subsidy for renewable energy, that business as usual (supply and demand) prevents unnecessary/duplicative renewable energy from being sold in some markets where overgeneration (excess supply in relation to demand) threatens grid reliability.

Whereas air and water pollution travels across state and national boundaries irrespective of its origin, the value of RECs and the emergence of RECs markets depend very much on the markets created state by state through legislative action to mandate a Renewable Portfolio Standard. Such a balkanized approach to establishing RECs markets and incentives state by state creates issues of equity as some states could legitimately claim that their neighboring states (and their electricity consumers) with voluntary RPS are operating as free riders of pollution prevention, paid for by states (and their electricity consumers) with mandatory RPS. We can learn from EPA's SOx and NOx cap and trade program regarding how the principle of additionality with a national standard provided a benchmark for measuring and validating the commodification of pollution prevention credits that lead to market-driven initiatives with proven results in improving regional and national air quality.

In states with a Renewable Portfolio Standard, a RECs purchase enables the utility company to meet its minimum renewable electricity percentage without having to install that renewable generating capacity itself, regardless of the source of generating renewable energy. By analogy, in the EPA cap and trade program, a "clean" utility in one state can sell its NOx credits to a "dirty" utility in another state that would otherwise have to install additional smokestack scrubbers.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency claims to have the highest percentage use of green power of any federal agency. In 2007, it offset the electricity use of 100% of its offices. The Air Force is the largest purchaser in the US government in absolute terms, purchasing 899,142 MWh worth of RECs. Among colleges and universities, the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia is the largest purchaser of RECs, buying 192,727 MWh of RECs from wind power. The corporate leader is Intel, with 1,302,040 MWh purchased in 2007, and the largest purchaser among retailers is Whole Foods, which purchased 509,104 MWH, or enough RECs to offset 100% of its electricity needs.

Research shows that RECs purchased and retired voluntarily in the United States (i.e., not for compliance with a Renewable Portfolio Standard) do not lead to any significant additional renewable energy investment or generation.[24][25]

Criticism

Critics have attacked renewable energy certificates/credits for allowing renewables producers to double-count the clean energy contribution of the energy they represent. By separating clean energy "attributes" from the energy itself, then selling them in the form of certificates to fossil fuel producers, they allow two entities to take clean-energy credit for the same electricity. Corresponding electricity from the fossil fuel producer is recorded as sourceless "null" energy, effectively scrubbing greenhouse gases emitted during its production from the record.

Though both sources are properly credited financially, double-counting permits states to report emissions as being up to 50% lower than they actually are, making claims of progress in meeting climate goals dubious. For renewables producers, selling the certificates may be in violation of federal law. Severin Borenstein, director of the Energy Institute at UC Berkeley's Haas School of Business, writes, "If the certificates are stripped off...separately from the electricity, the FTC [Federal Trade Commission] says...it is deceptive for the TPO [third party owner] to advertise or tell solar buyers they are getting 'clean', 'renewable', or maybe even 'solar' electricity with their lease or power purchase agreement."[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Exec. Order No. 13693 (March 19, 2015; in English) President of the United States. Retrieved on 2023-07-07.
  2. ↑ EPA, US (June 2015). "Green Power Partnership". www3.epa.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  3. ↑ For a full listing of state renewable portfolio standards, see: http://www.dsireusa.org
  4. ↑ "Compliance Markets | evomarkets". www.evomarkets.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  5. ↑ "Voluntary Markets | evomarkets". www.evomarkets.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  6. ↑ Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs): REC Marketers Archived 2011-10-15 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ Wingate, Meredith; Lehman, Matthew (December 2003). "THE CURRENT STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATE TRACKING SYSTEMS IN NORTH AMERICA" (PDF). The Center for Resource Solutions. p. 6. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
  8. ↑ "WREGS Home". WECC. WECC. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  9. ↑ DSIRE Solar Set-Asides in Renewable Portfolio Standards Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ↑ "SREC Markets". SRECTrade. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  11. ↑ "SREC Markets | Delaware". SRECTrade. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  12. ↑ "SREC Markets | New Jersey". SRECTrade. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  13. ↑ Forand, Rebecca (October 23, 2011). "Solar panel investors upset as SREC values drop". NJ.com. New Jersey On-Line LLC. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
  14. ↑ "Green Power Markets". U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 2014-07-14.
  15. ↑ "Ohio SRECs - Options and Prices". Sol Systems. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  16. ↑ "Washington, DC SRECs - Options and Prices". Sol Systems. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  17. ↑ "Green Power or Renewable Energy: How It Works". Ecoelectrons.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  18. ↑ "Carbon Offsets for an Inconvenient Truth". Nativeenergy.com. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  19. ↑ What are TRC's? Archived 2009-07-10 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Programs » Green-e Energy » Verification". Green-e. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  21. ↑ "Green-e Auditors". Green-e.org. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  22. ↑ "Programs » Renewable Energy » Obligations Code of Conduct". Green-e. Archived from the original on 2010-12-16. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
  23. ↑ "M.J. Beck RPS Edge". emtoolbox.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
  24. ↑ Gillenwater, Michael; Lu, Xi; Fischlein, Miriam (2014-03-01). "Additionality of wind energy investments in the U.S. voluntary green power market" (PDF). Renewable Energy. 63: 452–457. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2013.10.003. S2CID 55376305.
  25. ↑ Gillenwater, Michael (2013-12-01). "Probabilistic decision model of wind power investment and influence of green power market". Energy Policy. 63: 1111–1125. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.049.
  26. ↑ Borenstein, Severin (2016-01-11). "Double-Counting Virute". Retrieved 2020-10-17.
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